MT Appelante c. J.-YT Intimé MT Appellant v. J.

P'%%-R'G#8#H#
M.T.
Y$
J.-Y.T.
,-&
C$J$ 7ff[bbWdj
C$J$ 7ff[bWdj[
l$
Y$
@$#O$J$ H[ifedZ[dj
@$#O$J$ ?dj_cƒ
Indexed as: M.T.l$J.-Y.T.
Répertorié : M.T. Y$J.-Y.T.
D[kjhWbY_jWj_ed0(&&.I99+&$
Hƒ\ƒh[dY[d[kjh[0(&&.9I9+&$
;^aZCd#/(&,)-#
CdYj\gZ[[Z/(&,)-#
'%%-/;ZWgjVgn',0'%%-/HZeiZbWZg'*#
'%%-/',[‚kg^Zg0'%%-/'*hZeiZbWgZ#
EgZhZci/BXAVX]a^c8#?#VcY7^cc^Z!AZ7Za!9ZhX]Vbeh!
;^h]!6WZaaVVcY8]Vggdc??#
Eg‚hZcih/AV_j\ZZcX]Z[BXAVX]a^cZiaZh_j\Zh7^cc^Z!
AZ7Za!9ZhX]Vbeh!;^h]!6WZaaVZi8]Vggdc#
DC6EE:6A;GDBI=:8DJGID;6EE:6A;DG
FJ:7:8
:C6EE:A9:A68DJG9¼6EE:A9JFJw7:8
<Wc_bobWm¹:_lehY[¹<Wc_boWii[ji¹FWhj_j_ed
e\\Wc_bofWjh_cedo¹9_l_b9eZ[e\GkƒX[YWkj^eh_p_d]
[nY[fj_edjehkb[e\[gkWbfWhj_j_ede\lWbk[e\ifeki[i½
\Wc_bo fWjh_cedo m^[h[ [gkWb fWhj_j_ed mekbZ h[ikbj
_d _d`kij_Y[ Yedi_Z[h_d]" _d fWhj_YkbWh" Xh[l_jo e\ cWh#
h_W][" mWij[ e\ Y[hjW_d fhef[hjo Xo ed[ e\ ifeki[i" eh
XWZ \W_j^ e\ ed[ e\ j^[c ¹ DWjkh[ e\ º_d`kij_Y[» j^Wj
`kij_Å[i`kZ][ehZ[h_d]kd[gkWbZ_l_i_ede\\Wc_bofWjh_#
cedo¹M^[j^[h[nYbki_ede\^kiXWdZ½if[di_edYh[Z_ji
\hecfWhj_j_ede\fWjh_cedo_imWhhWdj[Z¹9_l_b9eZ[
e\GkƒX[Y"I$G$'//'"Y$,*"Whj$*(($
:he_jZ[bW\Wc_bb[¹:_lehY[¹8_[di\Wc_b_Wkn¹
FWhjW][ZkfWjh_ce_d[\Wc_b_Wb¹9eZ[Y_l_bZkGkƒX[Y
f[hc[jjWdj Z[ Zƒhe][h Wk fh_dY_f[ Zk fWhjW][ ƒ]Wb Z[
bWlWb[khZkfWjh_ce_d[\Wc_b_WbZ[iƒfeknbehigk½_b[d
hƒikbj[hW_jkd[_d`kij_Y[Yecfj[j[dk"dejWcc[dj"Z[bW
Xh„l[Zkhƒ[ZkcWh_W]["Z[bWZ_bWf_ZWj_edZ[Y[hjW_di
X_[difWhb½kdZ[iƒfeknek[dYeh[Z[bWcWklW_i[\e_Z[
b½kdZ½[kn¹Gk[bb[[ijbWdWjkh[Z[b½¯_d`kij_Y[°gk_
f[hc[j Wk `k][ Z½ehZedd[h b[ fWhjW][ _dƒ]Wb Zk fWjh_#
ce_d[ \Wc_b_Wb5 ¹ B½[nYbki_ed Z[i Zhe_ji } f[di_ed Zk
cWh_ZkfWjh_ce_d[}fWhjW][h[ij#[bb[`kij_Ń[5¹9eZ[
Y_l_bZkGkƒX[Y"B$G$'//'"Y^$,*"Whj$*(($
I]ZeVgi^Zh!l]d]VYa^kZYid\Zi]Zgh^cXZ&.-*!lZgZ
bVgg^ZY ^c &..' jcYZg i]Z gZ\^bZ d[ hZeVgVi^dc Vh id
egdeZgin# 6i i]Vi i^bZ! ? ]VY WZZc V _jY\Z h^cXZ &.--
VcY B! V[iZg iV`^c\ ^ciZch^kZ XdjghZh ^c d[ÄXZ Vjid"
bVi^dc eV^Y [dg Wn ?! ]VY WZZc V ejWa^X hZgkVci h^cXZ
&.-+#L]Zci]Vi_dWiZgb^cViZY^c&..)!?VahdWdgZi]Z
Xdhid[jc^kZgh^inhijY^ZhejghjZYWnB!l]dgZXZ^kZY
VbVhiZg¼hYZ\gZZ^ciZX]c^XVaVcYkdXVi^dcVaZYjXVi^dc
^c'%%'#I]ZXdjeaZ!l]d]VYcdX]^aYgZc!hZeVgViZY^c
'%%)#BVcY?lZgZ)'VcY+)nZVghdaY!gZheZXi^kZan#
6ii]Vii^bZ!BlVhegZeVg^c\idWZ\^cYdXidgVahijY"
^Zh# ? eV^Y ]Zgbdk^c\ZmeZchZhVcYeV^Y]Zg (-!%%%
^c hjeedgi Yjg^c\ i]Z Äghi nZVg d[ ]Zg YdXidgViZ# I]Z
eVgi^Zh^c^i^ViZYY^kdgXZegdXZZY^c\h^cl]^X]?Vh`ZY
i]ZXdjgiiddgYZgjcZfjVaeVgi^i^dcd[i]Z[Vb^aneVig^"
bdcn#=Zhdj\]iidZmXajYZi]ZWZcZÄihVXXgjZYjcYZg
]^h_jY\Zh¼eZch^dceaVcYjg^c\i]ZbVgg^V\Z[gdbi]Z
bVhh d[ egdeZgin id WZ ^cXajYZY ^c i]Z eVgi^i^dc# I]Z
HjeZg^dg 8djgi gZ_ZXiZY i]Vi gZfjZhi! Wji i]Z 8djgi d[
6eeZVa ^ciZgkZcZY! dgYZg^c\ i]Vi i]Z WZcZÄih VXXgjZY
jcYZg?¼heZch^dceaVcWZZmXajYZY[gdbi]ZeVgi^i^dcd[
AZheVgi^Zh!fj^[V^hV^Zcik^ZXdbbjcZYZej^h&.-*!
hZbVg^ZciZc&..'hdjhaZg‚\^bZYZaVh‚eVgVi^dcYZ
W^Zch#?ZhiVadgh_j\ZYZej^h&.--ZiBigVkV^aaZYVch
aV[dcXi^dcejWa^fjZYZej^h&.-+!VegƒhVkd^ghj^k^YZh
Xdjgh^ciZch^[hYZWjgZVji^fjZeVn‚heVg?#AdghfjZXZi
Zbead^ egZcY Äc Zc &..)! ? VhhjbZ Vjhh^ aZ Xd’i YZh
‚ijYZh jc^kZgh^iV^gZh YZ B! fj^ dWi^Zci jcZ bVˆig^hZ
Zc ZchZ^\cZbZci iZX]c^fjZ Zi egd[Zhh^dccZa Zc '%%'#
AZ XdjeaZ! fj^ c¼V eVh Y¼Zc[Vci! hZ h‚eVgZ Zc '%%)#
B Zi ? hdci }\‚h gZheZXi^kZbZci YZ )' Zi +) Vch# B
hZ eg‚eVgV^i Vadgh | ZcigZegZcYgZ YZh ‚ijYZh YZ YdX"
idgVi# ? eVnZ hZh [gV^h YZ Y‚b‚cV\ZbZci Zi aj^ kZghZ
jcZ eZch^dc Va^bZciV^gZ YZ (- %%% Vj Xdjgh YZ hV
egZb^ƒgZ Vcc‚Z YZ YdXidgVi# AZh eVgi^Zh Zc\V\Zci YZh
egdX‚YjgZhYZY^kdgXZVjXdjghYZhfjZaaZh?YZbVcYZ
Y¼dgYdccZg jc eVgiV\Z ^c‚\Va Yj eVig^bd^cZ [Vb^a^Va#
>a kZji ZmXajgZ YZ aV bVhhZ YZh W^Zch | eVgiV\Zg VkZX
BaZhYgd^ihVXXjbja‚h!YjgVciaZbVg^V\Z!Vji^igZYZ
hdc g‚\^bZ YZ gZigV^iZ YZh _j\Zh# AV 8djg hje‚g^ZjgZ
gZ_ZiiZaVYZbVcYZ!bV^haV8djgY¼VeeZa^ciZgk^ZciZi
dgYdccZ fjZ aZh Ygd^ih VXXjbja‚h Vj i^igZ Yj g‚\^bZ
,-'
M.T.
l$
P'%%-R'H#8#G#
J.-Y.T.
i]Z [Vb^an eVig^bdcn dc i]Z WVh^h i]Vi ZfjVa eVgi^i^dc
ldjaYgZhjai^cVc^c_jhi^XZ#
YZgZigV^iZYZ?hd^ZciZmXajhYjeVgiV\ZYjeVig^bd^cZ
[Vb^a^Va ej^hfj¼jc eVgiV\Z ‚\Va Xdchi^ijZgV^i jcZ
^c_jhi^XZ#
>[bZ/I]ZVeeZVah]djaYWZVaadlZY#
7hh…j/AZedjgkd^ZhiVXXjZ^aa^#
I]Z ^ciZgegZi^kZ VeegdVX] id WZ iV`Zc ^c Veean^c\
Vgi# )'' 9$9$G$ bjhi ValVnh WZ Xdch^hiZci l^i] i]Z
dW_ZXi^kZd[i]Z[Vb^aneVig^bdcn!i]Vi^h!idXgZViZVc
ZXdcdb^Xjc^dcWZilZZci]ZhedjhZh#HjX]VcVeegdVX]
l^aaZcVWaZi]ZXdjgiidYZiZgb^cZl]ViX^gXjbhiVcXZh
b^\]igZhjai^cVc^c_jhi^XZl^i]^ci]ZbZVc^c\d[Vgi#
)''#I]dhZX^gXjbhiVcXZhbjhiWZgZaViZYidi]ZhjXXZhh
dg[V^ajgZd[i]ZZXdcdb^XeVgicZgh]^eWZilZZci]ZeVg"
i^Zh#>ibjhiWZYZiZgb^cZYl]Zi]Zg!Wni]Z^gVXi^dchdg
XdcYjXiYjg^c\i]ZbVgg^V\Z!i]ZhedjhZhYZ[VjaiZYdc
i]Z^g [jcYVbZciVa dWa^\Vi^dc id Xdcig^WjiZ id [dgb^c\
VcY bV^ciV^c^c\ i]Z [Vb^an eVig^bdcn# 6cn XVjhZh d[
^c_jhi^XZi]ViVgZVhXg^WZYidVhedjhZbjhi!^cVldgY!
WZ^ci]ZcVijgZd[ZXdcdb^X[Vjaih#P'*RP'-R
A¼VeegdX]Z ^ciZgeg‚iVi^kZ c‚XZhhV^gZ | a¼Veea^XVi^dc
YZa¼Vgi#)''9$Y$G$Yd^iidj_djghegZcYgZZcXdbeiZaV
cVijgZYZa¼dW_ZXi^[YjeVig^bd^cZ[Vb^a^Va!hd^iaVXg‚V"
i^dcY¼jcZjc^dc‚Xdcdb^fjZZcigZaZhXdc_d^cih#8ZiiZ
b‚i]dYZeZgbZiYZY‚iZgb^cZgaVcVijgZYZhX^gXdchiVc"
XZhhjhXZei^WaZhYZegdkdfjZgjcZ^c_jhi^XZVjhZchYZ
a¼Vgi#)''#8ZhX^gXdchiVcXZhYd^kZcihZgZa^Zg|aVg‚V"
a^hVi^dcdj|a¼‚X]ZXYZa¼VhhdX^Vi^dc‚Xdcdb^fjZZcigZ
aZheVgi^Zh#>a[VjiY‚iZgb^cZgh^!eVgaZjghVXiZhdjaZjg
XdbedgiZbZciYjgVciaZbVg^V\Z!aZhXdc_d^cihdcik^da‚
aZjgdWa^\Vi^dc[dcYVbZciVaZYZXdcig^WjZg|aV[dgbV"
i^dcZiVjbV^ci^ZcYjeVig^bd^cZ[Vb^a^Va#AZhXVjhZh
Y¼^c_jhi^XZ^beji‚Zh|jcXdc_d^ciYd^kZcieg‚hZciZgZc
fjZafjZhdgiZ!aZXVgVXiƒgZY¼jcZ[VjiZ‚Xdcdb^fjZ#P'*R
P'-R
;gdbi]^hhiVcYed^ci!i]Z8djgid[6eeZVa¼hVeea^XV"
i^dcd[Vgi#)''9$9$G$lVh^cXdch^hiZcil^i]i]Za^b^ih
eaVXZYWni]ZaZ\^haVijgZdci]ZXdjgih¼edlZgiddgYZg
jcZfjVa eVgi^i^dc# ;^ghi d[ Vaa! i]Z 8djgi d[ 6eeZVa
ZggZY ^c ^ih VhhZhhbZci d[ i]Z [VXih ^c Xdch^YZg^c\ ?¼h
Äghi bVgg^V\Z! h^cXZ cdi]^c\ ^c i]Z gZXdgY hj\\Zhih
i]Vi i]Z Äghi bVgg^V\Z ]VY i]Z ha^\]iZhi ^beVXi dc i]Z
eVgi^Zh¼ a^[Z id\Zi]Zg dg dc ?¼h ÄcVcX^Va X^gXjbhiVcXZh
Yjg^c\dgVii]Zi^bZd[Y^hhdaji^dcd[]^hhZXdcYbVg"
g^V\Z# ;jgi]ZgbdgZ! i]Z jcZfjVa cVijgZ d[ i]Z eVgi^Zh¼
Xdcig^Wji^dch id i]Z [Vb^an eVig^bdcn YdZh cdi gZegZ"
hZci V XVjhZ d[ ^c_jhi^XZ [dg i]Z ejgedhZh d[ i]^h XVhZ#
GVi]Zg! ^i lVh V [dgZhZZVWaZ XdchZfjZcXZ d[ i]Z bVg"
g^V\Z#I]ZgZ^hcdZk^YZcXZd[ZXdcdb^X[Vjaidg^c_jh"
i^XZdcB¼heVgi#6hi]ZeVgi^Zh]VYV\gZZY!h]ZhijY^ZY
VcYldg`ZY!d[iZceVgi"i^bZdg^cjchiVWaZdgiZbedgVgn
_dWh#=ZgVXi^k^i^Zh^ci]Z]dbZlZgZVahdXdci^cjVa!VcY
]Zg^cXdbZlZciidVaVg\ZeVgi¸idi]ZZmiZcid[]Zg
VW^a^inideVn¸idlVgYi]Z^ga^[Zid\Zi]Zg#;^cVaan!i]Z
V\Z Y^[[ZgZcXZ WZilZZc i]Z eVgi^Zh VcY i]Z [VXi i]Vi ?
lVh dcan V [Zl nZVgh [gdb i]Z bVcYVidgn gZi^gZbZci
V\Z Y^Y cdi gZhjai ^c ^c_jhi^XZ Z^i]Zg# I]Z eVgi^Zh bjhi
]VkZVXXZeiZYi]^hh^ijVi^dcVii]ZhiVgid[i]Z^gjc^dc#
B Y^Y cdi]^c\ i]Vi ldjaY ]VkZ VYkZghZan V[[ZXiZY i]Z
^ciZ\g^in d[ i]Z [Vb^an eVig^bdcn! VcY ]Zg V\Z XVccdi
WZ]ZaYV\V^chi]ZgVhV\gdjcY[dggZ[jh^c\idVeeani]Z
aVl#P'."('R
9Vch XZiiZ eZgheZXi^kZ! a¼Veea^XVi^dc YZ a¼Vgi# )''
9$Y$G$eVgaV8djgY¼VeeZacZgZheZXiV^ieVhaZha^b^iZh
^bedh‚Zh eVg aZ a‚\^haViZjg Vj edjkd^g _jY^X^V^gZ Y¼dg"
YdccZg jc eVgiV\Z ^c‚\Va# Idji Y¼VWdgY! aV 8djg Y¼Ve"
eZaVXdbb^hjcZZggZjgYVcha¼Veeg‚X^Vi^dcYZh[V^ihZc
egZcVciZcXdch^Y‚gVi^dcaZegZb^ZgbVg^V\ZYZ?ej^h"
fjZg^ZcYVchaZYdhh^Zgc¼^cY^fjZfjZXZbVg^V\ZV^iZj
aZbd^cYgZ^beVXihjgaVk^ZYZheVgi^ZhZihjgaVh^ijV"
i^dcÄcVcX^ƒgZYZ?VjXdjghYZhdchZXdcYbVg^V\Zdj|
aVY^hhdaji^dcYZXZaj^"X^#9Zeajh!a¼^c‚\Va^i‚YZhXdcig^"
Wji^dchYZheVgi^ZhVjeVig^bd^cZ[Vb^a^VacZgZeg‚hZciZ
eVh jcZ XVjhZ Y¼^c_jhi^XZ VYb^hh^WaZ YVch aZ XdciZmiZ
YZXZYdhh^Zg#>ah¼V\^ieajiiY¼jcZXdch‚fjZcXZeg‚k^"
h^WaZYjbVg^V\Z#AVegZjkZcZY‚bdcigZVjXjcZ[VjiZ
‚Xdcdb^fjZ dj ^c_jhi^XZ YZ aV eVgi YZ B# 8dbbZ aZh
eVgi^Zh Zc VkV^Zci XdckZcj! ZaaZ V ‚ijY^‚ Zi igVkV^aa‚!
hdjkZci | iZbeh eVgi^Za dj YVch YZh Zbead^h eg‚XV^"
gZh dj iZbedgV^gZh# Hdc VXi^k^i‚ | a¼^ci‚g^Zjg Yj [dnZg
V ‚i‚ XdchiVciZ Zi hZh gZkZcjh dci ‚i‚ Zc WdccZ eVgi^Z
Zbeadn‚hedjgaVk^ZXdbbjcZYVchaVbZhjgZYZhZh
bdnZch# :cÄc! aV Y^[[‚gZcXZ Y¼}\Z ZcigZ aZh eVgi^Zh Zi
aZ[V^ifjZ?hZigdjkV^i|fjZafjZhVcc‚ZhhZjaZbZciYZ
a¼}\ZYZaVgZigV^iZdWa^\Vid^gZcZhdcieVhcdceajhXVjhZ
Y¼^c_jhi^XZZca¼ZheƒXZ#8ZiiZh^ijVi^dc‚iV^ic‚XZhhV^gZ"
bZciVXXZei‚ZeVgaZheVgi^ZhYƒhaZY‚WjiYZaZjgjc^dc#
Bc¼VXdbb^hVjXjcVXiZYZcVijgZ|edgiZgViiZ^ciZ|
a¼^ci‚\g^i‚ Yj eVig^bd^cZ [Vb^a^Va! Zi dc cZ hVjgV^i aj^
[V^gZ \g^Z[ YZ hdc }\Z edjg gZ[jhZg Y¼Veea^fjZg aV ad^#
P'."('R
9Wi[i9_j[Z
@kh_ifhkZ[dY[
H[\[hh[Z je0 Ij[_d l$ Ij[_d! P'%%-R ' H#8#G# '+(!
'%%-H88(*0:he_jZ[bW\Wc_bb[¹'./)!P&..(RG#?#F#
7hh…jic[dj_eddƒi0Ij[_dY$Ij[_d!P'%%-R'G#8#H#
'+(!'%%-8H8(*0:he_jZ[bW\Wc_bb[¹'./)!P&..(R
P'%%-R'G#8#H#
M.T.
Y$
J.-Y.T.
,-(
'-%+0:he_jZ[bW\Wc_bb[¹(,+/!?#:#.,".+(!HDFJ>?
6O".,%&&)(.0:he_jZ[bW\Wc_bb[¹')/+!P&..(RG#?#F#
&+*.0:he_jZ[bW\Wc_bb[¹'+''!?#:#.,"(%'!HDFJ>?
6O".,%&&&(-0:he_jZ[bW\Wc_bb[¹'/&-!?#:#.)"&((!
HDFJ>?6O".)%&&&%(0:he_jZ[bW\Wc_bb[¹'/+)!?#:#
.)"**'!HDFJ>?6O".)%&&(-+0C$=$l$7$8$!?#:#'%%'"
&%&(! HDFJ>? 6O"*%&'-&++! V[[¼\ P'%%&R G#9#;# **+0
B$9$ l$ F$F$! P'%%*R F#?# Cd# +*** FA! '%%* F886
*&*#
G#?#F# '-%+0 :he_j Z[ bW \Wc_bb[ ¹ (,+/! ?#:# .,".+(!
HDFJ>? 6O".,%&&)(.0 :he_j Z[ bW \Wc_bb[ ¹ ')/+!
P&..(R G#?#F# &+*.0 :he_j Z[ bW \Wc_bb[ ¹ '+''! ?#:#
.,"(%'! HDFJ>? 6O".,%&&&(-0 :he_j Z[ bW \Wc_bb[ ¹
'/&-! ?#:# .)"&((! HDFJ>? 6O".)%&&&%(0 :he_j Z[ bW
\Wc_bb[ ¹ '/+)! ?#:# .)"**'! HDFJ>? 6O".)%&&(-+0
C$=$ Y$ 7$8$! ?#:# '%%'"&%&(! HDFJ>? 6O"*%&'-&++!
Xdc[# P'%%&R G#9#;# **+0 B$9$ Y$ F$F$! P'%%*R ?#F# cd
+***FA!'%%*F886*&*#
IjWjkj[iWdZH[]kbWj_edi9_j[Z
Be_i[jh„]b[c[djiY_jƒi
7YjjeWc[dZj^[9_l_b9eZ[e\GkƒX[YWdZej^[hb[]_i#
bWj_ed_dehZ[hje\Wlekh[Yedec_Y[gkWb_joX[jm[[d
ifeki[i!H#F#&.-.!X#**!h#)'#
9_l_b 9eZ[ e\ GkƒX[Y! H#F# &..&! X# +)! hh# (.+! )&) [j
i[g$!)&*!)&+!)''!)'(!)',!)(&!)('#
9eZ[Y_l_bZkGkƒX[Y!A#F#&..&!X]#+)!Vgi#(.+!)&)Zi
hj^k#!)&*!)&+!)''!)'(!)',!)(&!)('#
Be_ceZ_ÅWdjb[9eZ[Y_l_bZkGkƒX[Y[jZ½Wkjh[iZ_ife#
i_j_edi bƒ]_ibWj_l[i WÅd Z[ \Wleh_i[h b½ƒ]Wb_jƒ ƒYede#
c_gk[Z[iƒfekn!A#F#&.-.!X]#**!Vgi#)'#
7kj^ehi9_j[Z
:eYjh_d[Y_jƒ[
7g^hhdc!?ZVc"BVjg^XZ!VcYC^X]daVh@Vh^gZg#¹I]ZBVg"
g^ZY LdbVc ^c 6hXZcYVcXZ! i]Z Bdi]Zg 8djcign ^c
GZigZVi/ [gdb AZ\Va 8dadc^Va^hb id AZ\Va CVi^dcVa"
^hb^cFjZWZXBVig^bdc^VaAVlGZ[dgb!&-++"&..&º!
^c9ZAadnY?#<ji]VcYL#LZhaZnEjZ!ZYh#!9WdW#
ZW½i B[]Wb ?d^[h_jWdY[i# L^cc^eZ\/ 8VcVY^Vc AZ\Va
=^hidgnEgd_ZXi!'%%&!)%+#
7jgbVc!9Vc^ZaaZ!Zi?ZVcE^cZVj#B[ºfWjh_ce_d[\Wc_#
b_Wb»fhe`[jZ[be_'*,#Bdcig‚Va/I]‚b^h!&..&#
<daYhiZ^c!<‚gVaY!Zi:i]Za<gd[ÄZg#:he_j_dj[hdWj_edWb
fh_lƒ! i# >>! H„]b[i ifƒY_Ågk[i# 8dlVchk^aaZ! Fj‚#/
Nkdc7aV^h!'%%(#
@Vh^gZg!C^X]daVh#¹9eklh[pY[jj[YecckdWkjƒgk[`[d[
iWkhW_ile_h0:fj^inVcY;Vjai^ci]Z9^k^h^dcd[FjZ"
WZX¼h;Vb^anEVig^bdcnº&..)!'*H$=$:$*+.#
E^cZVj! ?ZVc! Zi BVg^Z EgViiZ# BW \Wc_bb[# Bdcig‚Va/
I]‚b^h!'%%+#
7g^hhdc! ?ZVc"BVjg^XZ! VcY C^X]daVh @Vh^gZg# ® I]Z
BVgg^ZYLdbVc^c6hXZcYVcXZ!i]ZBdi]Zg8djcign
^cGZigZVi/[gdbAZ\Va8dadc^Va^hbidAZ\VaCVi^dc"
Va^hb ^c FjZWZX BVig^bdc^Va AVl GZ[dgb! &-++"
&..&¯!^c9ZAadnY?#<ji]VcYL#LZhaZnEjZ!ZYh#!
9WdWZW½i B[]Wb ?d^[h_jWdY[i# L^cc^eZ\/ 8VcVY^Vc
AZ\Va=^hidgnEgd_ZXi!'%%&!)%+#
7jgbVc!9Vc^ZaaZ!Zi?ZVcE^cZVj#B[¯fWjh_ce_d[\Wc_#
b_Wb°fhe`[jZ[be_'*,#Bdcig‚Va/I]‚b^h!&..&#
<daYhiZ^c!<‚gVaY!Zi:i]Za<gd[ÄZg#:he_j_dj[hdWj_edWb
fh_lƒ! i# >>! H„]b[i ifƒY_Ågk[i# 8dlVchk^aaZ! Fj‚#/
Nkdc7aV^h!'%%(#
@Vh^gZg! C^X]daVh# ® 9eklh[p Y[jj[ YecckdWkjƒ gk[ `[
d[iWkhW_ile_h0:fj^inVcY;Vjai^ci]Z9^k^h^dcd[
FjZWZX¼h;Vb^anEVig^bdcn¯&..)!'*H$=$:$*+.#
E^cZVj! ?ZVc! Zi BVg^Z EgViiZ# BW \Wc_bb[# Bdcig‚Va/
I]‚b^h!'%%+#
6EE:6A[gdbV_jY\bZcid[i]ZFjZWZX8djgi
d[6eeZVa7VjYdj^c!Bdg^hhZiiZVcY=^aidc??#6#!
P'%%+RG#9#;#,%(!P'%%+RF#?#Cd#&'&.(FA!'%%+
8VghlZaaFjZ.%%&!'%%+F886&(*(ikXdec$O
l$ N! gZkZgh^c\ ^c eVgi V YZX^h^dc d[ ;djgc^Zg ?#!
P'%%+RG#9#;#)%,!HDFJ>?6O"*%(*.&%,!P'%%+R
F#?#Cd#&-)%FA!'%%+8VghlZaaFjZ&-,-!'%%+
F88H&&(-#6eeZVaVaadlZY#
EDJGKD> XdcigZ jc Vgg„i YZ aV 8djg Y¼Ve"
eZa Yj Fj‚WZX aZh _j\Zh 7VjYdj^c! Bdg^hhZiiZ Zi
=^aidc! P'%%+R G#9#;# ,%(! P'%%+R ?#F# cd &'&.(
FA! '%%+ 8VghlZaaFjZ .%%&! '%%+ F886 &(*(
ikXdec$OY$N!fj^V^cÄgb‚ZceVgi^ZjcZY‚X^"
h^dcYj_j\Z;djgc^Zg!P'%%+RG#9#;#)%,!HDFJ>?
6O"*%(*.&%,! P'%%+R ?#F# cd &-)% FA! '%%+
8VghlZaaFjZ &-,-! '%%+ F88H &&(-# Edjgkd^
VXXjZ^aa^#
:Wd_[bb[>ekb[!C_Y^„b[=ƒh_dVcYCWh`ebW_d[
=WkZ[j![dgi]ZVeeZaaVci#
:Wd_[bb[ >ekb[! C_Y^„b[ =ƒh_d Zi CWh`ebW_d[
=WkZ[j!edjga¼VeeZaVciZ#
Ied_W 8ƒhkXƒ VcY 7dd_[ Jh[cXbWo! [dg i]Z
gZhedcYZci#
Ied_W8ƒhkXƒZi7dd_[Jh[cXbWo!edjga¼^ci^b‚#
,-)
M.T.
l$
J.-Y.T.
:c\a^h] kZgh^dc d[ i]Z _jY\bZci d[ i]Z 8djgi
YZa^kZgZYWn
LeBel J.¸
B[8[b@$
P'%%-R'H#8#G#
AZ_j\ZbZciYZaV8djgV‚i‚gZcYjeVg
Le juge LeBel ¸
># >cigdYjXi^dc
># >cigdYjXi^dc
P&R 6i^hhjZ^ci]^hVeeZVa^hjcZfjVaeVgi^i^dcd[V
[Vb^aneVig^bdcnZhiVWa^h]ZYejghjVciidVgih#)&)
[ji[g$d[i]Z9_l_b9eZ[e\GkƒX[Y!H#F#&..&!X#
+)¹9$9$G$º#6ai]dj\]i]ZgZhedcYZci¹?#"N#I#º
YdZh cdi YZcn i]Vi ]^h eZch^dc eaVc ^h eVgi d[ i]Z
[Vb^aneVig^bdcn!]ZhjXXZhh[jaanVg\jZYdcVeeZVa
i]Vii]ZkVajZd[i]ZWZcZÄihVXXgjZYjcYZg]^heZc"
h^dc eaVc Yjg^c\ ]^h bVgg^V\Z h]djaY WZ ZmXajYZY
[gdb i]Z egdeZgin id WZ ^cXajYZY ^c i]Z eVgi^i^dc
jedc ]^h Y^kdgXZ [gdb i]Z VeeZaaVci ¹B#I#º# ;dg
i]Z gZVhdch i]Vi [daadl! > XdcXajYZ i]Vi hj[ÄX^Zci
\gdjcYh [dg jcZfjVa eVgi^i^dc d[ i]Z [Vb^an eVig^"
bdcnY^YcdiZm^hiVcYi]Vii]ZeZch^dceaVch]djaY
]VkZWZZc^cXajYZY^ci]ZeVgi^i^dc#>ldjaYi]ZgZ"
[dgZVaadli]ZVeeZVaVcYgZhidgZi]ZXdcXajh^dch^c
i]Z_jY\bZcid[i]ZFjZWZXHjeZg^dg8djgi#
P&R AZ edjgkd^ edhZ aZ egdWaƒbZ Yj eVgiV\Z
^c‚\VaYjeVig^bd^cZ[Vb^a^Va‚iVWa^hdjhaZg‚\^bZ
YZhVgi#)&)Zihj^k#Yj9eZ[Y_l_bZkGkƒX[Y!A#F#
&..&!X]#+)®9$Y$G$¯#HVchc^ZgfjZhdcg‚\^bZ
YZ gZigV^iZ [VhhZ eVgi^Z YZh W^Zch Xdbeg^h YVch aZ
eVig^bd^cZ[Vb^a^Va!a¼^ci^b‚®?#"N#I#¯VdWiZcj
ZcVeeZafjZaVkVaZjgYZhYgd^ihVXXjbja‚hYjgVci
hdcbVg^V\ZVji^igZYZhdcg‚\^bZYZgZigV^iZhd^i
ZmXajZYZhW^Zch|eVgiV\Zg|aVhj^iZYZhdcY^kdgXZ
VkZXa¼VeeZaVciZ®B#I#¯#EdjgaZhbdi^[hfj^hj^"
kZci!_ZXdcXajhfj¼^ac¼Zm^hiV^ieVhYZbdi^[hhj[Ä"
hVcihedjg_jhi^ÄZgjceVgiV\Z^c‚\VaYjeVig^bd^cZ
[Vb^a^VaZifjZaZg‚\^bZYZgZigV^iZYZkV^i„igZeVg"
iV\‚#?¼VXXjZ^aaZgV^hYdcXaZedjgkd^Zi_Zg‚iVWa^gV^h
aZhXdcXajh^dchYj_j\ZbZciYZaV8djghje‚g^ZjgZ
YjFj‚WZX#
>># Dg^\^cd[i]Z8VhZ
>># Dg^\^cZYja^i^\Z
P'R I]Z eVgi^Zh! l]d ]VY a^kZY id\Zi]Zg h^cXZ
&.-*! lZgZ bVgg^ZY ^c &..' jcYZg i]Z gZ\^bZ d[
hZeVgVi^dcVhidegdeZgin#6ii]Vii^bZ!?#"N#I#lVh
Y^kdgXZY [gdb ]^h Äghi l^[Z# ;dg B#I#! ^i lVh ]Zg
Äghi bVgg^V\Z# I]Z gZhedcYZci ]VY WZZc V _jY\Z
d[i]Z8djgid[Fj‚WZXh^cXZ&.--#I]ZVeeZaaVci!
V[iZgiV`^c\^ciZch^kZXdjghZh^cd[ÄXZVjidbVi^dc
eV^Y[dgWni]ZgZhedcYZci!]VYWZZcldg`^c\^cV
YZeVgibZcid[i]ZFjZWZX\dkZgcbZcih^cXZ&.-+#
P'R AZheVgi^Zh!fj^[V^hV^Zcik^ZXdbbjcZYZej^h
&.-*! hZ bVg^ƒgZci Zc &..' hdjh aZ g‚\^bZ YZ aV
h‚eVgVi^dc YZ W^Zch# ?#"N#I# ‚iV^i Vadgh Y^kdgX‚ YZ
hV egZb^ƒgZ ‚edjhZ# Edjg B#I#! ^a h¼V\^hhV^i Y¼jc
egZb^Zg bVg^V\Z# A¼^ci^b‚ ‚iV^i _j\Z | aV 8djg Yj
Fj‚WZXYZej^h&.--#A¼VeeZaVciZigVkV^aaV^iYVchjc
b^c^hiƒgZYj\djkZgcZbZciYjFj‚WZXYZej^h&.-+!
VegƒhVkd^ghj^k^YZhXdjgh^ciZch^[hYZWjgZVji^fjZ
eVn‚heVga¼^ci^b‚#
P(R 6[iZgi]Vi_dWiZgb^cViZY^c&..)!i]ZgZhedcY"
ZciVahdWdgZi]ZXdhid[jc^kZgh^inhijY^ZhejghjZY
Wn]^hl^[Z!l]dgZXZ^kZYVbVhiZg¼hYZ\gZZ^ciZX]"
c^XVaVcYkdXVi^dcVaZYjXVi^dc^c'%%'#I]ZXdjeaZ
]VYcdX]^aYgZc#I]Z^ggZaVi^dch]^eWgd`ZYdlc^c
'%%)#6ii]Vii^bZ!i]ZVeeZaaVcilVhegZeVg^c\id
WZ\^cYdXidgVahijY^Zh^cVcdi]ZgX^in#I]ZgZhedcY"
ZcieV^Y]Zgbdk^c\ZmeZchZhVcYeV^Y]Zg(-!%%%
^chjeedgiYjg^c\i]ZÄghinZVgd[]ZgYdXidgViZ#6i
i]Zi^bZd[i]ZhZeVgVi^dc!i]ZgZhedcYZci!l]dlVh
hi^aaV_jY\Zd[i]Z8djgid[Fj‚WZX!lVh+)nZVgh
daYVcYB#I#lVh)'#
P(R 6egƒh aV Äc YZ XZi Zbead^ Zc &..)! a¼^ci^b‚
VhhjbV Vjhh^ aZ Xd’i YZh ‚ijYZh jc^kZgh^iV^gZh YZ
hdc ‚edjhZ! fj^ dWi^ci jcZ bVˆig^hZ Zc ZchZ^\cZ"
bZciiZX]c^fjZZiegd[Zhh^dccZaZc'%%'#AZXdjeaZ
c¼ZjieVhY¼Zc[Vci#AZjgjc^dchZgdbe^iZc'%%)#
A¼VeeZaVciZ hZ eg‚eVgV^i Vadgh | ZcigZegZcYgZ YZh
‚ijYZh YZ YdXidgVi YVch jcZ VjigZ k^aaZ# A¼^ci^b‚
eVnV hZh [gV^h YZ Y‚b‚cV\ZbZci Zi aj^ kZghV jcZ
eZch^dcVa^bZciV^gZYZ(-%%%VjXdjghYZhVegZ"
b^ƒgZ Vcc‚Z YZ YdXidgVi# Adgh YZ aV gjeijgZ! a¼^c"
i^b‚!idj_djgh_j\Z|aV8djgYjFj‚WZX!‚iV^i}\‚
YZ+)VchZiB#I#VkV^i)'Vch#
P'%%-R'G#8#H#
M.T.
Y$
J.-Y.T.
B[`k][B[8[b
,-*
P)R 6[iZg i]Z hZeVgVi^dc! i]Z eVgi^Zh! l]d Y^hV"
\gZZYdcVcjbWZgd[eVig^bdcn"gZaViZY^hhjZh!^c^"
i^ViZYY^kdgXZegdXZZY^c\h#I]ZbV^c^hhjZ^ci]Z
egdXZZY^c\h XdcXZgcZY i]Z eZch^dc XgZY^ih d[ i]Z
gZhedcYZci! l]d lVh V eVgi^X^eVci ^c i]Z eZch^dc
eaVc[dg_jY\Zhd[i]Z8djgid[Fj‚WZX#=ZVh`ZY
i]ZHjeZg^dg8djgiiddgYZgjcZfjVaeVgi^i^dcd[i]Z
[Vb^aneVig^bdcnWnZmXajY^c\]^heZch^dcXgZY^ih
[gdbi]ZeVgi^i^dc#I]ZVeeZaaVcihdj\]iZfjVaeVg"
i^i^dc# I]Z eVgi^Zh Y^hV\gZZY dc di]Zg ed^cih! Wji
i]ZgZhedcYZci¼heZch^dceaVc^hi]ZdcandcZhi^aa
^c^hhjZ^ci]^h8djgi#
P)R ²aVhj^iZYZaZjgh‚eVgVi^dc!ZcY‚hVXXdgYhjg
Y^kZghZhfjZhi^dcheVig^bdc^VaZh!aZheVgi^ZhZc\V"
\ƒgZciYZhegdX‚YjgZhYZY^kdgXZ#AZhj_Zieg^cX^eVa
YZaZjgXdcÅ^i‚iV^iaVfjZhi^dcYZhYgd^ih|eZch^dc
YZa¼^ci^b‚!fj^eVgi^X^eV^iVjg‚\^bZYZgZigV^iZYZh
_j\ZhYZaV8djgYjFj‚WZX#>aYZbVcYV|aV8djg
hje‚g^ZjgZ Y¼dgYdccZg jc eVgiV\Z ^c‚\Va Yj eVig^"
bd^cZ [Vb^a^Va! Zc ZmXajVci hZh Ygd^ih | eZch^dc
Yj eVgiV\Z# A¼VeeZaVciZ g‚XaVbV jc eVgiV\Z ‚\Va#
AZh eVgi^Zh h¼V[[gdciƒgZci hjg Y¼VjigZh egdWaƒbZh!
bV^haVfjZhi^dcYjg‚\^bZYZgZigV^iZYZa¼^ci^b‚
YZbZjgZhZjaZZcY‚WViYZkVcicdigZ8djg#
>>># ?jY^X^Va=^hidgn
>>># =^hidg^fjZ_jY^X^V^gZ
6# Gk[X[YIkf[h_eh9ekhjP'%%+RF#?#Cd#&-)%
FA!'%%+F88H&&(-
6# 9ekh ikfƒh_[kh[ Zk GkƒX[Y P'%%+R ?#F# cd
&-)%FA!'%%+F88H&&(-
P*R I]Z_jY\bZcid[i]ZHjeZg^dg8djgiY^hedhZY
d[VcjbWZgd[^hhjZhWZilZZci]ZeVgi^Zhi]VilZ
cZZYcdigZk^h^i]ZgZ#I]jh!;djgc^Zg?#Z[[ZXiZYeVg"
i^i^dcd[i]ZbdkVWaZegdeZgin^ci]Z[Vb^aneVig^"
bdcnVcYYZc^ZYB#I#VajbehjbeVnVWaZVhhje"
edgi!Wji\gVciZY]ZgVegdk^h^dc[dgXdhih#
P*R AZ _j\ZbZci YZ aV 8djg hje‚g^ZjgZ V g‚\a‚
jc XZgiV^c cdbWgZ YZ egdWaƒbZh ZcigZ aZh eVgi^Zh
hjg aZhfjZah cdjh c¼Vkdch eVh | gZkZc^g# 6^ch^! aZ
_j\Z;djgc^ZgVeVgiV\‚aZhbZjWaZhYjeVig^bd^cZ
[Vb^a^Va!VgZ[jh‚|B#I#jcZhdbbZ[dg[V^iV^gZYZ
cVijgZ Va^bZciV^gZ! bV^h aj^ V VXXdgY‚ jcZ egdk^"
h^dcedjg[gV^h#
P+R >c ]^h _jY\bZci! i]Z ig^Va _jY\Z YZVai eg^bV"
g^anl^i]i]Z^cXajh^dcd[?#"N#I#¼heZch^dcXgZY^ih^c
i]Z eVgi^i^dc# I]Z gZhedcYZci hdj\]i jcZfjVa eVg"
i^i^dc d[ i]Z [Vb^an eVig^bdcn! l]^X] ldjaY ]VkZ
ZmXajYZYi]ZWZcZÄihVXXgjZYjcYZg]^heZch^dceaVc
Yjg^c\i]ZbVgg^V\Z[gdbi]ZbVhhd[egdeZginidWZ
^cXajYZY^ci]ZeVgi^i^dc#>chjeedgid[]^hgZfjZhi!
i]ZgZhedcYZcied^ciZYdjii]Vii]^hlVh]^hhZXdcY
bVgg^V\Z! i]Vi i]ZgZ lVh V h^\c^ÄXVci V\Z Y^[[Zg"
ZcXZ ¸ d[ dkZg '% nZVgh ¸ WZilZZc ]^b VcY ]^h
l^[Z!i]Vi]^hl^[ZlVh^cYZeZcYZciVcYZbeadnVWaZ!
VcYi]Vih]ZldjaYWZVWaZidWj^aYVeZch^dc[jcY[dg
]ZghZa[Wni]Zi^bZh]ZgZVX]ZYgZi^gZbZciV\Z#=Z
VYYZYi]Vi^[]^heZch^dcXgZY^ihlZgZidWZ^cXajYZY!
]ZldjaY]VkZidedhiedcZ]^hgZi^gZbZci^cdgYZgid
gZWj^aY]^hgZi^gZbZci^cXdbZ#;jgi]ZgbdgZ!Vaai]Z
egdeZgin^ci]Z[Vb^aneVig^bdcn]VYWZZcVXXjbj"
aViZYi]gdj\]]^hZ[[dgiVadcZ#:fjVaeVgi^i^dcldjaY
i]ZgZ[dgZgZhjai^cVc^c_jhi^XZ!VcY[dgi]VigZVhdc!
?#"N#I#Vg\jZY!i]ZHjeZg^dg8djgih]djaYdgYZgjcZ"
fjVaeVgi^i^dcWnZmXajY^c\]^heZch^dcXgZY^ihejg"
hjVciidVgi#)''9$9$G$
P+R AZ _j\ZbZci YZ egZb^ƒgZ ^chiVcXZ V edgi‚
eg^cX^eVaZbZcihjgaZeVgiV\ZYZhYgd^ih|eZch^dc
YZ ?#"N#I# A¼^ci^b‚ g‚XaVbV^i jc eVgiV\Z ^c‚\Va Yj
eVig^bd^cZ [Vb^a^Va! fj^ VjgV^i ZmXaj YZ aV bVhhZ
YZh W^Zch | eVgiV\Zg VkZX hdc ‚edjhZ aZh Ygd^ih
VXXjbja‚hVji^igZYZhdcg‚\^bZYZgZigV^iZYjgVci
aZbVg^V\Z#6jhdji^ZcYZhVYZbVcYZ!a¼^ci^b‚eaV^"
YV^ifjZhdcjc^dc‚iV^ihdchZXdcYbVg^V\Z!fj¼^a
Zm^hiV^ijcZY^[[‚gZcXZY¼}\Z^bedgiVciZ¸YZeajh
YZk^c\iVch¸ZcigZaj^Zihdc‚edjhZ!fjZXZaaZ"
X^‚iV^iVjidcdbZZiZbeadnVWaZZifj¼ZaaZedjggV^i
hZXdchi^ijZgjc[dcYhYZeZch^dcY¼^X^|XZfj¼ZaaZ
ViiZ^\cZa¼}\ZYZaVgZigV^iZ#>aV_djiV^ifjZh¼^a[VaaV^i
fjZhZhYgd^ih|eZch^dchd^ZcieVgiV\‚h!^aYZkgV^i
Y^[[‚gZghVgZigV^iZedjggZXdchi^ijZghdcgZkZcjYZ
gZigV^iZ# 9Z eajh! idjh aZh W^Zch Xdbeg^h YVch aZ
eVig^bd^cZ [Vb^a^Va VkV^Zci ‚i‚ VXXjbja‚h \g}XZ
| hZh hZjah Z[[dgih# Jc eVgiV\Z ‚\Va gZeg‚hZciZgV^i
Vadgh jcZ ^c_jhi^XZ Zi! hZadc ?#"N#I#! aV 8djg hje‚"
g^ZjgZ YZkV^i dgYdccZg edjg XZiiZ gV^hdc jc eVg"
iV\Z ^c‚\Va ZmXajVci hZh Ygd^ih | eZch^dc Zc kZgij
YZa¼Vgi#)''9$Y$G$
,-+
M.T.
l$
J.-Y.T.
B[8[b@$
P'%%-R'H#8#G#
P,R ;djgc^Zg ?# gZ_ZXiZY i]Z gZfjZhi [dg jcZfjVa
eVgi^i^dc#>c]^hde^c^dc!i]ZVXXjbjaViZYeZch^dc
XgZY^ih h]djaY WZ Y^k^YZY ZfjVaan! ^c i]Z bVccZg
egdk^YZY[dgWnaVl#I]ZHjeZg^dg8djgi]ZaYi]Vi
i]Z ^c_jhi^XZ ?#"N#I# lVh XdbeaV^c^c\ d[ gZhjaiZY
[gdbi]ZaVl^ihZa[!VcYi]Vii]Z[VXih^ijVi^dcegZ"
hZciZYid^iY^Ycdi_jhi^[njcZfjVaeVgi^i^dc#?#"N#I#
VeeZVaZY i]Vi YZX^h^dc id i]Z FjZWZX 8djgi d[
6eeZVa#
P,R AZ_j\Z;djgc^ZgVgZ_Zi‚aVYZbVcYZYZeVg"
iV\Z^c‚\Va#²hdcVk^h!aZhYgd^ih|eZch^dcVXXj"
bja‚h YZkV^Zci „igZ eVgiV\‚h ‚\VaZbZci! hZadc aZh
bdYVa^i‚hegZhXg^iZheVgaVad^#HZadcaV8djghje‚"
g^ZjgZ! a¼^c_jhi^XZ Ydci hZ eaV^\cV^i ?#"N#I# g‚hjaiV^i
YZ aV ad^ ZaaZ"b„bZ! Zi aV h^ijVi^dc YZ [V^i edgi‚Z
| hdc ViiZci^dc cZ _jhi^ÄV^i eVh jc eVgiV\Z ^c‚\Va#
?#"N#I#h¼ZhiVadghedjgkjYZkVciaV8djgY¼VeeZaYj
Fj‚WZX#
7# Gk[X[Y 9ekhj e\ 7ff[Wb" 8WkZek_d" Ceh_i#
i[jj[WdZ>_bjed@@$7$P'%%+RG#9#;#,%(!'%%+
F886&(*(
7# 9ekhZ½Wff[bZkGkƒX[Y"b[i`k][i8WkZek_d"
Ceh_ii[jj[[j>_bjedP'%%+RG#9#;#,%(!'%%+
F886&(*(
P-R I]Z8djgid[6eeZVa^ciZgkZcZY!hZii^c\Vh^YZ
i]Z HjeZg^dg 8djgi¼h _jY\bZci VcY dgYZg^c\ jcZ"
fjVaeVgi^i^dcd[i]Z[Vb^aneVig^bdcn#6XXdgY^c\
idi]Z8djgid[6eeZVa!i]Zig^Va_jY\Z]VYVeea^ZY
i]ZgjaZh\dkZgc^c\i]Z[Vb^aneVig^bdcn^begde"
ZganWn[dXjhh^c\]^hVcVanh^hdci]Zh^c\aZ[VXidgd[
i]ZXdcYjXid[i]ZeVgi^ZhYjg^c\i]ZbVgg^V\Z#
P-R AV 8djg Y¼VeeZa Zhi ^ciZgkZcjZ# Hdc Vgg„i V
XVhh‚aZ_j\ZbZciYZaV8djghje‚g^ZjgZZidgYdcc‚
jceVgiV\Z^c‚\VaYjeVig^bd^cZ[Vb^a^Va#:aaZV[V^i
\g^Z[VjegZb^Zg_j\ZY¼Vkd^gbVaVeea^fj‚aZhgƒ\aZh
gZaVi^kZhVjeVig^bd^cZ[Vb^a^Va!ZcXdcXZcigVcihdc
VcVanhZhjgaZhZja[VXiZjgYZaVXdcYj^iZYZheVgi^Zh
YjgVciaZbVg^V\Z#
P.R I]Z8djgid[6eeZVaVX`cdlaZY\ZYi]ViZfjVa
eVgi^i^dc^hi]ZgjaZVcYi]Viid_jhi^[nVcZmXZei^dc
idi]VigjaZ!Vc^c_jhi^XZXVccdigZhjaihdaZan[gdb
i]ZdeZgVi^dcd[aVl#I]ZXdjgiXdch^YZgZYÄkZ[VX"
idgh id YZiZgb^cZ l]Zi]Zg ZfjVa eVgi^i^dc ldjaY
gZhjai^cVc^c_jhi^XZl^i]^ci]ZbZVc^c\d[Vgi#)''
9$9$G#
P.R EdjghVeVgi!aV8djgY¼VeeZaVgZXdccjfjZaZ
eVgiV\Z‚\VaXdchi^ijV^iaVgƒ\aZYZeg^cX^eZZifjZ
a¼^c_jhi^XZ_jhi^ÄVcijcZY‚gd\Vi^dc|XZiiZcdgbZcZ
hVjgV^iY‚XdjaZgYZaVhZjaZVeea^XVi^dcYZaVad^#AV
8djg Y¼VeeZa V ZmVb^c‚ X^cf [VXiZjgh edjg Y‚iZg"
b^cZg h^ jc eVgiV\Z ‚\Va gZeg‚hZciZgV^i jcZ ^c_jh"
i^XZVjhZchYZa¼Vgi#)''9$Y$G#
P&%R I]ZÄghi[VXidglVhi]Z[VXii]Vii]ZeVgi^Zh
]VY Xdcig^WjiZY jcZfjVaan id ]djhZ]daY ZmeZchZh
VcY id i]Z VXXjbjaVi^dc d[ i]Z [Vb^an eVig^bdcn#
6ai]dj\]i]^h[VXidg^hcdiYZiZgb^cVi^kZ!i]Z8djgi
d[6eeZVa[djcYi]Vi^ilVhegZhZciWjii]Vii]^hlVh
jcYZghiVcYVWaZ ^c a^\]i d[ i]Z Y^[[ZgZcXZ WZilZZc
i]Z eVgi^Zh¼ ^cXdbZh# I]Z Xdjgi i]Zc Xdch^YZgZY
i]Z[VXii]Vii]ZgZ]VYWZZcVÄghibVgg^V\Z#>iVahd
cdiZY i]Z V\Z Y^[[ZgZcXZ WZilZZc i]Z eVgi^Zh VcY
higZhhZY i]Vi hZg^djh Xdch^YZgVi^dc bjhi WZ \^kZc
idi]^h[VXidg!eVgi^XjaVganl]ZgZ!Vh^ci]Z^chiVci
XVhZ!i]ZY^[[ZgZcXZ^hVXXZcijViZYWni]Z[VXii]Vi
dcZeVgin^hcZVg^c\gZi^gZbZci#I]ZXdjgiVahdY^h"
XjhhZYi]ZfjZhi^dcd[[VjaiVcYcZ\a^\ZcXZdci]Z
eVgid[i]ZhedjhZhVcYXdcXajYZYi]Vii]ZZk^YZcXZ
Y^Y cdi h]dl i]^h [VXidg id WZ egZhZci dc Z^i]Zg
eVgi#;^cVaan!^igZk^ZlZYZVX]hedjhZ¼heVig^bdcn
VcY cdiZY i]Vi B#I# lVh hi^aa '( nZVgh VlVn [gdb
P&%R AZ egZb^Zg [VXiZjg ‚iV^i aV Xdcig^Wji^dc
^c‚\VaZ YZh eVgi^Zh Vjm X]Vg\Zh Yj b‚cV\Z Zi |
aV Xdchi^iji^dc Yj eVig^bd^cZ [Vb^a^Va# Fjd^fjZ
cdcY‚iZgb^cVci!XZ[VXiZjg‚iV^ieg‚hZci!hZadcaV
8djg Y¼VeeZa! bV^h edjkV^i h¼Zmea^fjZg eVg aV Y^["
[‚gZcXZ YZh gZkZcjh ZcigZ aZh eVgi^Zh# :chj^iZ! aV
8djgY¼VeeZaVeg^hZcXdbeiZa¼Zm^hiZcXZY¼jcegZ"
b^ZgbVg^V\Z#:aaZVcdi‚eVgV^aaZjghaVY^[[‚gZcXZ
Y¼}\Z ZcigZ aZh eVgi^Zh Zi hdja^\c‚ fjZ XZ [VXiZjg
Yd^i „igZ ‚kVaj‚ h‚g^ZjhZbZci! Zc eVgi^Xja^Zg! adgh"
fjZhdc^bedgiVcXZZhiVXXZcij‚Z!XdbbZYVchaZ
eg‚hZci Ydhh^Zg! eVg aZ [V^i fj¼jcZ eVgi^Z VeegdX]Z
YZ aV gZigV^iZ# AV Xdjg V Vjhh^ Xdch^Y‚g‚ aV fjZh"
i^dcYZaV[VjiZZiYZaVc‚\a^\ZcXZYZhXdc_d^cihZi
XdcXajfjZaVegZjkZc¼‚iVWa^hhV^ia¼Zm^hiZcXZYZXZ
[VXiZjgXdcigZVjXjcZYZheVgi^Zh#:cÄc!ZaaZVZmV"
b^c‚ aZh eVig^bd^cZh gZheZXi^[h YZh ‚edjm Zi [V^i
gZbVgfjZgfjZB#I#hZigdjkV^iZcXdgZ|'(VchYZ
P'%%-R'G#8#H#
M.T.
Y$
J.-Y.T.
B[`k][B[8[b
,-,
i]ZcdgbVagZi^gZbZciV\ZVcYXdjaY]deZi]Vi]Zg
ÄcVcX^Vah^ijVi^dcldjaYZcVWaZ]ZgidgZi^gZVii]Vi
i^bZ#I]Z8djgid[6eeZVaXdcXajYZYi]ViVai]dj\]
cdcZd[i]Z[VXidgh^i]VYZmVb^cZYldjaY!^[Xdc"
h^YZgZY^c^hdaVi^dc!lVggVci^ih^ciZgkZci^dc!ZfjVa
eVgi^i^dcldjaYgZhjai^cVc^c_jhi^XZ!]Vk^c\gZ\VgY
id i]Z l]daZ d[ i]Z gZXdgY VcY d[ i]Z ÄkZ [VXidgh
^c^hhjZeVgV#'+#>iVXXdgY^c\andgYZgZYi]Vii]Z
WZcZÄih VXXgjZY jcYZg ?#"N#I#¼h eZch^dc eaVc WZ
ZmXajYZY [gdb i]Z eVgi^i^dc d[ i]Z [Vb^an eVig^"
bdcn#I]ZVeeZaaVci^hcdlX]VaaZc\^c\i]ViXdc"
Xajh^dc^ci]^h8djgi#
a¼}\Z cdgbVa YZ aV gZigV^iZ Zi edjkV^i Zhe‚gZg fjZ
hVh^ijVi^dcÄcVcX^ƒgZaj^eZgbZiigVYZegZcYgZhV
gZigV^iZ|XZbdbZci#AV8djgY¼VeeZaVVadghXdcXaj
fjZ!b„bZh^VjXjcYZh[VXiZjghfj¼ZaaZVkV^iZmV"
b^c‚h! Xdch^Y‚g‚h ^cY^k^YjZaaZbZci! cZ _jhi^ÄZgV^i
hdc^ciZgkZci^dc!jceVgiV\Z‚\VaXdchi^ijZgV^ijcZ
^c_jhi^XZ!VjgZ\VgYYZa¼ZchZbWaZYjYdhh^ZgZiYZh
X^cf[VXiZjghZcXVjhZeVg#'+#:cXdch‚fjZcXZ!aV
8djgY¼VeeZaVdgYdcc‚fjZaZhYgd^ihVXXjbja‚hVj
i^igZYjg‚\^bZYZgZigV^iZYZ?#"N#I#hd^ZciZmXajhYj
eVgiV\ZYjeVig^bd^cZ[Vb^a^Va#A¼VeeZaVciZViiVfjZ
bV^ciZcVciXZiiZXdcXajh^dcYZkVcicdigZ8djg#
>K# 6cVanh^h
>K# 6cVanhZ
6# ?iik[i
6# B[igk[ij_edi[db_j_][
P&&R I]^hVeeZVagV^hZhild^hhjZh#I]ZÄghiXdc"
XZgch i]Z ^ciZgegZiVi^dc d[ Vgi# )'' 9$9$G$! l]^X]
Vji]dg^oZh i]Z Xdjgi id dgYZg jcZfjVa eVgi^i^dc d[
i]Z[Vb^aneVig^bdcn^cXZgiV^cXVhZh#I]Viegdk^"
h^dcgZVYhVh[daadlh/
P&&R 8Zedjgkd^hdjaƒkZYZjmfjZhi^dch#AVegZ"
b^ƒgZedgiZhjga¼^ciZgeg‚iVi^dcYZa¼Vgi#)''9$Y$G$
fj^ Vjidg^hZ aZ ig^WjcVa | dgYdccZg! YVch XZgiV^ch
XVh!aZeVgiV\Z^c‚\VaYjeVig^bd^cZ[Vb^a^Va#8ZiiZ
Y^hedh^i^dchZa^i/
*(($ I]Z Xdjgi bVn! dc Vc Veea^XVi^dc! bV`Z Vc
ZmXZei^dc id i]Z gjaZ d[ eVgi^i^dc ^cid ZfjVa h]VgZh!
VcY YZX^YZ i]Vi i]ZgZ l^aa WZ cd eVgi^i^dc d[ ZVgc^c\h
gZ\^hiZgZY ejghjVci id i]Z 6Xi gZheZXi^c\ i]Z Fj‚WZX
EZch^dcEaVcdgidh^b^aVgeaVchl]ZgZ^ildjaYgZhjai^c
Vc^c_jhi^XZXdch^YZg^c\!^ceVgi^XjaVg!i]ZWgZk^ind[i]Z
bVgg^V\Z! i]Z lVhiZ d[ XZgiV^c egdeZgin Wn dcZ d[ i]Z
hedjhZh!dgi]ZWVY[V^i]d[dcZd[i]Zb#
*(($ AZ ig^WjcVa eZji! hjg YZbVcYZ! Y‚gd\Zg Vj
eg^cX^eZ Yj eVgiV\Z ‚\Va Zi! fjVci Vjm \V^ch ^chXg^ih
Zc kZgij YZ aV Ad^ hjg aZ g‚\^bZ YZ gZciZh Yj Fj‚WZX
dj YZ egd\gVbbZh ‚fj^kVaZcih! Y‚X^YZg fj¼^a c¼n VjgV
VjXjceVgiV\ZYZXZh\V^ch!adghfj¼^aZcg‚hjaiZgV^ijcZ
^c_jhi^XZXdbeiZiZcj!cdiVbbZci!YZaVWgƒkZYjg‚ZYj
bVg^V\Z! YZ aV Y^aVe^YVi^dc YZ XZgiV^ch W^Zch eVg a¼jc
YZh‚edjmdjZcXdgZYZaVbVjkV^hZ[d^YZa¼jcY¼Zjm#
P&'R 6[iZg i]Z Äghi ^hhjZ ^h gZhdakZY! ^i l^aa WZ
cZXZhhVgn id Veean i]Z eg^cX^eaZh \dkZgc^c\ i]Z
^ciZgegZiVi^dcd[i]Viegdk^h^dcidi]Z[VXihd[i]^h
XVhZ ^c dgYZg id YZiZgb^cZ l]Zi]Zg i]Zn hjeedgi
jcZfjVaeVgi^i^dc!i]Vi^h!l]Zi]Zg!^cegVXi^XZ!i]Zn
_jhi^[n ZmXajY^c\ i]Z gZhedcYZci¼h eZch^dc XgZY^ih
[gdbi]ZeVgi^i^dcd[i]ZeVig^bdcn#7Z[dgZijgc^c\
idi]ZhZild^hhjZh!]dlZkZg!>[ZZa^il^aaWZ]Zae"
[jaidgZk^Zli]Zdg^\^cVcYaZ\VahigjXijgZd[i]Z
[Vb^an eVig^bdcn VcY i]Z gdaZ i]^h XdcXZei eaVnh
^ci]Zdg\Vc^oVi^dcd[i]ZeVig^bdc^VagZaVi^dch]^e
WZilZZchedjhZh^cFjZWZXX^k^aaVl#
P&'R >a [VjYgV Zchj^iZ Veea^fjZg aZh eg^cX^eZh
Y¼^ciZgeg‚iVi^dcYZXZiZmiZYZad^Vjm[V^ihYZa¼Zh"
eƒXZedjgY‚iZgb^cZgh¼^ahYdccZcidjkZgijgZ|jcZ
XdcXajh^dcYZeVgiV\Z^c‚\Va!X¼Zhi"|"Y^gZh¼^aheZg"
bZiiZciZcegVi^fjZY¼ZmXajgZaZhYgd^ih|eZch^dcYZ
a¼^ci^b‚YjeVig^bd^cZ|eVgiV\Zg#IdjiZ[d^h!VkVci
YZeVhhZg|XZhYZjmfjZhi^dch!_ZXgd^hji^aZYZgVe"
eZaZg a¼dg^\^cZ Zi aV higjXijgZ _jg^Y^fjZ Yj eVig^"
bd^cZ[Vb^a^VaZihVeaVXZYVcha¼Vb‚cV\ZbZciYZh
gVeedgiheVig^bdc^VjmYZh‚edjmZcYgd^iX^k^afj‚"
W‚Xd^h#
7# <hWc[meha \eh j^[ FWjh_ced_Wb H[bWj_edi^_f
8[jm[[dIfeki[i_dGk[X[Y9_l_bBWm
7# B[YWZh[Z[b½WcƒdW][c[djZ[ihWffehjifWjh_#
ced_WknZ[iƒfekn[dZhe_jY_l_bgkƒXƒYe_i
P&(R I]Z[Vb^aneVig^bdcn^heVgid[VXdbeaZm
hZi d[ aZ\^haVi^kZ egdk^h^dch l]dhZ ejgedhZ ^h id
P&(R AZ eVig^bd^cZ [Vb^a^Va hZ h^ijZ YVch jc
ZchZbWaZ XdbeaZmZ YZ Y^hedh^i^dch a‚\^haVi^kZh
,--
M.T.
l$
J.-Y.T.
B[8[b@$
P'%%-R'H#8#G#
higjXijgZ i]Z eVig^bdc^Va gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc
hedjhZh l]Zc V bVgg^V\Z ^h ZciZgZY ^cid! Yjg^c\
i]ZbVgg^V\ZVcYl]Zc^i^hY^hhdakZY#I]ZaZ\^h"
aVijgZ ]Vh bVYZ hdbZ d[ i]ZhZ egdk^h^dch ^beZg"
Vi^kZ0 di]Zg bZVhjgZh Xdchi^ijiZ hjeeaZi^kZ dg
dei^dcVa gjaZh# I]ZhZ egdk^h^dch VgZ i]Z gZhjai d[
V aZ\^haVi^kZ egdXZhh i]Vi YZkZadeZY dkZg hZkZgVa
YZXVYZh#
YZhi^c‚Zh|Vb‚cV\ZgaZhgVeedgiheVig^bdc^VjmYZh
‚edjm|aVXdcXajh^dcYjbVg^V\Z!eZcYVcihVYjg‚Z
Zi|hVY^hhdaji^dc#AZa‚\^haViZjgVYdcc‚|XZgiV^cZh
Y¼ZcigZZaaZhjcXVgVXiƒgZ^be‚gVi^[0Y¼VjigZhbZhj"
gZhXdchi^ijZciYZhgƒ\aZhhjeea‚i^kZhdjdei^dccZa"
aZh# 8Zh Y^hedh^i^dch hdci aZ [gj^i Y¼jcZ ‚kdaji^dc
a‚\^haVi^kZYZeajh^ZjghY^oV^cZhY¼Vcc‚Zh#
P&)R >ci]ZaVl\dkZgc^c\eVig^bdcn!VbVgg^V\Z
]Vh i]Z ^bbZY^ViZ Z[[ZXi! jcYZg Vgi# )&) 9$9$G$!
d[ ZhiVWa^h]^c\ V [Vb^an eVig^bdcn! VcY ^i XgZViZh
VXaV^bi]ViXVcWZVhhZgiZYjedchZeVgVi^dc[gdb
WZYVcYWdVgYdgjedcY^hhdaji^dcd[i]ZbVgg^V\Z#
I]ZaVlVahdegdk^YZh[dgi]Zedhh^W^a^ind[VXdb"
eZchVidgnVaadlVcXZl]ZgZdcZhedjhZ]VhXdcig^W"
jiZYidi]ZZcg^X]bZcid[i]Zdi]ZghedjhZ¼heVig^"
bdcn Vgi# )', 9$9$G$# I]Z fjZhi^dc d[ i]Z aZ\Va
cVijgZ d[ i]ZhZ g^\]ih gZbV^ch jcgZhdakZY# HdbZ
hZZi]ZbVhVeg^bVgnbVig^bdc^VagZ\^bZ!l]^aZ
di]ZghhZZi]ZbVhh^beaZZ[[ZXihd[bVgg^V\Z#I]^h
fjZhi^dcd[X]VgVXiZg^oVi^dc^hcdi^c^hhjZ^ci]^h
8djgi!Vai]dj\]^iXVc!^cegVXi^XZ!WZd[bdgZi]Vc
i]ZdgZi^XVa^ciZgZhi^ceg^kViZ^ciZgcVi^dcVaaVlhZZ
<# <daYhiZ^c VcY :# <gd[ÄZg! :he_j _dj[hdWj_edWb
fh_lƒ! i# >>! H„]b[i ifƒY_Ågk[i '%%(! Cdh# '*-"
*.0?#E^cZVjVcYB#EgViiZ!BW\Wc_bb['%%+!Vi
ee#'%)"&%#I]^h8djgiXVcgZhdakZi]ZaZ\Va^hhjZ
egZhZcian WZ[dgZ ^i l^i]dji ZmegZhh^c\ Vc de^c^dc
dci]^hed^ci#
P&)R 9Vch aZ YdbV^cZ eVig^bdc^Va! aV XdcXaj"
h^dc Yj bVg^V\Z ZcigVˆcZ XdbbZ Z[[Zi ^bb‚Y^Vi
aV [dgbVi^dc Y¼jc eVig^bd^cZ [Vb^a^Va hZadc a¼Vgi#
)&)9$Y$G$ZiXg‚ZjcYgd^iYZXg‚VcXZfj^h¼djkgZ
| aV h‚eVgVi^dc YZ Xdgeh dj | aV Y^hhdaji^dc Yj
bVg^V\Z# AV ad^ eg‚kd^i Vjhh^ aV edhh^W^a^i‚ Y¼jcZ
egZhiVi^dcXdbeZchVid^gZZcXVhY¼VeedgieVga¼jc
YZh ‚edjm | a¼Zcg^X]^hhZbZci Yj eVig^bd^cZ YZ
a¼VjigZ Vgi# )', 9$Y$G$# JcZ XdcigdkZghZ eZgh^hiZ
Vjidjg YZ aV fjVa^ÄXVi^dc _jg^Y^fjZ YZ XZh Ygd^ih#
9¼VjXjch kd^Zci Zc Zjm jc g‚\^bZ bVig^bdc^Va
eg^bV^gZ! Y¼VjigZh YZ h^beaZh Z[[Zih Yj bVg^V\Z#
8ZegdWaƒbZYZfjVa^ÄXVi^dccZhZedhZeVhYZkVci
cdjh! W^Zc fj¼^a h¼VkƒgZ eVg[d^h ^bedgiVci Zc egV"
i^fjZ! Zc Ygd^i ^ciZgcVi^dcVa eg^k‚! Vj"YZa| YZ hdc
^ci‚g„ii]‚dg^fjZkd^g<#<daYhiZ^cZi:#<gd[ÄZg!
:he_j _dj[hdWj_edWb fh_lƒ! i# >>! H„]b[i ifƒY_Å#
gk[i '%%(! cdh '*-"'*.0 ?# E^cZVj Zi B# EgViiZ!
BW\Wc_bb['%%+!e#'%)"'&%#AZegdWaƒbZ_jg^"
Y^fjZedgi‚YZkVcicdigZ8djgeZjihZg‚\aZghVch
fj¼^a hd^i c‚XZhhV^gZ Y¼Zmeg^bZg Y¼Vk^h hjg XZiiZ
XdcigdkZghZ#
P&*R ;jgi]ZgbdgZ!i]ZaZ\^haVijgZ]Vhegdk^YZY[dg
i]ZVYdei^dcd[VbVig^bdc^VagZ\^bZWni]ZhedjhZh#
JcYZgVgi#)(&9$9$G$!i]ZX]d^XZd[VgZ\^bZVcY
d[ ^ih XdciZci ^h WVhZY dc i]Z eVgi^Zh¼ [gZZYdb d[
XdcigVXi! ¹hjW_ZXi id i]Z ^beZgVi^kZ egdk^h^dch d[
aVlVcYejWa^XdgYZgº#>[i]ZhedjhZh]VkZcdibVYZ
VcZmegZhhX]d^XZ!i]ZnVgZegZhjbZY!ejghjVciid
Vgi#)('!id]VkZdeiZY[dgi]ZgZ\^bZd[eVgicZgh]^e
d[ VXfjZhih# I]jh! Vaa bVgg^ZY hedjhZh ^c FjZWZX
]VkZ! Wn k^gijZ d[ i]Z^g bVgg^V\Z! V bVig^bdc^Va
gZ\^bZi]Vii]ZnbVnVaiZg!Wjii]VigZbV^chhjW_ZXi
id ^beZgVi^kZ gjaZh! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z gjaZh \dkZgc^c\
i]Z[Vb^aneVig^bdcn#>l^aacdlY^hXjhhi]ZcVijgZ
d[i]Z[Vb^aneVig^bdcn#
P&*R EVg V^aaZjgh! aZ a‚\^haViZjg V eg‚kj a¼VYde"
i^dc Y¼jc g‚\^bZ bVig^bdc^Va eVg aZh Xdc_d^cih#
HZadc a¼Vgi# )(& 9$Y$G$! aZ X]d^m Yj g‚\^bZ Zi YZ
hdc XdciZcj gZaƒkZ YZ aV a^WZgi‚ XdcigVXijZaaZ YZh
eVgi^Zh ® hdjh g‚hZgkZ YZh Y^hedh^i^dch ^be‚gVi^"
kZhYZaVad^ZiYZa¼dgYgZejWa^X¯$:ca¼VWhZcXZYZ
X]d^m Zmegƒh eVg aZh Xdc_d^cih! a¼Vgi# )(' eg‚hjbZ
fj¼^ah dci dei‚ edjg aV hdX^‚i‚ Y¼VXfj„ih# 9j [V^i
Yj bVg^V\Z! idjh aZh ‚edjm fj‚W‚Xd^h edhhƒYZci
V^ch^jcg‚\^bZbVig^bdc^Vafj¼^aheZjkZcibdY^"
ÄZg!bV^hfj^hZigdjkZhdjb^h|YZhgƒ\aZh^be‚"
gVi^kZh! Ydci XZaaZh fj^ \djkZgcZci aZ eVig^bd^cZ
[Vb^a^Va# ?¼ZmVb^cZgV^ bV^ciZcVci aV cVijgZ YZ
XZaj^"X^#
P'%%-R'G#8#H#
M.T.
Y$
J.-Y.T.
B[`k][B[8[b
,-.
8# <Wc_bo FWjh_cedo WdZ ;ijWXb_i^c[dj e\ W
Fh_dY_fb[e\;gkWb_jo
8# B[fWjh_ce_d[\Wc_b_Wb[jb½ƒjWXb_ii[c[djZ½kd
fh_dY_f[Z½ƒ]Wb_jƒ
P&+R I]Z ^chi^iji^dc d[ [Vb^an eVig^bdcn ^h Xdc"
h^hiZci l^i] V \ZcZgVa igZcY ^c 8VcVYV id egdiZXi
kjacZgVWaZ hedjhZh# I]^h aZ\^haVi^kZ iZcYZcXn ^h
XdcXZgcZY l^i] \jVgVciZZ^c\ V [dgb d[ ZfjVa^in
i]Vi!Vai]dj\]eZg]Veh^beZg[ZXi!eaVnhVh^\c^ÄXVci
gdaZ^ci]ZXgZVi^dcVcYY^hhdaji^dcd[V[Vb^aneVi"
g^bdcndciZgbhi]ViXVckVgnl^YZanC#@Vh^gZg!
¹9eklh[p Y[jj[ YecckdWkjƒ gk[ `[ d[ iWkhW_i
le_h0:fj^inVcY;Vjai^ci]Z9^k^h^dcd[FjZWZX¼h
;Vb^an EVig^bdcnº &..)! '* H$=$:$ *+.! Vi ee#
*,'",(0hZZVahdIj[_dl$Ij[_d!P'%%-R'H#8#G#'+(!
'%%-H88(*!VieVgV#'*!f[h6WZaaV?##
P&+R A¼^chi^iji^dc Yj eVig^bd^cZ [Vb^a^Va h¼^ch"
Xg^i YVch jc bdjkZbZci \‚c‚gVa YZ egdiZXi^dc
YZh Xdc_d^cih kjac‚gVWaZh Vj 8VcVYV# 8ZiiZ iZc"
YVcXZa‚\^haVi^kZk^hZ|\VgVci^gjcZ‚\Va^i‚!eZji"
„igZ^beVg[V^iZ!bV^hh^\c^ÄXVi^kZYVchaVXg‚Vi^dc
Zi aV Y^hhdaji^dc Y¼jc eVig^bd^cZ Xdc_j\Va hZadc
YZh bdYVa^i‚h eVg[d^h [dgi kVg^‚Zh C# @Vh^gZg!
® 9eklh[p Y[jj[ YecckdWkjƒ gk[ `[ d[ iWkhW_i
le_h0:fj^inVcY;Vjai^ci]Z9^k^h^dcd[FjZWZX¼h
;Vb^anEVig^bdcn¯&..)!'*H$=$:$*+.!e#*,'"
*,(0kd^gVjhh^Ij[_dY$Ij[_d!P'%%-R'G#8#H#'+(!
'%%-8H8(*!eVg#'*!aV_j\Z6WZaaV#
P&,R I]Z FjZWZX CVi^dcVa 6hhZbWan eVhhZY i]Z
egdk^h^dchi]ViZhiVWa^h]ZYi]Z[Vb^aneVig^bdcn^c
&.-.7d7YjjeWc[dZj^[9_l_b9eZ[e\GkƒX[Y
WdZej^[hb[]_ibWj_ed_dehZ[hje\Wlekh[Yedec_Y
[gkWb_jo X[jm[[d ifeki[i! H#F# &.-.! X# **# I]Vi
6Xi gZegZhZciZY V eVgi^Va gZhedchZ id i]Z Y^hVe"
ed^cibZci VcY Y^[ÄXjai^Zh i]Vi ]VY gZhjaiZY [gdb
i]Z ^beaZbZciVi^dc d[ i]Z XdbeZchVidgn Vaadl"
VcXZ ^c i]Z nZVgh eg^dg id ^ih ZcVXibZci @Vh^gZg!
Vie#*-'#6hhddcVhi]Z[Vb^aneVig^bdcnaZ\^h"
aVi^dcXVbZ^cid[dgXZ!^iWZXVbZV`ZnXdbedcZci
d[ i]Z eVig^bdc^Va gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc hedjhZh#
>i Veea^ZY ^bbZY^ViZan id Vaa Zm^hi^c\ bVgg^V\Zh!
hjW_ZXi id i]Z hedjhZh¼ g^\]i id lV^kZ ^ih Veea^XV"
i^dcWncdiVg^VaYZXaVgVi^dcWZ[dgZ?VcjVgn&!&..&
H#F#&.-.!X#**!h#)'#H^cXZi]Zc!V[Vb^aneVig^"
bdcn]VhWZZcZhiVWa^h]ZYl]ZcZkZgVbVgg^V\Z^h
ZciZgZY^cid#6gi^XaZ)'(9$9$G$egd]^W^ihhedjhZh
[gdb gZcdjcX^c\ i]Z^g g^\]ih ^c i]Z eVig^bdcn
WZ[dgZdgYjg^c\i]ZbVgg^V\Z/
P&,R A¼6hhZbWa‚Z cVi^dcVaZ Yj Fj‚WZX V VYdei‚
Zc &.-. aZh Y^hedh^i^dch a‚\^haVi^kZh ^chi^ijVci aZ
eVig^bd^cZ [Vb^a^Va Be_ ceZ_ÅWdj b[ 9eZ[ Y_l_b
Zk GkƒX[Y [j Z½Wkjh[i Z_ifei_j_edi bƒ]_ibWj_l[i
WÅd Z[ \Wleh_i[h b½ƒ]Wb_jƒ ƒYedec_gk[ Z[i ƒfekn!
A#F# &.-.! X]# **# A¼VYdei^dc YZ XZiiZ ad^ g‚edc"
YV^iZceVgi^ZVjmY‚XZei^dchZiVjmY^[ÄXjai‚hfj^
VkV^ZcibVgfj‚aVb^hZZcVeea^XVi^dcYZaVegZhiV"
i^dcXdbeZchVid^gZVjXdjghYZhVcc‚Zheg‚X‚YZc"
iZh@Vh^gZg!e#*-'#9ƒhhdcZcig‚ZZck^\jZjg!aV
a‚\^haVi^dc hjg aZ eVig^bd^cZ [Vb^a^Va Zhi YZkZcjZ
jc ‚a‚bZci XaZ[ YZh gVeedgih eVig^bdc^Vjm ZcigZ
aZhXdc_d^cih#:aaZh¼ZhiVeea^fj‚Z^bb‚Y^ViZbZci|
idjhaZhbVg^V\ZhZm^hiVcih¸hdjhg‚hZgkZYjYgd^i
YZh‚edjmYZgZcdcXZg|hdcVeea^XVi^dceVgY‚XaV"
gVi^dccdiVg^‚ZVkVciaZ&Zg_Vck^Zg&..&A#F#&.-.!
X]#**!Vgi#)'#9Zej^h!aZeVig^bd^cZ[Vb^a^VacVˆi
VkZXaVXdcXajh^dcYZX]VfjZbVg^V\Z#A¼Vgi^XaZ)'(
9$Y$G$^ciZgY^iVjmXdc_d^cihYZgZcdcXZgVjeVig^"
bd^cZVkVcidjeZcYVciaZbVg^V\Z/
*()$ I]Z hedjhZh bVn cdi! Wn lVn d[ i]Z^g bVg"
g^V\ZXdcigVXidgdi]Zgl^hZ!gZcdjcXZi]Z^gg^\]ih^ci]Z
[Vb^aneVig^bdcn#
*()$ AZh‚edjmcZeZjkZcigZcdcXZg!eVgaZjgXdcigVi
YZ bVg^V\Z dj VjigZbZci! | aZjgh Ygd^ih YVch aZ eVig^"
bd^cZ[Vb^a^Va#
DcZ hedjhZ bVn! ]dlZkZg! [gdb i]Z YZVi] d[ i]Z
di]Zg hedjhZ dg [gdb i]Z _jY\bZci d[ Y^kdgXZ! hZeV"
gVi^dc [gdb WZY VcY WdVgY dg cjaa^in d[ bVgg^V\Z!
gZcdjcXZ hjX] g^\]ih! ^c l]daZ dg ^c eVgi! Wn cdiVg^Va
VXi[dc_dkj[0i]VihedjhZbVnVahdgZcdjcXZi]ZbWnV
_jY^X^VaYZXaVgVi^dcl]^X]^hgZXdgYZY!^ci]ZXdjghZd[
egdXZZY^c\h[dgY^kdgXZ!hZeVgVi^dc[gdbWZYVcYWdVgY
dgcjaa^ind[bVgg^V\Z#
IdjiZ[d^h!jc‚edjmeZji!|XdbeiZgYjY‚XƒhYZhdc
Xdc_d^ci dj Yj _j\ZbZci YZ Y^kdgXZ! YZ h‚eVgVi^dc YZ
XdgehdjYZcjaa^i‚YZbVg^V\Z!ngZcdcXZg!ZcidjidjZc
eVgi^Z!eVgVXiZcdiVg^‚Zcb^cjiZ0^aeZjiVjhh^ngZcdc"
XZg!eVgjcZY‚XaVgVi^dc_jY^X^V^gZYdci^aZhiYdcc‚VXiZ!
YVchaZXVYgZY¼jcZ^chiVcXZZcY^kdgXZ!Zch‚eVgVi^dc
YZXdgehdjZccjaa^i‚YZbVg^V\Z#
,.%
M.T.
l$
J.-Y.T.
B[8[b@$
P'%%-R'H#8#G#
GZcjcX^Vi^dch]VaaWZZciZgZY^ci]ZgZ\^hiZgd[eZg"
hdcVa VcY bdkVWaZ gZVa g^\]ih# ;V^a^c\ Zcign l^i]^c V
eZg^dYd[dcZnZVg[gdbi]Zi^bZl]Zci]Zg^\]iideVg"
i^i^dc VgdhZ! i]Z gZcdjcX^c\ hedjhZ ^h YZZbZY id ]VkZ
VXXZeiZY#
AV gZcdcX^Vi^dc Yd^i „igZ ^chXg^iZ Vj gZ\^higZ YZh
Ygd^iheZghdccZahZig‚ZahbdW^a^Zgh#²Y‚[VjiY¼^chXg^e"
i^dcYVchjcY‚aV^Y¼jcVc|XdbeiZgYj_djgYZa¼djkZg"
ijgZ Yj Ygd^i Vj eVgiV\Z! a¼‚edjm gZcdcVci Zhi g‚eji‚
Vkd^gVXXZei‚#
P&-R 6[Vb^aneVig^bdcnXdbeg^hZhheZX^ÄXegde"
Zgin [gdb V a^hi i]Vi ^cXajYZh WZcZÄih i]Vi ]VkZ
VXXgjZY id V hedjhZ Yjg^c\ i]Z bVgg^V\Z jcYZg V
eZch^dc eaVc Vgi# )&* 9$9$G$# 6gi^XaZ )&+ ZhiVW"
a^h]Zh V eg^cX^eaZ d[ ZfjVa eVgi^i^dc d[ i]Z eVig^"
bdcnWZilZZci]ZhedjhZhjedcY^hhdaji^dcd[i]Z
bVgg^V\Z#>cegVXi^XZ!i]Za^hiZYegdeZgingZegZhZcih
i]Zeg^cX^eVaVhhZihd[bdhiXdjeaZh#>ci]^hVeeZVa!
i]Z kVajZ d[ i]Z WZcZÄih i]Vi ]VY VXXgjZY id i]Z
gZhedcYZci jcYZg ]^h eZch^dc eaVc Xdchi^ijiZY i]Z
Wja`d[i]Z[Vb^aneVig^bdcn#
P&-R AZ eVig^bd^cZ [Vb^a^Va XdbegZcY jcZ a^hiZ
YZ W^Zch Y‚iZgb^c‚h fj^ ^cXaji aZh Ygd^ih VXXjbj"
a‚heVgjcXdc_d^ciVji^igZY¼jcg‚\^bZYZgZigV^iZ
VjXdjghYjbVg^V\ZVgi#)&*9$Y$G$$A¼Vgi^XaZ)&+
‚iVWa^ijceg^cX^eZYZeVgiV\Z‚\VaYZXZeVig^bd^cZ
ZcigZaZhXdc_d^cih|aVY^hhdaji^dcYjbVg^V\Z#:c
egVi^fjZ!aZhW^Zch‚cjb‚g‚hhdciaZeajhhdjkZciaZh
eg^cX^eVjmVXi^[hYZaVbV_dg^i‚YZhXdjeaZh#9Vch
aZeg‚hZciVeeZa!aVkVaZjgYZhYgd^ihVXXjbja‚heVg
a¼^ci^b‚YVchhdcg‚\^bZYZgZigV^iZXdchi^ijZa¼Zh"
hZci^ZaYjeVig^bd^cZ[Vb^a^Va#
9# Feii_X_b_joe\Kd[gkWbFWhj_j_ed
9# BWfeii_X_b_jƒZ[fWhjW][_dƒ]Wb
P&.R =dlZkZg! jcYZg Vgi# )'( 9$9$G$! hedjhZh
gZiV^c i]Z g^\]i id gZcdjcXZ i]Z^g g^\]ih ^c i]Z
[Vb^an eVig^bdcn jedc Y^hhdaji^dc d[ i]Z bVg"
g^V\Z# >[ V hedjhZ YdZh cdi gZcdjcXZ i]dhZ g^\]ih!
i]Zdcana^b^idci]Z^beZgVi^kZcVijgZd[i]Zeg^c"
X^eaZd[ZfjVaeVgi^i^dc^h[djcY^cVgi#)''!VXXdgY"
^c\idl]^X]VXdjgibVndgYZgjcZfjVaeVgi^i^dc^c
XZgiV^c XVhZh l]ZgZ Vc ^c_jhi^XZ ldjaY di]Zgl^hZ
gZhjai# I]Z ^ciZgegZiVi^dc d[ i]Vi egdk^h^dc ^h i]Z
XZcigVa^hhjZ^ci]ZXVhZViWVg#
P&.R AZh Xdc_d^cih XdchZgkZci idjiZ[d^h! hj^kVci
a¼Vgi#)'(9$Y$G$!aZYgd^iYZgZcdcXZgVjeVig^bd^cZ
[Vb^a^Va | aV Y^hhdaji^dc Yj bVg^V\Z# :c a¼VWhZcXZ
YZgZcdcX^Vi^dc!aVhZjaZa^b^iZVjXVgVXiƒgZ^be‚"
gVi^[Yjeg^cX^eZYZeVgiV\Z‚\VahZgZigdjkZ|a¼Vgi#
)''fj^Vjidg^hZaZig^WjcVa|dgYdccZgjceVgiV\Z
^c‚\Va!YVchXZgiV^chXVhY¼^c_jhi^XZ#A¼^ciZgeg‚iVi^dc
YZXZiiZY^hedh^i^dca‚\^haVi^kZhZh^ijZVjX¶jgYj
eg‚hZcia^i^\Z#
P'%R 7Z[dgZVgi#)''XVcWZVeea^ZY!i]Z^ciZgegZ"
iVi^dc egdWaZb ^i XVjhZh bjhi WZ gZhdakZY# BdgZ
heZX^ÄXVaan!^i^hcZXZhhVgnidZhiVWa^h]i]ZcVijgZ
d[i]Z¹^c_jhi^XZºi]Vil^aa_jhi^[nV_jY\ZdgYZg^c\
jcZfjVaY^k^h^dcd[i]Z[Vb^aneVig^bdcn!¹Xdch^Y"
Zg^c\!^ceVgi^XjaVg!i]ZWgZk^ind[i]ZbVgg^V\Z!i]Z
lVhiZ d[ XZgiV^c egdeZgin Wn dcZ d[ i]Z hedjhZh!
dgi]ZWVY[V^i]d[dcZd[i]Zbº#6h9ZVc@Vh^gZg
ed^cihdji!Va^WZgVa^ciZgegZiVi^dcXdc[Zgg^c\WgdVY
Y^hXgZi^dcdcVXdjgildjaY_ZdeVgY^oZi]Zeg^cX^"
eaZd[ZfjVa^ini]Vi^hXZcigVaidi]ZaVl/
P'%R :c Z[[Zi! a¼Veea^XVi^dc YZ XZiiZ Y^hedh^i^dc
Zm^\ZVjeg‚VaVWaZaVhdaji^dcYjegdWaƒbZY¼^ciZg"
eg‚iVi^dc fjZ edhZ a¼Vgi# )''# Eajh eg‚X^h‚bZci! ^a
h¼V\^iYZY‚iZgb^cZgaVcVijgZYZa¼®^c_jhi^XZ¯fj^
eZgbZiigVVj_j\ZY¼dgYdccZgaZeVgiV\Z^c‚\VaYj
eVig^bd^cZ[Vb^a^Va®XdbeiZiZcj!cdiVbbZci!YZ
aV WgƒkZ Yjg‚Z Yj bVg^V\Z! YZ aV Y^aVe^YVi^dc YZ
XZgiV^ch W^Zch eVg a¼jc YZh ‚edjm dj ZcXdgZ YZ aV
bVjkV^hZ[d^YZa¼jcY¼Zjm¯#8dbbZaZhdja^\cZaZ
YdnZc @Vh^gZg! jcZ ^ciZgeg‚iVi^dc aVg\Z! Xdc[‚gVci
Vjig^WjcVajcedjkd^gY^hXg‚i^dccV^gZ‚iZcYj!bZi"
igV^iZce‚g^aa¼Zm^hiZcXZYjeg^cX^eZY¼‚\Va^i‚^chXg^i
VjX¶jgYZaVad^/
?jY\Zhh]djaYWZVhh]nidYZeVgi[gdbi]Z\ZcZgVagjaZ
d[ ZfjVa ¹eVgi^i^dcº! Vh i]Zn ]VkZ WZZc jcYZg h^b^aVg
aZ\^haVi^dc^cXdbbdcaVl8VcVYV!h^cXZVbdgZVXi^kZ
hiVcXZ ldjaY gZcYZg Vgi^XaZ )'' V a^XZcXZ [dg XVhZ"Wn"
XVhZgZk^Zld[i]ZVeegdeg^ViZcZhhd[ZfjVaeVgi^i^dc#>i
PIG69J8I>DCRAZh_j\ZhYZkgV^Zci]‚h^iZg|Y‚gd\Zg|
aVgƒ\aZ\‚c‚gVaZYj®eVgiV\Z¯‚\Va!idjiVjiVcifj¼^ah
a¼dci[V^iZcVeea^fjVciYZhad^hVcVad\jZhYVchaZhgZh"
hdgihXVcVY^ZchYZXdbbdcaVl!XVgjcZbd^ch\gVcYZ
gZiZcjZigVch[dgbZgV^ia¼Vgi^XaZ)''ZcjcZ]VW^a^iVi^dc
P'%%-R'G#8#H#
M.T.
Y$
J.-Y.T.
B[`k][B[8[b
,.&
ldjaYbZVc!^cZ[[ZXi!VgZijgcidi]ZVY"]dX`Zgnd[i]Z
XdbeZchVidgn VaadlVcXZ l]^X] i]Z aZ\^haVijgZ ]Vh hd
Zmea^X^ianhiZZgZYXdjgihVlVn[gdbYd^c\#Pe#*-(R
| g‚ZmVb^cZg Vj XVh eVg XVh aZ W^Zc"[dcY‚ Yj eVgiV\Z
‚\Va#8Zfj^egdkdfjZgV^i!Zc[V^i!jcgZidjg|aVY‚bVg"
X]ZedcXijZaaZXVgVXi‚g^hi^fjZYZaVegZhiVi^dcXdbeZc"
hVid^gZ!kd^ZYdciaZa‚\^haViZjgVh^Zmea^X^iZbZcikdjaj
‚XVgiZgaZhig^WjcVjm#Pe#*-(R
P'&R 6ai]dj\] i]Z FjZWZX Xdjgih ]VkZ cdi WZZc
jcVc^bdjhVhgZ\VgYhi]Z^ciZgegZiVi^dcd[Vgi#)''!
i]Z^gYZX^h^dchYdZhiVWa^h]XZgiV^cWVh^X\j^YZa^cZh#
I]ZhZ \j^YZa^cZh VgZ higjXijgZY VgdjcY i]Z kZgn
XdcXZei d[ bVgg^V\Z! Vh ZmegZhhZY ^c i]Z ^chi^ij"
i^dcd[i]Z[Vb^aneVig^bdcn#BVgg^V\ZgZegZhZcih!
ÄghiVcY[dgZbdhi!Vjc^dcd[eZghdch#=dlZkZg!i]Z
aZ\^haVijgZVahdlVciZY^iidWZVeVgi^VaZXdcdb^X
jc^dc dg Vc VhhdX^Vi^dc d[ ^ciZgZhih 9# 7jgbVc
VcY?#E^cZVj!B[ºfWjh_ce_d[\Wc_b_Wb»fhe`[jZ[
be_'*,&..&!Cd#(&#I]ZVYdei^dcd[i]ZeVgi"
cZgh]^e d[ VXfjZhih Vh i]Z hjeeaZi^kZ bVig^bdc^Va
gZ\^bZ i]Vi ^h id Veean jcaZhh i]Z hedjhZh bV`Z
Vcdi]ZgX]d^XZh]dlhi]Vii]^h^hl]Vii]ZaZ\^haV"
ijgZ^ciZcYZY#I]ZXgZVi^dcd[i]Z[Vb^aneVig^bdcn
XdcÄgbhi]Vi^ciZci^dcZkZcbdgZXaZVgan#
P'&R H^ aV _jg^hegjYZcXZ fj‚W‚Xd^hZ c¼V eVh ‚i‚
jcVc^bZhjga¼^ciZgeg‚iVi^dcYZa¼Vgi#)''!ZaaZXdb"
edgiZc‚Vcbd^chfjZafjZhdg^ZciVi^dch[dcYVbZc"
iVaZh#8ZaaZh"X^h¼dg\Vc^hZciVjidjgYZaVXdcXZei^dc
b„bZYjbVg^V\Zfj^h¼Zmeg^bZYVcha¼^chi^iji^dcYj
eVig^bd^cZ[Vb^a^Va#AZbVg^V\ZgZeg‚hZciZY¼VWdgY
jcZjc^dcYZeZghdccZh#8ZeZcYVci!aZa‚\^haViZjg
VVjhh^kdjajfj¼^aXdchi^ijZjcZjc^dc‚Xdcdb^fjZ
eVgi^ZaaZdjjcZVhhdX^Vi^dcY¼^ci‚g„ih9#7jgbVc
Zi?#E^cZVj!B[¯fWjh_ce_d[\Wc_b_Wb°fhe`[jZ[
be_'*,&..&!cd(&#A¼VYdei^dcYZaVhdX^‚i‚Y¼VX"
fj„ihXdbbZg‚\^bZbVig^bdc^Vahjeea‚i^[|Y‚[Vji
Y¼jcVjigZX]d^meVgaZhXdc_d^cihi‚bd^\cZYZXZiiZ
kdadci‚a‚\^haVi^kZ#AVXg‚Vi^dcYjeVig^bd^cZ[Vb^"
a^VaaVXdcÄgbZZcXdgZeajhcZiiZbZci#
P''R BVgg^V\Z gZhjaih ^c i]Z ZhiVWa^h]bZci d[ V
[dgb d[ ZXdcdb^X jc^dc id l]^X] Wdi] hedjhZh
bjhiXdcig^WjiZVhWZhii]ZnXVc@Vh^gZg!Vie#*,'#
6gi^XaZ(.+9$9$G$XaZVgan^bedhZhdci]ZhedjhZh
VaZ\VadWa^\Vi^dcidXdcig^WjiZidlVgYi]ZZmeZchZh
d[ i]Z bVgg^V\Z ¹^c egdedgi^dc id i]Z^g gZheZXi^kZ
bZVchº# >i Vahd egdk^YZh i]Vi ¹PiR]Z hedjhZh bVn
bV`Zi]Z^ggZheZXi^kZXdcig^Wji^dchWni]Z^gVXi^k^"
i^Zh l^i]^c i]Z ]dbZ#º I]Z aVl ^h cdi gZVaan Xdc"
XZgcZYl^i]i]Zh^oZdgcVijgZd[i]ZXdcig^Wji^dch!
VcY ^c [VXi egZhjbZh i]Zb id WZ ZfjVa :he_j Z[
bW \Wc_bb[ ¹ './)! P&..(R G#?#F# '-%+ 8#6#! Vi
e# '-%.# I]^h egZhjbei^dc i]Vi Xdcig^Wji^dch VgZ
ZfjVa jcYZga^Zh i]Z eg^cX^eaZ d[ ZfjVa eVgi^i^dc d[
i]Z [Vb^an eVig^bdcn dc Y^hhdaji^dc d[ i]Z bVg"
g^V\Z!VcY^ijcYZghXdgZhi]ZZmXZei^dcVacVijgZd[
i]ZedlZgiddgYZgjcZfjVaeVgi^i^dc#
P''R AZbVg^V\ZZcigVˆcZaVXg‚Vi^dcY¼jcZ[dgbZ
Y¼jc^dc ‚Xdcdb^fjZ | aVfjZaaZ aZh ‚edjm hdci
VeeZa‚h | Xdcig^WjZg YZ aZjg b^Zjm @Vh^gZg! e#
*,'# A¼Vgi^XaZ (.+ 9$Y$G$ ^bedhZ XaV^gZbZci Vjm
Xdc_d^cih jcZ dWa^\Vi^dc a‚\VaZ YZ Xdcig^WjZg Vjm
X]Vg\ZhYjbVg^V\Z®|egdedgi^dcYZaZjgh[VXja"
i‚h gZheZXi^kZh ¯# >a eg‚kd^i Vjhh^ fjZ ® PXR]VfjZ
‚edjm eZji h¼VXfj^iiZg YZ hV Xdcig^Wji^dc eVg hdc
VXi^k^i‚Vj[dnZg#¯AVad^cZh¼ViiVX]ZeVheVgi^Xj"
a^ƒgZbZci | aV bZhjgZ YZh Xdcig^Wji^dch dj | aZjg
cVijgZ# 9¼V^aaZjgh! ZaaZ aZh eg‚hjbZ ‚\VaZh :he_j
Z[ bW \Wc_bb[ ¹ './)! P&..(R G#?#F# '-%+ 8#6#!
e# '-%.# 8ZiiZ eg‚hdbei^dc Y¼‚\Va^i‚ YZh Xdcig^"
Wji^dch [dcYZ aZ eg^cX^eZ Y¼‚\Va^i‚ Yj eVgiV\Z Yj
eVig^bd^cZ[Vb^a^Va|aVY^hhdaji^dcYjbVg^V\ZZi
hdja^\cZ aZ XVgVXiƒgZ Y¼ZmXZei^dc Yj edjkd^g Y¼Zc
dgYdccZgjcZY^k^h^dc^c‚\VaZ#
P'(R I]ZÄghieg^cX^eaZ[dgi]Z^ciZgegZiVi^dcVcY
Veea^XVi^dcd[Vgi#)''YZg^kZh[gdbi]ZaZ\^haVi^kZ
gjaZ d[ ZfjVa^in# I]^h ^h cdi V idda id WZ jhZY id
hjeedgiVY^hV\gZZbZcil^i]i]ZkZgndW_ZXi^kZd[
i]ZaZ\^haVi^dc#I]Z^c_jhi^XZgZ[ZggZYid^cVgi#)''
XVccdi Vg^hZ dji d[ i]Z Zm^hiZcXZ VcY Veea^XVi^dc
d[ i]Z aVl i]Vi ZhiVWa^h]Zh i]Z [Vb^an eVig^bdcn#
P'(R AZegZb^Zgeg^cX^eZY¼^ciZgeg‚iVi^dcZiY¼Ve"
ea^XVi^dcYZa¼Vgi#)''hZY‚\V\ZYZaVcdgbZa‚\^h"
aVi^kZ Y¼‚\Va^i‚# >a cZ h¼V\^i eVh Y¼jc ^chigjbZci
eZgbZiiVci YZ YdccZg Xdjgh | jc Y‚hVXXdgY VkZX
a¼dW_ZXi^[ b„bZ YZ aV a‚\^haVi^dc# A¼^c_jhi^XZ bZc"
i^dcc‚Z | a¼Vgi# )'' cZ hVjgV^i Y‚XdjaZg YZ a¼Zm^h"
iZcXZ Zi YZ a¼Veea^XVi^dc YZ aV ad^ fj^ ^chi^ijZ aZ
,.'
M.T.
l$
J.-Y.T.
B[8[b@$
P'%%-R'H#8#G#
I]ZVYdei^dcd[i]Z^chi^iji^dcd[[Vb^aneVig^bdcn
]VhaZYidhdbZi^bZh]ZViZYXg^i^X^hb#E^cZVjVcY
EgViiZ!Viee#&.*VcY&..0Vahd?#"B#7g^hhdcVcYC#
@Vh^gZg!¹I]ZBVgg^ZYLdbVc^c6hXZcYVcXZ!i]Z
Bdi]Zg8djcign^cGZigZVi/[gdbAZ\Va8dadc^Va^hb
idAZ\VaCVi^dcVa^hb^cFjZWZXBVig^bdc^VaAVl
GZ[dgb!&-++"&..&º!^c9#?#<ji]VcYL#L#EjZ!
ZYh#! 9WdWZW½i B[]Wb ?d^[h_jWdY[i '%%&! )%+! Vi
ee# )(+"(,# =dlZkZg! i]Z Vji]dgh V\gZZ i]Vi i]Z
^c_jhi^XZ XdciZbeaViZY ^c Vgi# )'' bjhi cdi WZ Vc
^c_jhi^XZ i]Vi YZg^kZh [gdb i]Z Veea^XVi^dc d[ i]Z
aVl ^ihZa[ hZZ E^cZVj VcY EgViiZ! Vi e# ',-# I]Z
Xdjgih]VkZgZXd\c^oZYi]ZkVa^Y^ind[i]^heg^cX^eaZ
:he_jZ[bW\Wc_bb[¹(,+/!?#:#.,".+(!HDFJ>?
6O".,%&&)(. 8#6#! l]^X] i]Z 8djgi d[ 6eeZVa
VX`cdlaZY\ZY ^c ^ih gZVhdch ^c i]Z ^chiVci XVhZ
eVgV#&-#
eVig^bd^cZ [Vb^a^Va# A¼VYdei^dc YZ XZiiZ ^chi^ij"
i^dc V hdjaZk‚ YZh Xg^i^fjZh eVg[d^h k^kZh E^cZVj
Zi EgViiZ! e# &.* Zi &..0 Vjhh^ ?#"B# 7g^hhdc Zi C#
@Vh^gZg!®I]ZBVgg^ZYLdbVc^c6hXZcYVcXZ!i]Z
Bdi]Zg8djcign^cGZigZVi/[gdbAZ\Va8dadc^Va^hb
idAZ\VaCVi^dcVa^hb^cFjZWZXBVig^bdc^VaAVl
GZ[dgb!&-++"&..&¯!YVch9#?#<ji]ZiL#L#EjZ!
Y^g#! 9WdWZW½i B[]Wb ?d^[h_jWdY[i '%%&! )%+! e#
)(+")(,# 8ZeZcYVci! aV YdXig^cZ cZ XdciZhiZ eVh
fjZ a¼^c_jhi^XZ k^h‚Z | a¼Vgi# )'' cZ Yd^i eVh Xdg"
gZhedcYgZ | XZaaZ fj^ eZji Y‚XdjaZg YZh Y^hedh^"
i^dch YZ aV ad^ kd^g E^cZVj Zi EgViiZ! e# ',-# AV
_jg^hegjYZcXZ gZXdccVˆi aV kVa^Y^i‚ YZ XZ eg^cX^eZ
:he_jZ[bW\Wc_bb[¹(,+/!?#:#.,".+(!HDFJ>?
6O".,%&&)(. 8#6## A¼Vgg„i Ydci VeeZa a¼VYbZi
eVg#&-#
P')R I]ZhZXdcYeg^cX^eaZd[^ciZgegZiVi^dc^hi]Vi
i]Za^hi^cVgi#)''^hcdiZm]Vjhi^kZ#6XXdgY^c\id
i]^heg^cX^eaZ!VXdjgiXVc^ciZgkZcZ^cXVhZhdi]Zg
i]Vc i]dhZ heZX^ÄXVaan gZ[ZggZY id ^c i]Vi egdk^"
h^dchZZ![dgZmVbeaZ!:he_jZ[bW\Wc_bb[¹')/+!
P&..(R G#?#F# &+*. 8#6#0 :he_j Z[ bW \Wc_bb[ ¹
'+''! ?#:# .,"(%'! HDFJ>? 6O".,%&&&(- 8#6##
I]Za^hibjhicdiWZgZ\VgYZYVhdeZc"ZcYZY!]dl"
ZkZg! Vh ^ih XdciZmi ^h i]Vi d[ Vc ^chi^iji^dc i]Vi
lVh XgZViZY id ZchjgZ V [dgb d[ ZXdcdb^X ZfjVa"
^in WZilZZc hedjhZh# I]Z a^hi YdZh cdi XdcXZgc V
bdgVa _jY\bZci dc i]Z hedjhZh¼ XdcYjXi Yjg^c\
i]Z^g bVgg^V\Z! dg dc i]Z^g iZbeZg! ^c\gVi^ijYZ dg
ÄYZa^in#;jgi]ZgbdgZ!i]ZFjZWZX8djgid[6eeZVa
gZa^ZY dc i]^h X]VgVXiZg^hi^X d[ i]Z a^hi ^c Vgi# )''
l]Zc ^i Y^hi^c\j^h]ZY i]Z \gdjcYh [dg gZkd`^c\ V
\^[i[gdbi]dhZ_jhi^[n^c\jcZfjVaeVgi^i^dcd[i]Z
[Vb^aneVig^bdcn:he_jZ[bW\Wc_bb[¹'/&-!?#:#
.)"&((! HDFJ>? 6O".)%&&&%(# I]Z Veea^XVi^dc
d[ Vgi# )'' ^h WVhZY dc i]Z egZhZcXZ d[ [VXidgh d[
i]ZhVbZWVh^XcVijgZ0idZmegZhhi]^h!i]ZFjZWZX
8djgid[6eeZVa]VhhdbZi^bZhhiViZYi]Vi^ih]djaY
WZ^ciZgegZiZYWnVeean^c\i]Z[`kiZ[c][d[h_igjaZ
:he_jZ[bW\Wc_bb[¹')/+!Vie#&++(#L]Vicdl
gZbV^ch^hidYZiZgb^cZ]dlid^YZci^[ni]Z[VXidgh
i]Vi VgZ a^`Zan id gZhjai ^c Vc ^c_jhi^XZ i]Vi b^\]i
_jhi^[njcZfjVaeVgi^i^dc#=dlZkZg!i]ZXdjgibjhi
cdi [dg\Zi i]Vi i]^h VcVanh^h l^aa WZ WVhZY dc i]Z
heZX^ÄX[VXihd[ZVX]XVhZVcYl^aacdiWZa^b^iZY
P')R AV hZXdcYZ gƒ\aZ Y¼^ciZgeg‚iVi^dc kZji fjZ
a¼‚cjb‚gVi^dc YZ a¼Vgi# )'' cZ hd^i eVh a^b^iVi^kZ#
:aaZeZgbZiigV^iVjig^WjcVaY¼^ciZgkZc^gZcYZ]dgh
YZh XVh he‚X^ÄfjZbZci eg‚kjh YVch XZiiZ Y^hedh^"
i^dckd^g!eVgZmZbeaZ!:he_jZ[bW\Wc_bb[¹')/+!
P&..(R G#?#F# &+*. 8#6#0 :he_j Z[ bW \Wc_bb[ ¹
'+''! ?#:# .,"(%'! HDFJ>? 6O".,%&&&(- 8#6##
8ZeZcYVci! XZiiZ ‚cjb‚gVi^dc cZ Yd^i eVh „igZ
Xdch^Y‚g‚ZXdbbZdjkZgiZ|a¼^cÄc^#:cZ[[Zi!ZaaZ
YZbZjgZidj_djghh^ij‚ZYVchaZXdciZmiZY¼jcZ^ch"
i^iji^dcXg‚‚ZedjgVhhjgZgjcZ[dgbZY¼‚\Va^i‚‚Xd"
cdb^fjZZcigZaZhXdc_d^cih#A¼‚cjb‚gVi^dcc¼Vg^Zc
|kd^gVkZXjc_j\ZbZcibdgVahjgaVXdcYj^iZYZh
Xdc_d^cih YjgVci aZjg bVg^V\Z! aZjg ]jbZjg! aZjg
^c\gVi^ijYZ dj aZjg ÄY‚a^i‚# AV 8djg Y¼VeeZa Yj
Fj‚WZXVY¼V^aaZjghgZiZcjXZiiZXVgVXi‚g^hi^fjZYZ
a¼‚cjb‚gVi^dc YZ a¼Vgi# )'' adghfj¼ZaaZ V Y^hi^c\j‚
aZhbdi^[hYZg‚kdXVi^dcY¼jcZYdcVi^dcYZXZjmfj^
Vjidg^hZcijceVgiV\Z^c‚\VaYjeVig^bd^cZ[Vb^a^Va
:he_jZ[bW\Wc_bb[¹'/&-!?#:#.)"&((!HDFJ>?
6O".)%&&&%(# A¼Veea^XVi^dc YZ a¼Vgi# )'' gZedhZ
hjgaVeg‚hZcXZYZ[VXiZjghY¼jcZb„bZcVijgZ[dc"
YVbZciVaZ!g‚Va^i‚fjZaV8djgY¼VeeZaYjFj‚WZX
Zmeg^bZeVg[d^heVga¼V[ÄgbVi^dcfj¼^aXdck^ZciYZ
aj^ Veea^fjZg aV gƒ\aZ Y¼^ciZgeg‚iVi^dc ® [`kiZ[c
][d[h_i ¯ :he_j Z[ bW \Wc_bb[ ¹ ')/+! e# &++(#
:cXdgZ [Vji"^a bV^ciZcVci Y‚iZgb^cZg XdbbZci
hZgdci^YZci^ĂhaZh[VXiZjghYZcVijgZ|Xg‚ZgjcZ
^c_jhi^XZhjhXZei^WaZYZ_jhi^ÄZgjceVgiV\Z^c‚\Va#
P'%%-R'G#8#H#
M.T.
Y$
J.-Y.T.
B[`k][B[8[b
,.(
idVbZgZXaVhh^ÄXVi^dcZmZgX^hZWVhZYdcVa^hid[
egZYZiZgb^cZY[VXidgh#
>a[VjiidjiZ[d^hfjZaZig^WjcVaYZbZjgZXdchX^Zci
fjZXZiiZVcVanhZh¼Z[[ZXijZgV|eVgi^gYZa¼‚ijYZYZh
[V^ihegdegZh|X]VfjZZheƒXZZicZhZWdgcZgVeVh
| jc h^beaZ ZmZgX^XZ YZ XaVhh^ÄXVi^dc | a¼^ci‚g^Zjg
Y¼jcZa^hiZYZ[VXiZjgheg‚Y‚iZgb^c‚h#
P'*R I]Z ^ciZgegZi^kZ VeegdVX] id WZ iV`Zc ^c
Veean^c\Vgi#)''bjhiValVnhWZXdch^hiZcil^i]i]Z
dW_ZXi^kZd[i]Z[Vb^aneVig^bdcn!i]Vi^h!idXgZViZ
VcZXdcdb^Xjc^dcWZilZZci]ZhedjhZh#HjX]Vc
VeegdVX] l^aa ZcVWaZ i]Z Xdjgi id YZiZgb^cZ l]Vi
X^gXjbhiVcXZh b^\]i gZhjai ^c Vc ^c_jhi^XZ l^i]^c
i]ZbZVc^c\d[Vgi#)''#I]dhZX^gXjbhiVcXZhbjhi
WZgZaViZYidi]ZhjXXZhhdg[V^ajgZd[i]ZZXdcdb^X
eVgicZgh]^e WZilZZc i]Z eVgi^Zh# >i bjhi WZ YZiZg"
b^cZYl]Zi]Zg!Wni]Z^gVXi^dchdgXdcYjXiYjg^c\
i]Z bVgg^V\Z! i]Z hedjhZh YZ[VjaiZY dc i]Z^g [jc"
YVbZciVa dWa^\Vi^dc id Xdcig^WjiZ id [dgb^c\ VcY
bV^ciV^c^c\i]Z[Vb^aneVig^bdcn/
P'*R A¼VeegdX]Z ^ciZgeg‚iVi^kZ c‚XZhhV^gZ | a¼Ve"
ea^XVi^dc YZ a¼Vgi# )'' Yd^i idj_djgh egZcYgZ Zc
XdbeiZaVcVijgZYZa¼dW_ZXi^[YjeVig^bd^cZ[Vb^"
a^Va!hd^iaVXg‚Vi^dcY¼jcZjc^dc‚Xdcdb^fjZZcigZ
aZhXdc_d^cih#8ZiiZb‚i]dYZeZgbZiYZY‚iZgb^cZg
aVcVijgZYZhX^gXdchiVcXZhhjhXZei^WaZhYZegdkd"
fjZgjcZ^c_jhi^XZVjhZchYZa¼Vgi#)''#8ZhX^gXdch"
iVcXZhYd^kZcihZgZa^Zg|aVg‚Va^hVi^dcdj|a¼‚X]ZX
YZa¼VhhdX^Vi^dc‚Xdcdb^fjZZcigZaZheVgi^Zh#>a[Vji
Y‚iZgb^cZgh^!eVgaZjghVXiZhdjaZjgXdbedgiZbZci
YjgVciaZbVg^V\Z!aZhXdc_d^cihdcik^da‚aZjgdWa^"
\Vi^dc[dcYVbZciVaZYZXdcig^WjZg|aV[dgbVi^dcZi
VjbV^ci^ZcYjeVig^bd^cZ[Vb^a^Va/
H^cXZ &.-.! FjZWZX¼h Zhe_j Yecckd ]Vh gZcZlZY ^ih
[V^i] ^c i]Z bdgVa edhijaViZ! XdchZXgViZY ZahZl]ZgZ
^c 8VcVYV Wn lVn d[ i]Z gZbZYn d[ i]Z XdchigjXi^kZ
igjhi VcY i]Z aZ\^haVi^kZ hX]ZbZh Wj^ai i]ZgZjedc! i]Vi
bVgg^V\Z^hV_d^ciZXdcdb^XZcYZVkdjgidl]^X]Wdi]
hedjhZhVgZWdjcYidXdcig^WjiZVhWZhii]ZnXVc#I]Z
hedjhZl]d]VhcdibVYZi]ZXdcig^Wji^dc!^cegdeZgin
dg^chZgk^XZh!XVaaZY[dgWni]ZkZgncVijgZd[bVgg^V\Z
]Vhk^daViZYi]Z[jcYVbZciVaZXdcdb^XXdkZcVcijedc
l]^X]bVgg^V\Z^ihZa[^h[djcYZY#8dcYjXi^hi]jhgZaZ"
kVciViY^kdgXZWjidcan^chd[VgVh^igZkZVahi]^hVWjhZd[
XdcÄYZcXZ^cbVgg^V\Zl]ZgZWnVhedjhZ]Vh[V^aZYid
igZVi[Vb^ana^[ZVhVÄcVcX^VaeVgicZgh]^e#6XXdgY^c\an!
i]Z8^k^a8dYZVaadlhV_jY\Z¸egZh^Y^c\dkZgVkZg^iV"
WaZX^k^a^VcXdjgid[XdchX^ZcXZ¸idYZeVgi[gdbZfjVa
¹eVgi^i^dcº d[ i]Z cZi kVajZ d[ i]Z [Vb^an eVig^bdcn
l]Zc V hedjhZ XdbZh id eVgi^i^dc l^i] jcXaZVc ]VcYh
[dg ]Vk^c\ [V^aZY id Xdcig^WjiZ id i]Z _d^ci ZXdcdb^X
ZcYZVkdjg#
PIG69J8I>DCR 9Zej^h &.-.! aZ Ygd^i Xdbbjc fj‚W‚"
Xd^hVg‚^i‚g‚hdcVY]‚h^dcVjedhijaVibdgVa¸XdchVXg‚
V^aaZjghVj8VcVYVVjbdnZcYZaVÄYjX^ZXdchigjXid^gZ
dj ÄYjX^Z eVg ^ciZgeg‚iVi^dc Zi YZh g‚\^bZh a‚\^haV"
i^[h fj^ h¼Zc ^che^gZci ¸ hZadc aZfjZa aZ bVg^V\Z Zhi
jcZZcigZeg^hZ‚Xdcdb^fjZXdc_d^ciZ|aVfjZaaZX]VfjZ
‚edjmYd^iXdcig^WjZgYZhdcb^Zjm#A¼‚edjmfj^c¼VeVh
[djgc^!ZcW^ZchdjZchZgk^XZh!aVXdcig^Wji^dcgZfj^hZ
eVg aV cVijgZ b„bZ Yj bVg^V\Z! V k^da‚ a¼Zc\V\ZbZci
‚Xdcdb^fjZ[dcYVbZciVahjgaZfjZagZedhZaZbVg^V\Z#
AVXdcYj^iZZhiYdcXeZgi^cZciZVjbdbZciYjY^kdgXZ!
bV^hhZjaZbZciYVchaVbZhjgZd‘ZaaZg‚kƒaZfjZa¼jcZ
YZheVgi^ZhVjbVg^V\ZVXdbb^hjcVWjhYZXdcÄVcXZ
Zc cZ igV^iVci eVh aV k^Z [Vb^a^VaZ XdbbZ jc eVgiZcV"
g^ViÄcVcX^Zg#AZ8dYZX^k^aVjidg^hZYdcXaZ_j\Z¸fj^
eg‚h^YZjcZk‚g^iVWaZ®XdjgYZXdchX^ZcXZ¯X^k^aZ¸|
Y‚gd\ZgVj®eVgiV\Z¯‚\VaYZaVkVaZjgcZiiZYjeVig^"
bd^cZ [Vb^a^Va adghfj¼jc ‚edjm fj^ ZciZcY W‚c‚ÄX^Zg
Yj eVgiV\Z c¼Zhi eVh hVch gZegdX]Z! kj hdc Y‚[Vji YZ
Xdcig^WjZg|a¼ZcigZeg^hZ‚Xdcdb^fjZXdc_d^ciZ#
@Vh^gZg!Vie#*,'
@Vh^gZg!e#*,'
P'+R >c i]^h gZheZXi! ^i b^\]i WZ Vh`ZY l]Vi i]Z
ldgYh¹WVY[V^i]ºbZVc^ci]Za^hi^cVgi#)''#DcXZ
V\V^c!i]ZXdcXZeid[¹WVY[V^i]º!Vai]dj\]^i^hkZgn
ÅZm^WaZ!bjhiWZ^ciZgegZiZY^ca^\]id[i]Z\ZcZgVa
XdciZmi^cl]^X]^i^hjhZY#=ZgZ!^i^hZXdcdb^X^c
cVijgZ#>iYdZhcdigZaViZidVcVhhZhhbZcid[bdgVa"
^in dg d[ i]Z fjVa^in d[ i]Z hedjhZh¼ bVgg^ZY a^[Z
@Vh^gZg!Vie#*.%#
P'+R DceZjih¼^ciZggd\Zg|XZegdedhhjgaZhZch
YZaVcdi^dcYZ®bVjkV^hZ[d^¯YVcha¼‚cjb‚gVi^dc
YZa¼Vgi#)''#:cXdgZa|!bVa\g‚hVigƒh\gVcYZÅZm^"
W^a^i‚!XZXdcXZeiYd^ih¼^ciZgeg‚iZgYVchaZXdciZmiZ
\‚c‚gVad‘^aZhiZbeadn‚#8ZiiZcdi^dcXdchZgkZjc
XVgVXiƒgZ ‚Xdcdb^fjZ# :aaZ cZ gZckd^Z eVh | a¼Ve"
eg‚X^Vi^dcYZaVkVaZjgbdgVaZdjYZaVfjVa^i‚YZaV
k^ZXdc_j\VaZYZh‚edjm@Vh^gZg!e#*.%#
,.)
M.T.
l$
J.-Y.T.
B[8[b@$
P'%%-R'H#8#G#
P',R I]ZWgZk^ind[i]ZbVgg^V\Z!l]^X]^hgZ[ZggZY
id^cVgi#)''!d[iZc]VhVY^gZXiZXdcdb^X^beVXi#
I]ZaZc\i]d[i]Zjc^dc]VhVc^beVXidci]ZZhiVW"
a^h]bZciVcYXdchda^YVi^dcd[i]ZZXdcdb^XeVgicZg"
h]^e#LVhiZdgb^hbVcV\ZbZciXVcVahdV[[ZXii]Z
XdciZcid[i]ZeVig^bdcn!dgZkZc^ihkZgnZm^hiZcXZ
:he_jZ[bW\Wc_bb[¹'/+)!?#:#.)"**'!HDFJ>?
6O".)%&&(-+8#6#0C$=$l$7$8$!?#:#'%%'"&%&(!
HDFJ>? 6O"*%&'-&++ 8#6#! V[[¼\ P'%%&R G#9#;#
**+Hje#8i#0:he_jZ[bW\Wc_bb[¹')/+#
P',R AVWg^ƒkZi‚YjbVg^V\ZfjZbZci^dccZa¼Vgi#
)'' V hdjkZci jc ^beVXi ‚Xdcdb^fjZ Y^gZXi# AV
Yjg‚ZYZa¼jc^dc^cÅjZhjgaVXg‚Vi^dcZiaVXdchd"
a^YVi^dc YZ a¼VhhdX^Vi^dc ‚Xdcdb^fjZ# 9Z b„bZ!
aZh VXiZh YZ Y^aVe^YVi^dc dj YZ bVjkV^hZ \Zhi^dc
edjggdci V[[ZXiZg aZ XdciZcj Yj eVig^bd^cZ! h^cdc
hdc Zm^hiZcXZ b„bZ :he_j Z[ bW \Wc_bb[ ¹ '/+)!
?#:# .)"**'! HDFJ>? 6O".)%&&(-+ 8#6#0 C$=$
Y$ 7$8$! ?#:# '%%'"&%&(! HDFJ>? 6O"*%&'-&++
8#6#!Xdc[#P'%%&RG#9#;#**+8#H#0:he_jZ[bW
\Wc_bb[¹')/+#
P'-R I]ZXdjgibjhiXdch^YZgi]ZeVgi^Zh¼XdcYjXi
VcY gZaVi^kZ Xdcig^Wji^dch [gdb i]Z hiVcYed^ci d[
i]Z^gZXdcdb^X^beVXidci]Z[Vb^aneVig^bdcn!cdi
i]Z^g^beVXidci]Z]Vee^cZhhd[i]Z^ga^[Zid\Zi]Zg!
Vai]dj\] heZX^ÄX VXi^dch XVc V[[ZXi Vaa VheZXih d[
i]Z Xdc_j\Va gZaVi^dch]^e# L]Zc X^iZY Vh V hdjgXZ
d[^c_jhi^XZl^i]^ci]ZbZVc^c\d[Vgi#)''!]Vgb"
[ja dg lgdc\[ja VXih! dg [Vjaih! Xdbb^iiZY Wn i]Z
hedjhZhbjhiWZXaZVganXdccZXiZYl^i]i]Z[ViZd[
i]Z[Vb^aneVig^bdcn#I]Znbjhi!^cVldgY!WZ^c
i]ZcVijgZd[ZXdcdb^X[Vjaih@Vh^gZg!Vie#*.(#
P'-R AZhig^WjcVjmYd^kZciZmVb^cZgaVXdcYj^iZ
YZh eVgi^Zh Zi a¼^bedgiVcXZ YZ aZjg Xdcig^Wji^dc
YVchaVeZgheZXi^kZYZaZjg^beVXi‚Xdcdb^fjZhjg
aZeVig^bd^cZ[Vb^a^Va!cdcYZaZjgZ[[ZihjgaZWdc"
]ZjgYZaVk^ZXdbbjcZ!W^ZcfjZaZhb„bZhVXi^dch
ej^hhZciV[[ZXiZga¼ZchZbWaZYZhVheZXihYZa¼jc^dc
Xdc_j\VaZ# Adghfj¼dc aZh ^ckdfjZ XdbbZ hdjgXZ
Y¼^c_jhi^XZ Vj hZch YZ a¼Vgi# )''! aZh VXiZh eg‚_jY^"
X^VWaZhdjg‚eg‚]Zch^WaZh!dj[VjiZhYZhXdc_d^cih!
Yd^kZciXdchZgkZgjca^ZcXaV^gVkZXaZhdgiYjeVig^"
bd^cZ [Vb^a^Va# >ah Yd^kZci eg‚hZciZg Zc fjZafjZ
hdgiZaZXVgVXiƒgZY¼jcZ[VjiZ‚Xdcdb^fjZ@Vh^gZg!
e#*.(#
:# Kd[gkWbFWhj_j_edDejMWhhWdj[Z
:# 7Xi[dY[Z[`kij_ÅYWj_edZ½kdfWhjW][_dƒ]Wb
P'.R I]jh!VcnXVjhZhd[^c_jhi^XZi]ViVgZVhXg^WZY
idVhedjhZbjhiWZVcVanhZY[gdbi]ZhiVcYed^ci
d[ i]Z^g ^beVXi dc i]Z eVig^bdcn# I]^h gjaZ ]daYh
igjZl]ZgZhedjhVab^hXdcYjXi^hVaaZ\ZY!VhhjX]
b^hXdcYjXibjhiXdggZhedcYidVcZXdcdb^X[Vjai
i]Vi^hXdccZXiZYl^i]eZg[dgbVcXZd[i]ZdWa^\V"
i^dcidXdcig^WjiZ#;gdbi]^hhiVcYed^ci!i]Z8djgi
d[ 6eeZVa¼h Veea^XVi^dc d[ Vgi# )'' lVh ^cXdch^hi"
Zcil^i]i]Za^b^iheaVXZYWni]ZaZ\^haVijgZdci]Z
Xdjgih¼edlZgiddgYZgjcZfjVaeVgi^i^dc#I]^hXdc"
Xajh^dcÅdlh[gdbi]ZgZVhdch^ckd`ZYWni]Z8djgi
d[ 6eeZVa [dg ZmXajY^c\ i]Z gZhedcYZci¼h eZch^dc
XgZY^ih[gdbi]ZeVgi^i^dcd[i]Z[Vb^aneVig^bdcn#
P'.R 6^ch^! aZh XVjhZh Y¼^c_jhi^XZ ^beji‚Zh | jc
Xdc_d^ci Yd^kZci „igZ VcVanh‚Zh YVch aV eZgheZX"
i^kZ YZ aZjg ^beVXi hjg aZ eVig^bd^cZ! n Xdbeg^h
YVchaZhXVhd‘^ah¼V\^iYZgZegdX]Zh|egdedhYZaV
XdcYj^iZY¼jcXdc_d^ci!fj^Yd^kZciXdggZhedcYgZ|
YZh[VjiZh‚Xdcdb^fjZhgViiVX]‚Zh|a¼Zm‚Xji^dcYZh
dWa^\Vi^dchYZXdcig^Wji^dc#9VchXZiiZeZgheZXi^kZ!
a¼Veea^XVi^dcYZa¼Vgi#)''eVgaV8djgY¼VeeZacZgZh"
eZXiV^i eVh aZh a^b^iZh ^bedh‚Zh eVg aZ a‚\^haViZjg
Vjedjkd^g_jY^X^V^gZY¼dgYdccZgjceVgiV\Z^c‚\Va#
8ZiiZXdcXajh^dcgZhhdgiYZa¼‚ijYZYZhbdi^[hgZiZ"
cjh eVg aV 8djg Y¼VeeZa edjg ZmXajgZ aZh Ygd^ih |
eZch^dcYZa¼^ci^b‚YjeVgiV\ZYjeVig^bd^cZ[Vb^"
a^Va#
P(%R >bjhicdiZVii]ZdjihZii]VidcZd[i]ZgZV"
hdch^ckd`ZYWni]Z8djgid[6eeZVa^hidiVaan^ggZa"
ZkVciidi]ZY^hejiZWZilZZci]ZeVgi^Zh#I]ZXdjgi
^cXajYZYi]ZgZhedcYZci¼hÄghibVgg^V\ZVbdc\i]Z
[VXidghgZaZkVciid^ihYZX^h^dcdcjcZfjVaeVgi^i^dc#
P(%R 9ƒh aZ Y‚eVgi! _Z Yd^h hdja^\cZg fjZ a¼jc
YZh bdi^[h ^ckdfj‚h eVg aV 8djg Y¼VeeZa YZbZjgZ
idiVaZbZci ‚igVc\Zg Vj Y‚WVi ZcigZ aZh eVgi^Zh# AV
XdjgVbZci^dcc‚eVgb^aZh[VXiZjgheZgi^cZcih|hV
Y‚X^h^dc hjg aZ eVgiV\Z ^c‚\Va aZ egZb^Zg bVg^V\Z
P'%%-R'G#8#H#
M.T.
Y$
J.-Y.T.
B[`k][B[8[b
,.*
7jicdi]^c\^ci]ZgZXdgYhj\\Zhihi]Vii]ZÄghibVg"
g^V\Z ]VY i]Z ha^\]iZhi ^beVXi dc i]Z eVgi^Zh¼ a^[Z
id\Zi]Zg dg dc i]Z gZhedcYZci¼h ÄcVcX^Va X^gXjb"
hiVcXZhYjg^c\dgVii]Zi^bZd[Y^hhdaji^dcd[]^h
hZXdcYbVgg^V\Z#I]ZgZ^hcdWVh^h^ci]ZZk^YZcXZ
[dgXdch^YZg^c\i]Vi[VXidg#>cYZZY!i]ZgZhedcYZci
Y^YcdiZkZcignidVg\jZ^i^ci]^h8djgi#I]Z8djgi
d[6eeZVaVeeZVgh!^cVhhZhh^c\i]Z[VXihgZaZkVciid
i]ZVeeZVaWZ[dgZ^i!id]VkZbVYZVXaZVgZggdgdc
i]^hed^ci#
YZa¼^ci^b‚#Dg!g^ZcYVchaZYdhh^Zgc¼^cY^fjZfjZ
XZbVg^V\ZV^iZjaZbd^cYgZ^beVXihjgaVk^ZYZh
eVgi^ZhZihjgaVh^ijVi^dcÄcVcX^ƒgZYZa¼^ci^b‚Vj
XdjghYZhdchZXdcYbVg^V\Zdj|aVY^hhdaji^dcYZ
XZaj^"X^# Dc cZ gZigdjkZ VjXjc [dcYZbZci YVch aV
egZjkZ edjg aV eg^hZ Zc Xdch^Y‚gVi^dc YZ XZi ‚a‚"
bZci#B„bZa¼^ci^b‚c¼VeVhX]ZgX]‚|i^gZgVg\j"
bZci YZ XZ [VXiZjg YZkVci cdigZ 8djg# AV 8djg
Y¼VeeZaeVgVˆiVkd^gXdbb^hhjgXZed^cijcZZggZjg
XaV^gZ YVch a¼Veeg‚X^Vi^dc YZh [V^ih eZgi^cZcih Vj
edjgkd^edgi‚YZkVciZaaZ#
P(&R ;jgi]ZgbdgZ! i]Z 8djgi d[ 6eeZVa eaVXZY
\gZVihigZhhdci]Z[VXii]Vii]ZeVgi^Zh]VYXdcig^W"
jiZYjcZfjVaanidi]Z[Vb^aneVig^bdcn!l]^X]lVh
XdbedhZYVabdhiZmXajh^kZand[Xdcig^Wji^dchbVYZ
Wni]ZgZhedcYZciYjg^c\i]ZbVgg^V\Z#I]ZhigZhh
eaVXZY Wn i]Z 8djgi d[ 6eeZVa dc i]^h ed^ci lVh
jclVggVciZY^ci]Z^chiVciXVhZ#;^ghid[Vaa!i]ZgZ
^h cd Zk^YZcXZ d[ ZXdcdb^X [Vjai dg ^c_jhi^XZ dc
i]ZVeeZaaVci¼heVgi#6hi]ZeVgi^Zh]VYV\gZZY!h]Z
hijY^ZYVcYldg`ZY!d[iZceVgi"i^bZdg^cjchiVWaZ
dgiZbedgVgn_dWh#=ZgVXi^k^i^Zh^ci]Z]dbZlZgZ
VahdXdci^cjVa#=Zg^cXdbZlZciidVaVg\ZeVgi¸
id i]Z ZmiZcid[]ZgVW^a^inideVn¸idlVgY i]Z^g
a^[Z id\Zi]Zg! Vh h]Z Xdcig^WjiZY id! Vbdc\ di]Zg
i]^c\h! i]Z PIG6CHA6I>DCR ¹a^iiaZ ZmigVhº! Vh i]Z
ig^Va _jY\Z lgdiZ eVgV# '.# I]Z ig^Va _jY\Z Vahd
cdiZY i]Vi Wdi] hedjhZh ]VY ¹Xdcig^WjiZY idlVgYh
i]ZZmeZchZhd[i]ZbVgg^V\Z^cegdedgi^dcidi]Z^g
gZheZXi^kZbZVchºeVgV#'-#>ci]ZX^gXjbhiVcXZh!
i]Z jcZfjVa cVijgZ d[ i]Z Xdcig^Wji^dch XZgiV^can
YdZhcdigZegZhZciVXVjhZd[^c_jhi^XZ[dgi]Zejg"
edhZhd[Vgi#)''#>ilVhV[dgZhZZVWaZXdchZfjZcXZ
d[i]ZbVgg^V\Z#I]jh!i]ZhedjhZl]d]Vhi]Z]^\]Zg
^cXdbZl^aa!^cVaaa^`Za^]ddY!ÄcVcXZVaVg\Zgh]VgZ
d[i]ZXdjeaZ¼hgZi^gZbZciB$9$l$F$F$!P'%%*RF#?#
Cd# +*** FA! '%%* F886 *&*! Vi eVgVh# &,"&-!
VcY7jgbVcVcYE^cZVj!Viee#+-"+.#
P(&R EVg V^aaZjgh! aV 8djg Y¼VeeZa V [dgiZbZci
^ch^hi‚ hjg a¼^c‚\Va^i‚ YZh Xdcig^Wji^dch YZh eVg"
i^Zh Vj eVig^bd^cZ [Vb^a^Va! Xdchi^ij‚ egZhfjZ
ZmXajh^kZbZci eVg aZh Veedgih YZ a¼^ci^b‚ YjgVci
aZbVg^V\Z#8ZiiZ^ch^hiVcXZYZaV8djgY¼VeeZahjg
XZiiZ ^c‚\Va^i‚ ‚iV^i ^c_jhi^ĂZ YVch aZ XdciZmiZ YZ
XZYdhh^Zg#9¼VWdgY!aVegZjkZcZY‚bdcigZVjXjcZ
[VjiZ ‚Xdcdb^fjZ dj ^c_jhi^XZ YZ aV eVgi YZ a¼Ve"
eZaVciZ# 8dbbZ aZh eVgi^Zh Zc VkV^Zci XdckZcj!
ZaaZ V ‚ijY^‚ Zi igVkV^aa‚! hdjkZci | iZbeh eVgi^Za
djYVchYZhZbead^heg‚XV^gZhdjiZbedgV^gZh#Hdc
VXi^k^i‚|a¼^ci‚g^ZjgYj[dnZgV‚i‚Vjhh^XdchiVciZ#
HZhgZkZcjhdci‚i‚ZcWdccZeVgi^ZZbeadn‚hedjg
aVk^ZXdbbjcZYVchaVbZhjgZYZhZhbdnZch!n
Xdbeg^h edjg aZ ® eaV^hVci hjeZgÅj ¯ XdbbZ a¼V
XdchiVi‚aZegZb^Zg_j\ZeVg#'.#8Zaj^"X^V‚\VaZ"
bZcigZXdccjfjZaZhYZjm‚edjmVkV^Zci®Xdcig^"
Wj‚VjmX]Vg\ZhYjbVg^V\ZZcegdedgi^dcYZaZjgh
[VXjai‚h gZheZXi^kZh ¯ eVg# '-# 9Vch XZ XdciZmiZ!
a¼^c‚\Va^i‚YZhXdcig^Wji^dchcZgZeg‚hZciZh’gZbZci
eVhjcZXVjhZY¼^c_jhi^XZVYb^hh^WaZedjga¼Veea^XV"
i^dcYZa¼Vgi#)''#>ah¼V\^iY¼jcZXdch‚fjZcXZeg‚"
k^h^WaZ Yj bVg^V\Z# 6^ch^! aZ Xdc_d^ci fj^ Y^hedhZ
Y¼jcgZkZcjeajh‚aZk‚ÄcVcXZgVegdWVWaZbZcieajh
iVgYaVbV_ZjgZeVgi^ZYZaVgZigV^iZYjXdjeaZB$9$
Y$F$F$!P'%%*R?#F#cd+***FA!'%%*F886*&*!
eVg#&,"&-!Zi7jgbVcZiE^cZVj!e#+-"+.#
P('R I]Z8djgid[6eeZVaVahdX^iZYi]ZV\ZY^["
[ZgZcXZ ¸ VWdji '% nZVgh ¸ WZilZZc i]Z eVgi^Zh
VcY i]Z [VXi i]Vi i]Z gZhedcYZci lVh dcan V [Zl
nZVgh[gdbi]ZbVcYVidgngZi^gZbZciV\Z#I]ZeVg"
i^Zhbjhi]VkZVXXZeiZYi]^hh^ijVi^dcVii]ZhiVgid[
i]Z^gjc^dc#6[iZgXd]VW^i^c\[dghZkZcnZVgh!i]Zn
ZciZgZY ^cid V bVgg^V\Z i]Vi aVhiZY &' nZVgh# I]Z
V\ZY^[[ZgZcXZY^Ycdi^c^ihZa[gZhjai^c^c_jhi^XZ^c
P('R AV 8djg Y¼VeeZa h¼Zhi Vjhh^ Veejn‚Z hjg aV
Y^[[‚gZcXZ Y¼}\Z ZcigZ aZh eVgi^Zh! fj^ ViiZ^\cV^i
jcZ k^c\iV^cZ Y¼Vcc‚Zh! Zi hjg aZ [V^i fjZ a¼^ci^b‚
hZigdjkV^i|fjZafjZhVcc‚ZhhZjaZbZciYZa¼}\ZYZ
aV gZigV^iZ dWa^\Vid^gZ# 8ZiiZ h^ijVi^dc ‚iV^i c‚XZh"
hV^gZbZciVXXZei‚ZeVgaZheVgi^ZhYƒhaZY‚WjiYZ
aZjgjc^dc#6egƒhjcZXd]VW^iVi^dcYZhZeiVch!aZh
eVgi^ZhdciXdcigVXi‚jcbVg^V\Zfj^VYjg‚YdjoZ
,.+
M.T.
l$
J.-Y.T.
B[8[b@$
P'%%-R'H#8#G#
i]ZX^gXjbhiVcXZh#I]ZVeeZaaVciY^Ycdi]^c\i]Vi
ldjaY]VkZVYkZghZanV[[ZXiZYi]Z^ciZ\g^ind[i]Z
[Vb^aneVig^bdcn#=ZgV\ZXVccdiWZ]ZaYV\V^chi
]ZgVhV\gdjcY[dggZ[jh^c\idVeeani]ZaVlVh^i^h
bZVciidWZVeea^ZY#
Vch# AV Y^[[‚gZcXZ Y¼}\Z Zc ZaaZ"b„bZ c¼Zhi eVh
XVjhZY¼^c_jhi^XZYVchXZXdciZmiZ#A¼VeeZaVciZc¼V
Xdbb^h VjXjc VXiZ YZ cVijgZ | edgiZg ViiZ^ciZ |
a¼^ci‚\g^i‚YjeVig^bd^cZ[Vb^a^Va#DccZhVjgV^iaj^
[V^gZ\g^Z[YZhdc}\ZedjggZ[jhZgY¼Veea^fjZgaVad^
XdbbZ^ahZYd^i#
P((R EVgi^i^dc d[ i]Z eVig^bdcn! ^cXajY^c\ eZc"
h^dcXgZY^ihVXXjbjaViZYYjg^c\i]ZbVgg^V\Z!gZe"
gZhZcih i]Z [dgb d[ _jhi^XZ hdj\]i Wn i]Z aZ\^haV"
ijgZ#I]Zadhhd[Vedgi^dcd[]^hXgZY^ih!l]^X]i]Z
gZhedcYZcihZZhVhVc^c_jhi^XZ!gZhjaihhdaZan[gdb
i]Zhdaji^dcVYdeiZY^ci]ZaVl#I]^hadhhXVccdiWZ
gZbZY^ZYl^i]djigZ[jh^c\idVeeani]ZaVlVcYY^h"
gZ\VgY^c\^ihZmegZhhaVc\jV\Z#
P((R AZ eVgiV\Z Yj eVig^bd^cZ! n Xdbeg^h XZaj^
YZhYgd^ih|eZch^dcVXXjbja‚hYjgVciaZbVg^V\Z!
gZeg‚hZciZaVbZhjgZYZ_jhi^XZkdjajZeVgaZa‚\^haV"
iZjg#AZegdWaƒbZYZaVeZgiZeVgi^ZaaZYZhZhYgd^ih!
fjZa¼^ci^b‚kd^iXdbbZjcZ^c_jhi^XZ!Y‚XdjaZjc^"
fjZbZci YZ aV hdaji^dc gZiZcjZ YVch aV ad^# Dc cZ
eZjinedgiZggZbƒYZhVchgZ[jhZgY¼Veea^fjZgaVad^
ZihVchZcc^ZgaZXdciZcjZmea^X^iZ#
P()R CZ^i]Zgi]ZjcZfjVaXdcig^Wji^dchidi]ZeVi"
g^bdcn cdg i]Z adhh d[ i]Z eVgi^Zh¼ ZmeZXiVi^dc d[
Va^[Zid\Zi]ZgVhVgZhjaid[i]ZY^hhdaji^dcd[i]Z
bVgg^V\Z_jhi^ÄZhi]Zhdaji^dcVYdeiZYWni]Z8djgi
d[6eeZVa#I]ZZmXZei^dcegdk^YZY[dg^cVgi#)''
Y^Y cdi Veean ^c i]^h XVhZ! VcY i]Z gZhedcYZci¼h
VeeZVa[gdbi]ZHjeZg^dg8djgi¼h_jY\bZcih]djaY
]VkZWZZcY^hb^hhZY#
P()R C^ a¼^c‚\Va^i‚ YZh Xdcig^Wji^dch Vj eVig^"
bd^cZc^aVeZgiZYZhZmeZXiVi^kZhYZk^ZXdbbjcZ
g‚hjaiVciYZaVY^hhdaji^dcYjbVg^V\ZcZ_jhi^ÄZci
aVhdaji^dcVYdei‚ZeVgaV8djgY¼VeeZa#A¼ZmXZei^dc
eg‚kjZ | a¼Vgi# )'' cZ igdjkV^i eVh Veea^XVi^dc Zc
a¼ZheƒXZ! Zi aZ edjgkd^ YZ a¼^ci^b‚ XdcigZ aZ _j\Z"
bZciYZaV8djghje‚g^ZjgZVjgV^iY’„igZgZ_Zi‚#
K# 8dcXajh^dc
K# 8dcXajh^dc
P(*R ;dgi]ZhZgZVhdch!>ldjaYVaadli]ZVeeZVa!
hZi Vh^YZ i]Z YZX^h^dc d[ i]Z FjZWZX 8djgi d[
6eeZVa VcY gZhidgZ i]Z _jY\bZci d[ i]Z HjeZg^dg
8djgi!l^i]Xdhihi]gdj\]dji#
P(*R Edjg XZh bdi^[h! _¼VXXjZ^aaZgV^h a¼VeeZa! _Z
XVhhZgV^ha¼Vgg„iYZaV8djgY¼VeeZaYjFj‚WZXZi_Z
g‚iVWa^gV^haZ_j\ZbZciYZaV8djghje‚g^ZjgZVkZX
Y‚eZchYVchidjiZhaZhXdjgh#
7ff[WbWbbem[Zm_j^Yeiji$
Fekhle_WYYk[_bb_Wl[YZƒf[di$
Ieb_Y_jehi\ehj^[Wff[bbWdj0<edjW_d["FWdd[jed
[jWiieY_ƒi"I^[hXheea[$
FheYkh[khiZ[b½Wff[bWdj[0<edjW_d["FWdd[jed
[jWiieY_ƒi"I^[hXheea[$
Ieb_Y_jehi \eh j^[ h[ifedZ[dj0 9W_d BWcWhh[
9Wi]hW_dM[bbi"9^_Yekj_c_$
FheYkh[khi Z[ b½_dj_cƒ0 9W_d BWcWhh[
9Wi]hW_dM[bbi"9^_Yekj_c_$