A Study on Student Outflux and Influx

Transcription

00
Editorial
01
Editor’s Mail Box
02
Campus Update ........................................................../ Surjya Chutia
05
Academic World Around
07
Panorama
Personality
15
Robin Sharma's Tips on Leadership
Exam & Education
16
"‹¸Ú> ëA¡ïÅº Î´šìA¢¡-4../ ³èº : ë™àìW¡ó¡ ëóø¡S¡ ëºr¡Wô¡¤à\¢à¹; ">å : "´¬¹ ³¹ào
19
š¹ãÛ¡A¡ ëÒà¯à¹ ™”|oà, ë¤ƒ>à, ">å®¡¯ Òüt¡¸à[ƒ .........../ ³Úè¹ã Å³¢à ¤¹ç¡¯à
Career
21
We express our gratitude
to Rajen Barua (US),
Wahid Saleh (Netherland),
Ankur Bora (US), Partha
Gogoi (US), Bidyananda
Borkakoty (Ghy), Buljit
Buragohain (Ghy) - All the
FASS Activists, Satyajit
Dey (Del), Satyajit Nath,
Kripaljyoti Mazumder
(Editor-Ecotone,
Itanagar) Numal Mahatta
for their special support to
‘Pragyan’
Editorial Board
ëA¡[¹Úà¹ ë\¸à[t¡ ......................................../ >ã[º³ ë\¸à[t¡ ëÎ>àš[t¡
32
[ƒK”z ¤¹à ("àÒü. [š. &á)¹ íÎìt¡ ÎàÛ¡à;A¡à¹
38
A Study on Student Outflux ...... from NE India ...../ Prashant Barooah
Science & Tech.
41
We all Live Downstream..... / Neeraj Vagholikar and Arupjyoti Saikia
45
Big Dams — Boon or .../ Parthankar Choudhury and Pijush Kanti Das
51
Critique to the Theory of Global Warming and ....../ Dr. Bhuban Gogoi
54
Indian Railways – the most eco-friendly mode of .../ Anirban Ghosh
58
Mass Communication and It's Significance in ........./ Dr. Sanjita Chetia
Î[Þê¡šƒã¹ ³à¹àuA¡ [¤È .............................../ ¹ç¡‰ >à¹àÚo ¤¹A¡àA¡[t¡
63
Social Science
65
68
73
78
82
The Circle of Fire — The Metaphysics of the Universe/ Rajen Barua
Musings in Ideology - II .................................................... / Arup Baishya
The Role of Press in Assam in Ensuring and ...../ Dr. Tanushree Sarker
Human Development Status of the Deoris ................../ Surjya Chutia
Education, Inequality and Poverty ................................./ Anita Baruwa
Language & Literature
84
88
Relevance of Jyoti Prasad Agarwala's ................./ Nilim Jyoti Senapati
A¡³ºàÎàK¹ -ÿ-ÿ- &A¡ ƒåƒ¢à”z ë¤Øl¡àì>à¹ \àÚKà ............./ "[³t¡à®¡ ëƒ¤ ëW¡ï‹å¹ã
90
A¡>ìó¡Å«>........................................................../ ¹[gt¡à Å³¢à
A¡[¤t¡à : [¤A¡àÅì\¸à[t¡ ÅÒüA¡ãÚà, Abdul Hamid, "àAÃ¡à[”zA¡à ÅÒüA¡ãÚà, [¤\Ú
Aå¡³à¹ ®¡j¡àW¡à™¢¸, A{^foH$ àgmX
94
Students’ Column
A¡[¤t¡à : ëÒƒàÚ;
97
98
l¡üÀàÒ, Shubhadeep Paul
"Î³t¡ "Î³ãÚà ®¡àÈà =à[A¡¤ì>? &A¡ W¡³å ......... /³ì>à¹g> ³¹ào (P¡¹ç¡})
Patron : Dr. Bhuban Gogoi
Adviser : Dr. Achyut Borthakur, President, ACTA, Tinsukia College Unit
Editor in Chief : Rana K. Changmai
Executive Editor : Sushanta Kar
Editors : Monika Devi, Roshmi Dutta, Mayuri Sharma Baruah, Monika Das,
Manashi Rajkhowa, Nilimjyoti Senapati, Surjya Chutia, Dr. Kamalesh Kalita
Students’ Representatives : Nagen Deka, (Magazine Secretaty, TCSU)
Published by : Secretary, Assam College Teachers’ Association (ACTA),
Tinsukia College Unit, Tinsukia College, Tinsukia - 786125
Contact : Web : http://sites.google.com/site/pragyan06now ;
Blog : http:pragyan06now.blogspot.com ; Cell : 9954226966
email : [email protected] ; [email protected]
Printed at : The Assam Computers (Govt. app ‘A’ Category Press)
email : [email protected]/
http://theassamcomputers.webs.com/ Tinsukia - 786125 (Assam)
A High Quality Magazine — Pragyan
A College in a relatively small and remote town like Tinsukia (compared to Delhi/ Mumbai), can also
produce such a high quality magazine — ‘Pragyan’ is a nice example. All the best and congratulations
on completing 7 years.
Bikram M. Baruah, Abu Dhabi, UAE; [email protected]; http://bikram98.blogspot.com
It’s a Beautiful Creation
I have just gone through the online edition
and I must say that it’s a beautiful creation and
one can understand the efforts and care that your
team must have taken to bring ‘Pragyan’ to light !
I specially liked the use of ‘New Age Media’ in
the contents. Please keep up the good work.
Nazrul Haque, Guwahati
[email protected]
Pragyan Blog Helps me to
Build up my Career
I have gone through this blog. I found it very
interesting and helpful. Nowadays I am
completing my Engineering course.
And this blog really doing great for me. This
blog also offers me more ideas and advice
concerned to my career.
joancasilo;
Commented on Blog :
http:pragyan06now.blogspot.com on 3rd June, 10
"à³à¹ \>¸ [¤Åàº &A¡i¡à Î´¶à>¡....
šø`¡àì> ëºJà áàšài¡à "à³à¹ \>¸ [¤Åàº &A¡i¡à
Î´¶à>¡ú ¤à}ºàìƒÅ¹ ¤àÒüì¹ ëºJà ™à*Úài¡à, Îà³ìÒàÚài¡
"àl¡üi¡ "ó¡ ³àÒü Òü³à[\ì>Å>¡ú ¤à[Øl¡ìÚ ¤º[á >à, Î[t¡¸Òü¡!
&Òü Îåì™àKi¡à ëƒ¤à¹ \>¸ "Î}J¸ ‹>¸¤àƒ¡ú
ÅàÒ[¹oà ¹Ò³à> "àºà>à, n¡àA¡à, ¤à}ºàìƒÅ
http://www.ondormoholer-rupkotha.blogspot.com
An Amalgamation of Information
Wish you heartiest Congratulation !
Pragyan is truly an amalgamation of information
and literary creativity. It caters not only to the
young minds but elders as well. I wish it all time
success. Cheers !
Kakoli Dey; Research Scholar
University of Delhi; [email protected]
Congratulation !
I have read the last issue of the 7th year of
Pragyan.... I congratulate it on it’s great success.
The best thing in it is its multi-lingual and variant
nature.
Shubhadeep Paul, B.Sc - I
[email protected] (scrap on Orkut)
An Exceptional Idea
Absolutely it’s an exceptional idea. Many
thanks for the organizers.
Md. Khalid Umar, London, U.K.;
[email protected]
http://neelmnokkhotro.blogspot.com
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šø=³t¡ š[yA¡à¹ ë³A¡àš ¤à ëKi¡-"àš ™àÒü ¤å[º Jå¤
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Î}ÑH¹oÒü ë¤¹ ÒÚ?
\àÒàUã¹ "àº³ íÎA¡t¡, [Îìºi¡, ¤à}ºàìƒÅ
[email protected]; http://jhsoykot.blogspot.com
(Readers may choose whatever language they feel comfort to write in mailbox.
But for better communication we prefer English and Assamese. — Editor)
1/
/Vol. VIII, Issue - I, June '09
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UGC Workshop on
Capacity Building of Women Managers in Higher Education
T
he Cell for Women’s’ Studies and Development
(CWSD), Tinsukia College is going to organize
a 5 days UGC sponsored Workshop on Capacity
Building of Women Managers in Higher Education,
referred to as the Sensitivity, Awareness and
Motivation (SAM), in Tinsukia College from 8th
to 12th November, 2010. The main objective of
the workshop is to bring more trained women
managers in higher educational institutions to
ensure gender equity, as, not many women are seen
at the decision making levels though they are
equally competent in leadership, management or
policy-making spheres.
All the interested women teachers in higher
education or equivalent level may kindly contact
any of the following persons for its details :
Anita Baruwa, Local Coordinator; Sangeeta Boruah, Co-ordinator, CWSD, Tinsukia College; Rasmita
Borkotoky, Joint Secretary of the Cell; Mayuri Sharma Baruah, Joint Secretary of the Cell. The contact
numbers are: 9954388572, 9854431483, 9435039378 Email : [email protected].
2
‘
Prof. Arvind Natu Talked on ‘Opportunities in Pure Sciences’
P
ragyan’ Editorial Board and the IQAC
(Internal Quality Assurance Cell), Tinsukia
College, in collaboration with the NEIRF (North
East India Research Forum) and Assam Science
Society, Tinsukia branch, organized a talk cum
interaction programme at the Tinsukia College
premises on 17th April 2010 successfully. Prof.
Arvin Natu, the Assistant Director of Indian
Institution of Science Education and Research
(MISER) delivered the main lecture on the topic
‘Opportunities in Pure Science’ in the programme.
About 250 students from 15 Secondary Schools
and Junior Colleges of Tinsukia, Doomdoma and
Dibrugarh accompanied by their teachers, besides
students of Tinsukia College along with former
and present teachers of the College participated
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in the programme.
At the very outset, Dr. Deepika
Bhattacharjee, the Secretary, Assam Science
Society, Tinsukia Branch addressed the invited
guests and audience in general and bid them a
warm welcome to the programme. Shri Dilip
Kalita, the President, Assam Science Society,
Tinsukia Branch, felicitated Dr. Natu with a token
gift as a sign of gratitude and love to him. The
programme was also graced by Dr. Mukut Gohain
and Dr. Arinam Adhikari from NEIRF. Dr.
Adhikari gave a brief description about their
Forum and their online journal the ‘NE Quest’.
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The whole talk session was very pleasant
and interesting one. Dr. Natu gave some simple
examples of science tips in our day to day life.
He also explained about the IISER, and it’s
admission process, education system,
importance etc which had inspired the young
minds present in the programme. The talk
session was followed by a very interesting
interaction session.
The whole programme was presided over by
Dr Bhuban Gogoi, Principal, Tinsukia College
and ended by vote of thanks offered by Mr.
Sushanta Kar, the Executive Editor, Pragyan.
Campus Interview held at Tinsukia College
T
he Vedanta Group of Companies, Assam, in
association with the Placement Cell, IQAC,
Tinsukia College conducted a campus interview at
Tinsukia College on 30th April 2010. The basic
objective of the interview was to select candidates
amongst the qualified students to recruit against some
vacant posts of the Companies directly. About 30
students having requisite qualifications appeared in the
interview and finally four candidates have been selected
to be appointed at the Companies. The four lucky
candidates were- 1) Modhusmita Borgohain, 2) Javed
Khan, 3) Smita Rashali, 4) Kamaluddin Ansari.
The Reliance Life Insurance Group, in
association with the Placement Cell organized another
Campus interview at Tinsukia College on 5th June
2010. About 50 students of the College having

requisite qualifications appeared in the interview.
3/
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Ex-Student got National Award
S
hri. Nilotpal Gogoi, an outgoing student of Tinsukia
College has been conferred the National Academic
Award of Art for his work titled ‘Community Fishing’
displayed at the 52nd National Exhibition 2010, organized
at Kolkata by Lalit Kala Academy, New Delhi.
5
CME Organised Various Academic Programmes
O
n 10th May 2010, 4th Semester students of
Centre for Management Education (CME)
gave a power point presentation on ‘Credit policy
2010’ where various aspects of the credit
policy and its impacts on different sectors
of the economy were discussed in detail.
On 19th May 2010, resume writing
contest was organized amongst the 4th
Semester students where the following
students emerged victorious. Janmon Gogoi
(1st), Umesh Saha (2nd), Sanghamitra Neog
(3rd).
A one day Seminar on ‘Application of
Statistics in Business and Commerce’ was
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organized on 26th May 2010, where all the
students of BBA 2nd Semester gave power point
presentation on the topic.
World Environment Day Observed in the College
T
he World Environment Day 2010, was
observed at Tinsukia College on 5th June with
a day long programme, which was organized by
Assam Science Society, Tinsukia branch. The
main objective of the programme was to sensitize
the students on environmental issues. The
programmes were- Flag hoisting, Inaugural
session, Extempore speech & Quiz competitions
related to environmental issues amongst students
of different Schools or Colleges of Tinsukia
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district, Open session, Prize distribution etc.
Students from about 10 Schools/ Colleges
of the district participated in the competitions and
results were as mention below :
Quiz Competition : 1st Prize - Guru Teg Bahadur
Academy Group, 2nd Prize - St, Stephen’s High
School Group, 3rd Prize – Tinsukia College Group
Extempore speech Competition : 1st Prize –
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Kaushal Agarwal, A New High School, 2nd Prize
– Saubhik Dev, Tinsukia College, 3rd Prize –
Sauvik Kashyap, Guru Teg Bahadur Academy.
The respective Prizes were distributed in the
open session, where Deben Bhattacharyya, the
president, ‘Ed-en, Tinsukia branch was present
as Chief Guest.
Two Books Authored by our Teachers Released
T
he book ‘Shakespeare, Utpal Dutta Ebong Annanya Prasanga’ authored by
Shri Kanak Chand, HoD, Department of Bengali, Tinsukia College, was recently
released at Guwahati in an inaugural programme organised by the publisher Viki
Publication. This book featured 12 valuable articles of different tastes. This is
the second work of the author.
An another collection of self-composed poems
written by poet cum lecturer, Debananda Bhattacharyya
of the Dept. of Philosophy was published recently
entitled ‘Atadine Jak Moi Bichari Phurichilu’.
The collection contains
60 odd poems which are already published in renown Assamese Magazine,
namely Prantik, Goriyoshi, etc. Prior to this collections, Poet Bhattacharyya
has another publication ‘Prem Nodi Ityadi’. Both the collection are published
by Subhessa Prakashan, Dibrugarh.
(The Updater teaches Economics)
O
Starting of a Movement
n 17th April 2010, Dr. Arvind Anant Natu
from Indian Institute of Science Education
and Research (IISER), Pune delivered a lecture
on the topic ‘Opportunities in Pure science’ at
Tinsukia college. The lecture was organized by
Pragyan & IQAC, Tinsukia College, North East
India Research Forum (NEIRF) and Assam
Science Society, Tinsukia Branch.
It was Dr. Arindam Adhikari, who on his way
5/
to Tinsukia from Stockholm met Dr. Natu in Pune
and convinced him to deliver a lecture in Tinsukia
on the said topic. After reaching Tinsukia, Dr.
Adhikari contacted Mr. Sushanta Kar, the executive
editor, Pragyan, Tinsukia College and told about
arranging the lecture. Mr. Kar was excited to know
about that and after consulting with his co-editors
and authority of the college agreed to organize the
lecture in Tinsukia College. The duo worked really
hard to make the event a success. The lecture was
aimed at motivating students towards pure science
for higher education.
The event was presided over by Dr. Bhuban
Gogoi, principal of Tinsukia college. Dr Deepika
Bhattacharjee, secretary, Assam Science SocietyTinsukia Branch introduced him and all the guest
including Dr. Arvind Anant Natu with the
audiences. From NEIRF, Dr. Adhikari and Dr.
Mukut Gohain were present on that event. Dr.
Adhikari, initiator of NEIRF, briefed the audience
about the organisation (www.neindiaresearch.org),
it’s activities and about it’s online journal N. E.
Quest. He, in his speech raised the issue ‘Need of
Higher Science and Technology Education institute
in Tinsukia and its adjoining areas’. He raised the
issue why despite having abundant resources in this
area, Tinsukia still lacks a higher educational
institute like university or any scientific research
organization. Dr. Gohain also expressed in his
speech the necessity of such higher educational
institute in this part of the country.There was an
interesting interactive session afterward. Many
retired and present science teachers of Tinsukia
college and from different schools were also
present on that occasion and appreciated this kind
of activities. In the event, Dr. Sukhen Chakraborty
and Mr. Kalita, retired teachers from Tinsukia
college also expressed their views about the event
and asked the organizers to organize more such
events. At the end of the event Mr. Kar gave a brief
information about organizing the lecture and
expressed his view about need of more such events.
After 17th April event Dr. Adhikari and Dr.
Gohain visited many places to meet people and
organizations in Tinsukia district to mobilize the
support on the issue of need of higher science and
technology institute in Tinsukia. All the student
organizations including AASU, AJYCP, Moran,
Muttack, Tai-Ahom, Chah janagosti etc and many
social organizations came forward, decided to raise
voice unitedly on this issue and first public meeting
was held on 16th of May 2010. On the second
public meeting held on 22nd May 2010, a
committee was formed with name Educational
Development Coordination Committee
Tinsukia, Dibrugarh and East Arunachal
Pradesh followed by first press meet on 24th of
May 2010. The names of institutes which are in
the wish list are 1. Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research (IISER). 2. Central
Institute of Plastic and Engineering Technology
(CIPET) 3. Central University, 4. Center for
Material for Electronic Technology (C-MET),
5. Herbal Research and Development Institute
(HRDI), 6. Rural Development Institute.
After 25th of May, Dr. Adhikari visited
Maharashtra, Delhi and Tamilnadu and met many
famous scientists and NGOs based in those states
to make aware of these activities in Tinsukia and
for getting support and suggestions. On 30th May
2010, Dr. Gohain met Arunachal Pradesh cabinet
minister Mr. Tewa Mein, who in turn promised
every possible help from his side. On 13th June
2010 the committee met local MLA, Mr. Rajendra
Singh, briefed about the development and handed
over memorandum. Next day i.e. on 14th June 2010
the committee met honourable minister
Mr. Pradyut Bordoloi, had discussion with him
and handed over memorandum. Mr. Pradyut
Bordoloi has promised to set up one CIPET in
Namrup town and promised to release Rs. 2 crore
as initial amount immediately. Mr. Pradyut
Bordoloi has also invited the committee
particularly Dr. Adhikari and Dr. Gohain to present
in front of Educational Ministry secretaries and
other officials in Dispur to discuss about other
demands. [A report by NEIRF]
/6
1
W
XOBDO: The only online dictionary of
NE Indian Languages Completed 4th year of Its Existence!
WW.XOBDO.ORG has successfully
completed 4 years of existence on 10March-2010.XOBDO is an informal gathering of
people living across the globe to collectively do
something good for the region. The love for their
mother tongue has generated more than 1300
selfless volunteers who
are working day and night
from different parts of the
world to create this
unique project – a multidirectional, multi-lingual,
multi-media embedded,
online dictionary of the
languages of the NorthEast India. Apart from
achieving
24000
Assamese words, it is
already galloping ahead
with a large corpus of
Karbi, Dimasa, Mising
and Meeteilon words.
Efforts are on to attract
volunteers to provide a
7/
constant addition of words in the other 16 languages
adopted in the project including Bengali, Hindi and
Nepali.
XOBDO is an effort of the community. It is
also a descriptive dictionary – that is, it does not
prescribe spelling and meanings of the words,
rather it describes how
people use these words.
Therefore, the print
media, especially of the
local languages, has a
very important role to
play in this effort. What
they print, along with
the
writings
of
renowned writers and
journalists will dictate
what is included in
XOBDO. To help in this
effort the local language
newspapers
and
magazines that have
online presence can
publish in UNICODE,
so that XOBDO can easily pick up new words
from there and analyze them.
XOBDO is now trying to get registered
under society registration act. For the sake of
advancement of the regional languages, it was
decided that the society will fully cooperate with
any parties involved in developing software tools
for the NE Indian languages. Interested individual
or group can contact at [email protected] with
proposals of cooperation.
To acknowledge the selfless voluntary efforts
XOBDO has awarded 25 people (list attached) on
14th March, 10 in a press meet held at Guwahati
Press club. These are those members of XOBDO
who have significant contributions towards the
XOBDO effort, especially in the year 2009, with
a certificate of appreciation and few token gifts.
This time, XOBDO have awarded only 25 people.
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However, XOBDO has a number of other
dedicated volunteers whom they could not include
this year. Without their selfless dedication, it
would have not been possible for XOBDO to
reach where it stands now. Gifts are also
sponsored by the members themselves.
XOBDO.ORG’s 2010 Awardees are: Biraj
Kr. Kakati, Anjal Borah, Anjali Sonowal, Partha
Protim Sarmah, Rupankar Mahanta, Rupkamal
Talukdar, Prasanta Borah, Robin Nath (Atul Ch.
Kakati), Buljit Buragohain,Pankaj Borah, Nava
Kumar Bodo, Nwgwt G. Brahma, Benjamin
Kaman, Banlambha Warjri, Mohen Naorem,
Morningkeey Phangcho, Lalremthang Hmar,
Kulendra Daulagupu, Uttam Bathari, Anuj
Phonglosa, Pallav Saikia, Priyankoo Sharma,
Arup Kr. Nath, Joyshree Sutradhar, Neelotpal
Deka, Bikram M. Baruah. (PEB)
House Panel Asked to put on Hold
NHPC Projects till Final Report
T
he interim report of the House
Committee of the Assam Legislative
Assembly constituted to study/examine the
impact of the big dams being constructed on
the upper reaches of the Brahmaputra River
on the downstream areas of the State has
called for keeping in abeyance all
construction activities on major dams pending
submission of its final report. The committee
submitted its interim report on March 30th,
10. It also sought extension of time for
submission of its final report.
Girindra Kumar Baruah, a member of the
Committee, told in the assembly that the interim
report was “hundred per cent” in favour of the
people of Assam, and that the State Government
must now act to implement its recommendation
of stopping construction works of mega dams till
its final report was submitted. The
recommendations of the committee include:
comprehensive scientific studies prior to giving
clearances by various agencies of the Government
of India for all future mega and small hydro/Vol. VIII, Issue - I, June '10
electric projects in Arunachal Pradesh, a proactive role by the Assam Government for
impressing upon the Centre not to consider such
projects without any comprehensive downstream
impact study covering all relevant aspects, and
making the Centre to issue necessary directions
to the NHPC to consider the observations and
recommendations of the expert group made in
their report and also the recommendations of the
inter-ministerial group (IMG).
© Assam Tribune; River Basin Friends (NE)
/8
3
ECOTONE - a Unique Eco-Journal Published
T
he Volume 2, issue 1 ECOTONE -a unique Eco-journal published
by a team of scholars and Eco-activist under the banner of ENVIRON,
Guwahati and NECEER, Imphal got released recently. From this
issue onward Ecotone will be published on quarterly basis.
Kripaljyoti Mazumdar, the senior research fellow at GB Pant
Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, North
East Unit, Arunachal Pradesh & the editor-in-chief Ecotone
wrote to Pragyan that the publication is gaining popularity
among the researchers, college and university teachers
and students whoever wants to know and explore the
rich biodiversity of Northeast India.
Current issue of the newsletter consists of 6
articles on different topics related to environment and
biodiversity of North East India. The editorial team tried their best to
bring articles which will help readers to know India’s most biodiversity rich
region better.
Any interested scholars may contribute articles and subscribe to their publications: NeBIO
Research Journal & ECOTONE Newsletter and encourage the efforts. They are now looking for good
General articles/Research papers/research notes from the Eastern Himalayan region for the next issue
of Ecotone and NeBIO journal.
Pragyan wishes the team all the best and hope readers will like both the initiative. Web version of
Ecotone is being uploaded on Pragyan Blog either. Editor-in-chief, ECOTONE & Managing Editor,
NeBIO can be contacted at these cell numbers: 0091-360-2216423 (O), 0091-9436633121,
9615041048(M). His mail Id is:[email protected]. Kripaljyoti regularly writes on his blog:
http://kripal-thenaturelover.blogspot.com/ [PEB]
4
B
Manipuri Literator of Assam & Bangladesh
Exchanged their views in a Poet Meet
angladesh has a sizable number of Manipuri
populations. So has Assam either. Though
they have been living in both the lands since preBritish period they lack state support for their
culture and literature in either side of the border.
Manipuri Sahitya Parishad, Assam has recently
invited to Bangladesh Manipuri scholar and
literator to exchange the ideas and views on how
to tackle the challenges before the community
to uplift its present cultural status. The Lakhipur
District Committee of Sahitya Parishad
organised a Poet Meet at Lakhipur in last MidMarch in collaboration with Noharul Khorirul
9/
Sillupa, Asom, where they have invited
A.K.Serum, president, Bangladesh Manipuri
Sahitya Somsod and T.H.Chandrakeerty Singha,
president, Bangladesh Manipuri Sanskritik
Porishod. Both the dignitaries were being
felicitated in the meeting held under the joint
presidentship of A Mahid Chaudhury and A.
Gaura Gopal Singha where both the invited
guests spoke about the Bangladeshi back ground
and L.Mangee Singha, T.H. Sarat Kumar and
L.Gopendra Singha spoke among others from
Indian side. Later a poet meet was held under
the chairmanship of A.Mahid Chaudhury.[PEB]
5
Engineering College at Dhemaji: Result of Persistent Efforts by
Buljit Buragohain — a FASS Activist.
A
ssam’s one of the most backward
districts Dhemaji will have now an
Engineering College of its own. The CM
Assam has announced that in his last
budget lecture. Friends of Assam and
Seven Sister (FASS), a conglomeration
of NE Indian Social activist has
congratulated the CM for such
declaration. Commenting on the budget
Sri Rajen Barua, chairman, FASS says,
“It is especially encouraging to see
announcement of several educational institutions
for the state including an Engineering college in
Dhemaji and Goalpara, the two most
underdeveloped regions of the state.’’ He also
said, “Regarding the need for several engineering
colleges many members from USA had been
lobbying with the CM for years. We are glad to
see that engineering colleges have been approved
for Goalpara and other under developed places.
FASS also have been trying to lobby for several
educational institutes in the entire North East”
Bidyananda Barkakati, the General
Secretary, FASS India chapter claimed, “It was
a single handed effort by Buljit Buragohain,
working Committee Member of FASS India
Chapter and a research scholar at IITG, that
Dhemaji finally got an Engineering College. A
6
A
few months
back, Buljit
had briefed
the
Chief
Minister in a dinner meeting hosted by the Chief
Minister in honour of NASA Astronaut Col. Mike
Fincke (a life member of FASS). It was because
of Buljit’s persistence that he has finally achieved
his goal. Many a time we laughed at him for
bringing up the same topic (an engineering college
in Dhemaji) again and again.’’
Buljit has actually set an example which
shows how a positive step at the right time and
right place can make things change. Pragyan
congratulates him on his success and wishes that
the college will see the light of the day very
soon.[PEB]
Indira Medhi is all set to Literate
the Illiterates with her IT Innovations
young woman from Assam has achieved honours in the
challenging realm of computer literacy. Indrani Medhi,
an associate researcher with Microsoft, has developed textfree user interfaces designed to help illiterate and semi-literate
users for whom the computer appears as an alien tool. Her design,
according to experts, “would allow any first-time illiterate person
to immediately realize useful interaction with minimal or no
assistance.” The achievement was important enough to gain
attention of the prestigious Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
and she was featured in the Technology Review, the institute’s
/ 10
magazine on innovation. In the March 2010 edition,
Medhi’s work has been described in some detail.
The magazine’s TR 35 list, in which she is
mentioned, recognises just 20 individuals under
the age of 35, whose work shows exceptional
brilliance in fields such as biotech, materials,
computer hardware, energy, transportation and the
internet. Medhi’s contribution is in the area of
computer and electronics hardware. Significantly,
Medhi’s work was exemplary in its land-to-lab
linkages. An architect trained in NIT Nagpur and
Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Medhi
spent long periods in the slums of India,
Philippines, and South Africa understanding the
7
The English Word Zero (0) will be Spelled like Xero now
T
he announcement came from the English
Language Central Commission (ELCC) that
the English letter ‘Z’ is no more there in English
alphabet from June, 10.
The commission says that,‘‘After carefully
considering and debating the matter for over two
years, the ELCC came to
the conclusion that the
letter ‘Z’ should be
removed from the English
alphabet. The main
objective of this change is
to simplify the phonetic
aspect of the language, and
to unify the American and
British spellings.” What
8
I
will happen to the words that have the letter ‘z’
in them? It depends on the word. According to
the ELCC, words that started with a ‘z’ will now
start with an ‘x’. Examples include: zero
becomes xero, zoo becomes xoo, zone becomes
xone, and zodiac becomes xodiac. Words that
featured a ‘z’ with the ‘s’
sound, on the other hand,
will now be officially
written with the ‘s’ (i.e.,
unifying the American and
British spelling). Examples
include: visualize becomes
visualise; analyze becomes
analyse; materialize becomes
materialise. [PEB]
Annual Carnival of e-Creativity:
A Unique Innovative Idea of an Assam Born e-Creative Activist
t is now 10 years since Shankar Barua—an
Assamese origin—first began the whole
madness of networking and connecting e-Creative
Practitioners all over the world, with publication
of the first CD-gazette of The IDEA (The Indian
Documentary of Electronic Arts), January 2000.
“And,” as Shankar wrote in his post CeC 2010
report, “it has to be said that I’ve actually been
11 /
genuine needs of the under privileged
communities. According to the Technology
Review, during her research Medhi discovered that
illiterate people with no experience with
computing were intimidated by technology. As her
mother Meera Medhi said to media after the news
broke out Indira was always keen to develop
something that would benefit the poor and
marginalised. It is worth mentioning that the TR
35 list was prepared by a distinguished panel,
which included K Vijay Raghavan, Director,
National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, PK
Sinha, Chief Co-ordinator, CDAC, and Viswanath
Poosala, Head of Bell Labs India, among others.
‘sort of squashing my head between a rock and a
hard place’ all the way since then with this work.
Much of the period covered some of the loneliest
times of my life, when my work was not
understood amongst so many of my peers,
especially here in India, where I live and work.
And, let it also be recorded here that many good
people wrote me off as a complete idiot along the
way.” After ten years however, his old central
theme of networking and promoting “innovation
& creativity” has increasingly become a public
buzzword these days, right the way through
institutions, corporate affairs, and governance.
Meanwhile, Shankar himself now runs the
Academy of Electronic Arts (also known as The
Academy of Experimental Arts), a Public Benefit
Trust that serves as a learning, sharing, mentoring,
networking, benchmarking, empowering and
broadly inclusive, but non-educational institution,
which initiated the annual Carnival of e-Creativity
five years ago. The 5th annual Carnival of eCreativity (CeC 2010) concluded successfully on
February 19-20-21, 2010, in the sylvan spaces of
Sattal Estate, near Bhimtal, in the Himalayan
Indian state of Uttarakhand.
Participants from India and abroad stretched
the event widely through science, engineering,
music, video, education, art, and other streams of
creative human endeavour, with CeC having
earned a pretty outstanding global reputation by
now. Day-1 began with the meeting between just
Primary Participants, Guest Participants, and
Special Invitees, which has over the years partly
become the traditional handing-over ceremony
wherein
Shankar
hands over
the rest of the incident to the participants
themselves. On account of the number of
participants though, most of the performers
delivered their presentations alongside their
performances this time.
CeC 2010 opened to the public on Friday,
February 19, with a performance by the Hindustani
classical vocalist Aparna Panshikar. Prior to that,
Shankar Barua delivered a brief speech &
presentation of a robotic drum he’d been
developing over the preceding months, with
hardware support from Tom Scarff (developer of
the Miduino board, in Dublin), software support
from Matthew John Davey (the famous Hardoff,
master of Pure Data, in Japan), and also advisory
and direct assistance from Joy Sharma (electronics
engineer/evangelist, in Delhi). Aparna, performed
with Paola Lazo, electroacoustician and voice-artist
from Chile, Jayen Varma, the ‘world’s fastest
bassist’, and Michael Ormiston, overtone singer
and exotic instrumentalist. Dhananjay Gadre,
Emma Ota, Arun Mehta were among others who
performed or presented their works on the first day.
/ 12
‘Intervolution’, the global band led by Lawrence thrown open to experimental collaborations
Casserley was another attraction of the day.
between anybody and everybody who wished to
Day 2 began with Jayen Varma’s performance participate in it from amongst the gathered
and demonstration of how his playing-speed came musicians and electro-acousticians. This produced
from adapting percussion techniques of traditional fascinating highs and also almost regrettable lows,
Indian music, which had most fortuitously been of sweet music sometimes and just massively
his musical focus before he turned to the bass guitar. abstract sound-clouds at other times. And, also no
Also, not to forget, he also shared with all how he surprise that everyone on stage, and also spilling
had actually made his very nice bass guitar himself off it, most certainly seemed to be having an
too! An experimental collaboration between the absolutely smashing good time of it.
Hindustani classical vocalist Vidya Shah and the
And, everything was brought that much
American voice-artist and electroacoustician Dafna closer to perfection by having the incomparable
Napthali was another attraction of the day, amongst Ashok Mehta sort of sit out that last jamboree,
presenters and performers such as Abhinay quietly editing out a selection of photographs
Khoparzi, Lise McKean, Manjula Jhunjhunwala, in a corner, from the innumerable number he’d
Paola Lazo, Hans Tammen, and Joker Nies.
been hopping around everybody else to shoot
Day 3 began with Parag Gandhi’s over all three days, as a gesture of support to
presentation, wherein he led all through a selection the madness, so as to bring the whole circus to
of the fascinating sorts of websites he designs, and a close with a quick selection from his gathered
also hopes to design into the future, alongside the images, projected in perfect sequence to live
creative community-initiatives that he additionally music from Ish Sherawat, in what was an
drives, together with Dhanya Pilo and other absolutely magical recap of it all for everybody
associates in Mumbai. Michael Ormiston, Preeti present.
Monga, Rahul Dinakaran, Shazeb Shaikh, Kurt
It can be mentioned here that The 6th annual
Korthals, Bettina Wenzel, Ingrid Lode, Lionel Carnival of e-Creativity (CeC 2011) is scheduled
Dentan, Ish Sehrawat also presented works that day. to be played out through February 18, 19, 20 The last session of the three-day event was 2011 at the same venue. [PEB]
[The post event report by Sri Shankar Barua can be read on:
http://theaea.org/cec_cac/cec10/cec10rep.htm]
Two Moons on 27th August, 2010
The Whole World is waiting for.....
Planet Mars will be the brightest in the night sky starting
August. It will look as large as the full moon to the naked
eye. This will cultivate on Aug. 27
when Mars comes within 34.65M
miles off earth. Be sure to watch
the sky on Aug. 27 12:30 am. It
will look like the earth has 2
moons.
The next time Mars may come
this close is in 2287.
13 /
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™à>¹ ( ROV – Remotely Operated Vehicles)
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[>Ú”|o A¡[¹¤îº W¡[º =A¡à šøìW¡Ê¡à¹ W¡º”z [®¡[l¡"’ ëƒ[J¤îº
ëšà¯à ™àÚ [¤[š¹ \àºÑ‚à>t¡¡ú ¤t¢¡³à> &i¡à šøA¡àr¡ *ìºài¡àÒü
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íÒìá¡ú
¡úú [¤yû¡³ ³[\–ƒà¹ ¤¹ç¡¯àúú
ëšáàt¡ "[®¡™”zà &Òü ëºJA¡ ¤t¢¡³à> ³‹¸ &áãÚà¹ "à¤å ‹à[¤t¡ A¡³¢¹t¡¡ú ‘Å¦’ ™”|\àº "[®¡‹à>¹ ët¡*ò šø[t¡Ë¡àšA¡
ÎƒÎ¸¡ú ët¡*ò¹ ëºJàÎ³èÒ š[Øn¡¤îº W¡à*A¡ : http://bikram98.blogspot.com ¡ú
/ 14
PATIENT LEADERSHIP
ll Spring, I’ve been watching the trees in my
backyard flourish. All of them have grown
into lush masterpieces of nature and vivid beauty.
All have matured and revealed precious blossoms
to my family and I. All have provided us with
shade, joy and protection. All but one.
This
one tree
s t a n d s
a p a r t .
While the
others were
growing
quickly a
few months
ago, this one had no leaves at all. It looked thin
and frail. I wasn’t even sure if it had made it
through the Winter. I left it for dead. But then
something very spectacular happened.
From nowhere, it started to yield stunningly
beautiful little flowers on its almost instantly firm
branches. It grew higher than every other tree
around it. And it offered us more cover than its
counterparts. This tree is now the best tree. The
Lead Tree in my backyard.
Here’s the leadership lesson: strong roots
eventually yield great success.
I have a suspicion that while the naked eye
suggested that the tree wasn’t growing, in truth, it
A
15 /
definitely was. But the expansion was below
ground rather than above ground. And so I
dismissed it.
While the other trees were reaching for the
sky, this special tree was quietly working on its
foundation, ensuring its roots were strong and its
base was secure. And once done, it outperformed
every tree around it.
Business and life has taught me so many
lessons. And so has nature. And one of the best is
that leadership takes time. You might think that
other people and other organizations are so far
ahead of you that you’ll never catch up. But please
be patient. Tend to your roots. Do exceptionally
great work. Build deep relationships. Invent and
innovate daily. And Lead Without a Title.
Nature is always fair. And eventually, like
the special tree in my backyard, you will win.
LEADERSHIP & CRITICS
ne of the challenges for anyone dedicated to
expressing their leadership best is dealing
with the chattering voices of naysaying critics. As
a matter of fact, the more brightly you shine in
your work and the more quickly you innovate and
the more excellent you become, the more
foulmouthed critics you will attract. It’s just part
of the game. Emerson said it brilliantly: “Great
people are always misunderstood.”
Here some key insights to help you fly in
your career (and within your life), in the face of
criticism:
(Contd. on Page 19)
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1) šø=³ìt¡ &i¡à Îà‹à¹o ¤à ">åÊ¡åšãÚà š[¹A¡¿>àìA¡
Òàt¡t¡ º*A¡¡ú
2) t¡à¹šàát¡ t¡ºt¡ [ƒÚà ³èº šøÅì— ¤à¹¹ Î³à‹à> ™åP¡t¡ A¡¹A¡¡ú
3) "NøK[t¡¹ (š[¹A¡¿>àìi¡à¹) J[t¡Úà> ëºà¯à¹ "àKìt¡
A¡¿>àìt¡ Ò’ìº* Î³à‹à>ì¤à¹ šøÑtñ ¡ A¡[¹ ¹àJA¡¡ú
/ 16
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(ëº[JA¡à Òü}¹à\ã [¤ÈÚ¹ [ÅÛ¡[Úyã¡ú)
Robin Sharma’s Tips on Leaderships
(Contd. from Page 14)
1:
To lead is to often be unpopular. Leadership
that has truth beneath it. Each of us can get
isn’t a popularity contest. Leadership is
to a whole new level of excellence by
about having the bravery to do what’s right
improving our weaknesses.
versus what’s easy. That attracts criticism.
3: You Can Create More Value Amid Your
Why? Because people don’t like change.
Critics than With Your Fans. Yes, moving
And they don’t want to change. To truly
your closely cherished vision/mission/
lead is to disrupt the way things were-and
ideals/goals forward in the face of people
are (in an effort to make things better). And
throwing stones (or even simply laughing)
rather than having the openness and
at you is hard work. But, ultimately, doing
courage to embrace the change, most
what you believe to be right/good/important
people would rather shoot the messenger,
surrounded by critics is more valuable than
in an effort to preserve the status quo.
doing all that alongside your supporters.
2: Critics Can Serve You. Sometimes, there
Why? Because the critics are resisting what
is some truth to what your critics are saying.
you are trying to change. And if you can
Smart leaders have the intelligence to
positively influence them (even a few of
discern the difference between the
them), then you’ve advanced your mission
misguided ramblings of those seeking to
much more significantly that preaching to
knock them down and negative feedback
the converted.
(Robin Sharma is one of the world’s leading experts on leadership and personal development. In a
ranking of top guru’s in the leadership arena that included Jack Welch, John Maxwell and Jim Collins, Robin
was voted 2 globally. (source: leadershipgurus.net); © http://www.robinsharma.com)
/ 20
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ÎA¡ìº [¤[®¡Ä ³¸àƒ¹ [l¡šÃ’³à (PGD, Adv. sip) šàk¡¸yû¡³
NøÒo A¡[¹ &Òü l¡üìƒ¸àK¹ ºKt¡ \[Øl¡t¡ Ò’¤ šàì¹¡ú Òàl¢¡ì¯¹
Jr¡t¡ [¤[®¡Ä š™¢àÚ¹ šƒt¡ A¡à³ A¡¹à¹ Îå[¤‹à "àìá¡ú
šàk¡¸yû¡³¹ ³à> "à¹ç¡ šøà=¢ã¹ ƒÛ¡t¡à "à¹ç¡ "[®¡`¡t¡à ">åÎ[¹
[¤[®¡Ä ³™¢àƒà¹ šƒt¡ [>™å[v¡û¡ šà¤ šàì¹¡ú &Òü ëÛ¡yt¡ (BE/
B-Tech / M-Tech / MCA) [l¡Nøã‹à¹ãÎA¡ìº [>@Îì–ƒìÒ
">¸ÎA¡ºt¡îA¡ ÅãÈ¢ š™¢àÚt¡ [>™å[v¡û¡ šàÚ¡ú
®¡à¹t¡¤È¢t¡ t¡=¸ šø™å[v¡û¡ Jr¡¹ ‰ç¡t¡ Î´ßÎà¹o,
A¡[´šl¡üi¡à¹¹ [¤yû¡ã "à[ƒ [¤[®¡Ä ÎèW¡A¡¹ *š¹t¡ [®¡[v¡ A¡[¹
">å³à> A¡¹à íÒìá ë™ "Òà [A¡áå ¤á¹t¡ Òàl¢¡ì¯¹ l¡üìƒ¸àKt¡
[>™å[v¡û¡¹ Îå[¤‹à ¤×P¡ìo ¤õ[‡ý¡ šà¤¡ú [¤ìÅÈîA¡ semi
conductor "à¹ç¡ embedded design l¡üìƒ¸àKt¡ 2015
W¡>¹ [®¡t¡¹t¡ šøàÚ 8 ºàJ ëºàA¡¹ ¤àì¤ [>™å[v¡û¡¹ Î´±à¯>à
³åA¡[º Ò’¤¡ú [Å[Û¡t¡ ™å¯A¡-™å¯t¡ãÎA¡ìº Òàl¢¡ì¯¹¹ [¤[®¡Ä
š™¢àÚ¹ [ÅÛ¡à "à¹ç¡ šø[ÅÛ¡o íº ([>\¹ ë™àK¸t¡à ">å™àÚã)
&Òü Î´±à¯>àšèo¢ Îåì™àK º’¤ šàì¹¡ú
/ 24
t¡=¸ šø™å[v¡û¡ ÎÒì™àKã ëÎ¯à Jr¡ : ITES
=¸ šø™å[v¡û¡ ÎÒì™àKã l¡üìƒ¸àK
(ITES) @ t¡=¸ šø™å[v¡û¡¹
³åº ëÛ¡yJ>¹ ¤à[Ò¹t¡ t¡=¸
šø™å[v¡û¡¹ šøìÚàK¹ &A¡ Î³à”z¹àº
ëÛ¡y K[Øn¡ l¡ü[k¡ìá¡ú ™àA¡ ëA¡à¯à ÒÚ
Information Technology Enabled Service(ITES)¡ú &Òü ëÛ¡y¹
ƒå i ¡à ³è º ÅàJà Ò’º BPO ( Business Process
Outsourcing ) "à¹ç ¡ KPO (Knowledge Process
Outsourcing¡ú &Òü ƒåìÚà ëÛ¡yìt¡ A¡³¢ Î}Ñ‚àš>¹ "óå¡¹”z
Îå[¤‹à "àìá "à¹ç¡ ®¡[¯È¸ìt¡ "[‹A¡ Îå[¤‹à¹ Îõ[Ê¡ Ò’¤¡ú
A¡[´šl¡üi¡à¹¹ `¡à> =A¡à, tå¡º>à³èºA¡®¡àì¯ [>³— [ÅÛ¡àKt¡
"Ò¢t¡à¹ ëºàìA¡* &Òü ëÛ¡yt¡ ™ì=Ê¡ ®¡àº l¡üšà\¢>Û¡³ šƒt¡
Î}Ñ‚àš> šà¤ šàì¹¡ú
BPO ëÛ¡yJ> ³åºt¡@ A¡º ëW¡si¡à¹ ëA¡[–ƒøA¡¡ú ÒüÚà¹
³èº A¡à³ Ò’º ƒè¹ Î}ì™àK (Tele Com) ¤¸¯Ñ‚àì¹ šøìÚàìKì¹
NøàÒA¡A¡ [¤[®¡Ä t¡=¸, Îå[¤‹à t¡=à
ëÎ¯à šø ƒ > A¡¹à¡ú ¤t¢ ¡ ³à> &Òü
š‡ý¡[t¡ì¹ ëšà>ši¡ãÚàîA¡ Îà³Nøã¹
šøW¡à¹ t¡=à [¤š>ì>à A¡¹à ÒÚ¡ú
A¡º ëW¡si¡à¹ Î³èÒ ¤t¢¡³à>
[>™å[v¡û¡¹ &A¡ Îå–ƒ¹ ëÛ¡y¡ú &Òü
ëW¡si¡à¹ Î³èÒt¡ A¡à³ A¡¹à¹ ¤àì¤
ëA¡àì>à [>[ƒ¢Ê¡ [ÅÛ¡àKt¡ "Ò¢t¡à¹ šøìÚà\> >àÒü¡ú l¡üZW¡t¡¹
³à‹¸[³A¡ ¤à Ñ•àt¡A¡ š™¢àÚ¹ [ÅÛ¡à NøÒo A¡[¹ìÚÒü &Òü
ëA¡–ƒøÎ³èÒt¡ [>™å[v¡û¡ šà¤ šà[¹¡ú "¯ìÅ¸ ÒüÚàt¡ [>™å[v¡û¡¹
ëÛ¡yt¡ šøà=¢ã¹ Òü}¹à\ã ®¡àÈà¹ `¡à>, l¡üZW¡à¹o, ë™àKàì™àK,
ƒÛ¡t¡à "à[ƒ¹ *š¹t¡ P¡¹â« [ƒÚà ÒÚ¡ú A¡º ëW¡si¡à¹t¡
[>™å[v¡û¡¹ ¤àì¤ ¤×ìt¡à šø[ÅÛ¡o ëA¡–ƒø* K[Øn¡ l¡ü[k¡ìá, ™’t¡
šøà=¢ãA¡ A¡³¢ ëÛ¡yt¡ šøìÚà\> ëÒà¯à šøàìÚà[KA¡ `¡à> Î³èÒ
šøƒà> A¡¹à ÒÚ¡ú "¯ìÅ¸ &Òü ëÛ¡yt¡ A¡à³ A¡¹à¹ ¤àì¤
šøà=¢ã¹ A¡[´šl¡üi¡à¹ `¡à> t¡=à ƒÛ¡t¡à =à[A¡¤ ºà[K¤¡ú
JOB PROSPECTS IN ITES
Job Profile
Qualification
Customer Care Officer
Graduate/
Freshers may also apply
Undergraduate
Technical Graduation/ Freshers may also apply
Diploma Certification
Graduate
Graduate with requisite 1-3 years
experience in training
Graduate with an
3-5 years
experience of leading
a team in a BPO
Graduate having
6-10 years
experience of managing
large teams and P&L
Graduate/ undergraduate Freshers may also apply
Commerce Graduate
MBA/ Postgraduate
Analytics IIT/ ISI
1-3 years
Top B-School
MBA (Finance)/
1-3 years
Postgraduate in finance
Commerce Graduate/ Freshers may also apply
Postgraduate in Finance
Technical Support Officer
Claims Processes Support
Voice and Accent Trainer
Team Leader
Manager Operations
Telemarketing
Process Associate
Research Analyst
Equity Research
Tax Analyst
25 /
Work Experience
Annual Salary
(Rs. in lakh)
1.3-1.6
1.3-1.6
1.3-1.6
2.2-4.0
3.0-5.0
8.0-14
1.4-2.2
1.3-1.7
1.6-2.4
3.5-6.0
2.4-4.5
1.5-2.4
D
OEACC Society is implementing a joint
scheme of All India Council for Technical
Education and Department of Information Technology (formerly Department of Electronics
(DOE)), Government of India. The objective of the
Scheme is to develop quality manpower in IT by
utilizing the expertise available with the computer
training institutes who are granted accreditation for
conducting specified Levels of courses, subject to
their meeting well-defined norms and criteria.
1.
An IT Literacy course namely, Course on
Computer Concepts (CCC) is offered by the
Society all over the country
2.
The other level of courses are:
O Level : Equivalent to Foundation level
course
A Level : Equivalent to Advanced
Diploma in Computer
Applications
B Level : Equivalent MCA Level
C Level : M. Tech Level
Apart from Authorized Institutes conducting
accredited courses in the private/public sector, the
DOEACC Society has its own 10 Centres all over
India at Aurangabad, Aizawl, Calicut, Chandigarh,
Gorakhpur, Tezpur/Guwahati, Imphal, Kolkata,
Jammu/Srinagar and Kohima. The above Centres
are engaged in offering Long Term Courses and
Short Term Courses in the area of IECT.
DOEACC Centre Tezpur is in operation w.e.f. 5th
August 1998, under the name & style of CEDTI,
Tezpur, after signing of an MOU between Tezpur
University & erstwhile Dept. of Electronics, Govt.
of India. The centre started its operations from
the Tezpur University campus at Na Paam near
Tezpur. However, due to operational difficulties,
the location was later shifted to Law College
Campus, Tezpur.
Thus the DOEACC Centre, Guwahati, came
into operation from Sept-October 2002 under the
name & style of CEDTI, NE (U), Guwahati. From
December 2002, it has been renamed as DOEACC
Centre, Guwahati after the Ministry of
Communications & Information Technology; Govt.
of India merged all CEDTI’s of the country (except
CEDTI, Mohali) with the DOEACC Society.
Location, approach & communication: The
Tezpur centre is located in a rented space in the
2nd floor of ICCW Building, N.T Road, Tezpur
– 784 001, in the heart of Tezpur town. The
Guwahati centre is located at STPI Complex, Near
LGBI Airport, Borjhar Guwahati – 781 015.
Courses Offered
DOEACC Society, Guwahati/Tezpur Centre
conducts the following courses at present:
Long Term Courses: (Duration 1 year or more)
1. DOEACC ‘O’ Level Computer course.
2. DOEACC ‘A’ Level Computer course.
3. DOEACC ‘B’ Level Computer Course.
4. DOEACC ‘O’ Level course in
Bioinformatics.
5. DOEACC ‘A’ Level course in
Bioinformatics.
6. DOEACC
Computer
Hardware
Maintenance ‘O’ Level Course.
7. DOEACC
Computer
Hardware
Maintenance ‘A’ Level Course.
/ 26
Short Term Courses: (Duration less than 1 year)
1. DOEACC’s Course on Computer Concepts.
2. DOEACC ITES Course.
3. DOEACC CISC (Certification of
Information Science in Colleges) Course.
4. DOEACC CCBIOINFO (Certificate course
in Bioinformatics) Course.
The DOEACC Society Guwahati/ Tezpur
Centre conducts various training programs for
regular trainees. However, from time to time the
centre also conducts training programs with
sponsorship from various depts./agencies.
At present 3 (three) such training programs
are conducted by the centre.
1. DOEACC CISC Training Program Sponsored by Ministry of DONER, Govt.
of India.
2. WEP ‘O’ & ‘A’ Level Course - Sponsored
by Department of IT, Govt. of India.
3. WEP ITES-BPO Training Program
Sponsored by Department of IT, Govt. of
India.
The Institute of Actuaries of India
Formally ASI
T
he Institute of Actuaries of India is the sole
Professional body of Actuaries in India. It was
formed in September 1944 with the objectives of :

Advancement of the Actuarial profession
in India.

Providing opportunities for interaction
among members of the profession.

Facilitating research, arranging lectures on
relevant subjects.

Providing facilities and guidance to those
studying for the Actuarial exams.
IAI is founder member of International
Actuarial Association, an umbrella organization
to all actuarial bodies across the world; It is
actively involved in formulation of future
education strategy of International Actuarial
Association.
What do Actuaries do ?
a) Actuaries Make Financial Sense of the Future
Actuaries are experts in assessing the financial
impact of tomorrow’s uncertain events. They
enable financial decisions to be made with more
confidence by:
· Analyzing the past
· Modelling the future
· Assessing the risks involved, and
· Communicating what the results mean in
financial terms.
27 /
b) Actuaries Enable More Informed Decisions:
Actuaries add value by enabling businesses
and individuals to make better-informed decisions,
with a clearer view of the likely range of financial
outcomes from different future events. The
actuary’s skills in analysis and modeling of
problems in finance, risk management and product
design are used extensively in the areas of
insurance, pensions, investment and more recently
in wider fields such as project management,
banking and health care. Within these industries,
actuaries perform a wide variety of roles such as
design and pricing of product, financial
management and corporate planning. Actuaries are
invariably involved in the overall management of
insurance companies and pension, gratuity and
other employee benefit funds schemes; they have
statutory roles in insurance and employee benefit
valuations to some extent in social insurance
schemes sponsored by government.
Who Can Become An Actuary?
Any person with minimum 18 years of age
and having a high degree of aptitude for
mathematics and statistics can take up this course
and become an Actuary. Generally, first class
graduates or postgraduates in Mathematics,
Statistics or Econometrics will be in a better
position than others to qualify as actuaries.
To qualify as an Actuary, a candidate has to
pass all examinations in the prescribed subjects. In
addition, he has to comply with other criteria such
as experience requirement and attendance at a
professionalism course prescribed for the purpose.
Duration of the Course
There is no fixed duration to complete the
course. Since all the 15 subjects prescribed are to
be cleared before one is awarded the Fellowship,
continued and sustained effort is necessary to
complete the course. Single minded devotion, total
dedication and a systematic approach to problems
are the qualities that will enable a person to qualify
as an actuary within a reasonable time.
Actuarial Educational Model
The subjects for the examinations can be
categorized in to three groups.The first group
Comprises of the CT series; these involve
development of theory of actuarial science and
applications of mathematics and statistics to
actuarial applications such as life insurance, general
insurance, employee benefits, investment and other
areas. An introduction to economics, financial
economics and financial reporting is also included
at this stage. Although most part of the course is
somewhat theoretical, the exercise and the question
in the examination are practical in nature as they
reflect real life situations of the area of work to
which the subject is applicable.
The second group comprises of CA and ST
series subjects. CA3 subject is mean to develop
skills of communication of technical aspect of the
CT series subjects in simple language to nontechnical persons; here again the stress in
examination question is demonstration of the skills
of communications in real life environment. The
ST series subjects are entirely tuned to development
of the practices and related principles in the
respective areas of work while some part of the CT
series could be learnt either through a distance
education approach or through a classroom
approach, the ST series subjects can be fully
understood only in a practical work environment.
The SA series subjects involve application of
knowledge and understanding of principles as well
as demonstration of skills professionalism and
judgment in an essentially practical situation.
The actuarial education model, therefore, is
ingrained with work and application and therefore
substantially these educations beyond CT series
subjects takes place in work environment. The
success through examinations is linked to
corresponding work experience and insight, thus
gained. The examinations given at CT series level
take place, for most of the students in work
environment. The career progress is linked to
progress in examination and it is very likely that by
the time a student completes ST series, he/she would
be occupying management of level of
responsibilities.Graduates and postgraduates
eligible to take up actuarial examinations are
typically recruited by actuarial employers and
placed as actuarial trainees. With a view to
emphasizing the kind of actuarial education model,
it may be stated here that it is like educating medical
doctors, where education needs to take place in work
environment of a hospital.
Career Opportunities
The actuaries work in wide range of areas
which include the following:Life insurance,General
Insurance, Health Insurance, Reinsurance
Companies, Pension Funds, Consultants,
Investments, Government Academics, Risk
Management, Life, General, Health Insurance and
Reinsurance Companies
Traditionally Actuaries work with Life
Insurance Companies, but their importance lies
equally in General and Health Insurance Companies
also.
The areas of their concern include :
Product design, which includes designing new
policies as per the changing requirements of the
customers, Pricing the policy, ie. Setting the suitable
premiums for the benefits and services offered by
the company Profit Testing and distribution of
profits among Shareholders and Policyholders.
Actuaries help the management of the company in
running the business in sound financial manner and
to take strategic decisions from time to time. The
Appointed Actuary of a Company has the
responsibility of demonstrating financial stability
of the company to the State Regulatory Authorities
at all times.
Pension Funds
Designing a Scheme of Benefits to the
Members of the Pension Scheme.
/ 28
Calculating the Past Service Cost and the
Future Service Cost of Benefits.
Certifying to the Regulator that the Fund
Assets are sufficient to meet the liabilities and that
the Assets are invested as per the Investment Pattern
prescribed.
Calculating and Certifying the Pension cost
on Acquisitions and Merger of Companies.
Investments
Quantifying the risk and the amount of
investment returns available in the
market.Projecting the market expected investment
returns using scientific methods and judgment to
project the inflation rates, returns on the various
market segments — manufacturing, technology,
pharma, etc. Choosing an Investment Strategy
which strike an appropriate balance between risk
and returns. Analyzing and identifying the
Opportunities for increasing the returns.Advising
on the Investment Pattern to match the cash inflow
and liability outgo for Insurance companies,
pensions funds, banks, mutual funds, etc.
Consultants
Consultants can act as Appointed Actuaries
for General Insurance companies. They also provide
actuarial advice and their opinion on actuarial
matters for Insurance Companies, Pension Funds,
Government, etc.
They provide investment advice to individuals
that best suit their needs and family circumstances.
They calculate the reversionary interests of
members of Trusts.
Government:
Population projections,Managing State
Pension Schemes,Identifying the regional
differences based on geographical location, life
style, income level, diseases prevalent, common
occupation, etc.Regulatory role for Insurance
Companies, Reinsurance Companies, Pension
Funds,Their role is increasing in designing Social
Security Schemes, allocation of funds for
development projects.
Risk Management
Fast Evolving field in recent days, for any
massive project with lot of uncertainties.Identifying
the various stages in the project while execution.At
each stage, identifying all the risk which may result
in not meeting the expected outcome or estimated
time. Assigning a probability parameter to each of
the identified risks. Finding out a suitable measure
to avoid or transfer those risks.
Processing the above-identified stages to
various steps after allowing for the risk measures.
©http://www.actuariesindia.org
The North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology
NERIST
N
ERIST, The North Eastern Regional Institute
of Science and Technology was setup by the
Government of India, initially as a project of the
North Eastern council, for providing a system of
Education to create technical manpower at various
levels for the development of the North Eastern
Region of the country. NERIST came into
existence as a unique institute of its kind in the
country having unconventional and innovative
academic programmes. The approach is to
29 /
encourage a policy of vocationalisation at the
10+2 level and to allow only motivated students
to go for the degree level while others go out of
the Institute to enrich their profession with some
years of industrial experience. At any further date
if they decide to return to improve their
qualification, they would be able to do so. From
April 1, 1994, the Institute is totally funded and
directly controlled by the Ministry of Human
Resource Development (MHRD), New Delhi. The
Institute is managed by a Board of Management
comprising of the MHRD, Govt. of India, the seven
beneficiary states of the North Eastern region,
AICTE and eminent educationists. The foundation
stone of the Institute was laid by late Giani Zail
Singh, the then President of India, on 4th March,
1984 and the first batch of students was admitted
to the Base Module in the August, 1986. By July
2001, ten batches of Graduates with specialization
in Mechanical Engineering, Agricultural
Engineering, Civil engineering, Computer Science
and Engineering, Electronics and communication
Engineering, Electrical engineering and Forestry
have come out.
Academics
The academic programmes in Engineering/
Technology stream at NERIST consist of three
independent modules, each of two years? duration
excluding bridge courses. The three modules are
called Certificate, Diploma, and Degree modules.
Each module has an entry point through an entrance
examination conducted by NERIST. The first entry
is after class X. Each module also provides
terminality corresponding to an occupational level
and at the same time allows entry to the next higher
module, leading finally to a degree in Engineering/
Technology in about six years? time after class X.
In Applied Science stream a two year Base Module
(Forestry) and a four years Degree Module
(Forestry) are offered. The system also allows
lateral entry from outside with necessary prerequisites, at the beginning of each module.
The Certificate and Diploma levels
emphasize more on the practical aspects of
engineering which go a long way in helping
an individual to become an entrepreneur or
to face the day to day problems of industry.
The degree curriculum provides
instructions not only in engineering but
emphasizes on management and
entrepreneurship aspects as well, making
an individual more suited for today’s
industries.
Academic structure
NERIST offers undergraduate, postgraduate
and doctorate degrees for the following six
branches of engineering and applied
sciences:Computer Science and Engineering,
Electronics and Communication Engineering ,
Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering,
Electrical Engineering
Agricultural Engineering, Forestry .
The academic program in Engineering and
Technology at NERIST consists of three
independent modules, each of two years’ duration.
These three modules are called Certificate,
Diploma and Degree modules. Each module has
an entry point through an entrance examination
conducted by NERIST. The first entry is after class
X. Each module also provides terminality
corresponding to an occupational level, and at the
same time allows entry to the next higher module,
leading to a degree in engineering and technology
in about six years time after class X. In Applied
Science stream, a two year Base Module and four
year Degree module are offered. The system also
allows lateral entry from outside with necessary
pre-requisites, at the beginning of each module.
The Certificate and the Diploma levels
emphasize the practical aspects of engineering,
which help an individual become an entrepreneur
or to face the day–to–day problems of industry.
The Degree curriculum provides instructions not
only in engineering but emphasizes management
and entrepreneurship aspects as well, making an
individual more suited for today’s industries.
The Postgraduate Master of Technology
programme of NERIST is offered in the following
three areas : M.Tech. (Information Technology)
under the Department of Electronics &
Communication
Engineering;
M.Tech.
(Environmental Science & Engineering) under the
Department of Civil Engineering; M.Tech. (Forest
Technology) under the Department of Forestry;The
Department of Humanities & Social Sciences of
the Institute also offers two years Masters of
Business;Administration (MBA) Programme.
Another programme on Energy Management is
under consideration.
Admission
NERIST conducts the NERIST Entrance
Exam (NEE) to select students for admission to
Certificate, Diploma and Degree programmes. Three
different examinations, known as NEE-I, NEE-II and
NEE-III, are held to take admissions at three different
levels. The NEE-I, for which eligibiity is a pass in
/ 30
Class X, is held towards the end of April every year
for admissions to the Base Module. NEE-II is for
the lateral entry to the Diploma Module of
Engineering and to the Degree Module of Applied
Science stream and NEE-III is for the lateral entry
to the Degree Module of Engineering. The
Notifications for NEE-I, II and III are published in
most Regional and National newspapers. NEEs are
conducted in various Centers located in the North
Eastern States of India.’ Of the total number of seats
in each of the modules for direct admission, 80% of
seats are reserved for the candidates of the eight
states of the North East (10% each) as states’ quota.
7% of seats are filled up from the students of North
East on merit. 10% of the seats are filled up by the
candidates from rest of the States under the All India
(AI) quota. 3% of the seats are reserved for
physically handicapped candidates with 40-75%
locomotor disability. Admission to the postgraduate
programmes is done through the all India level
entrance examination GATE conducted by the IITs
on behalf of the (MHRD), Government of India.
© http://www.nerist.ac.in/
10Mar2010 Filed under: Masters, Scholarships in Europe, Scholarships in Switzerland
The five Shell and IMD MBA Alumni Scholarships are designed to encourage diversity in the
class. One is awarded to each region: Asia, Africa/Middle East, Latin America, Eastern Europe
and Western Europe/North America/Oceania
Number of scholarships : Five (one from each
area)
Amount : CHF 30,000
Geographic region : Africa, Middle East, Asia,
Eastern Europe, Latin America, Western Europe,
North America, Oceania
Who can qualify : Accepted candidates who are
citizens, but not necessarily current residents, of
the above geographical areas
Criteria : Submitting an essay on: “As a business
leader, which issue would you set as your first
priority to address in your region / country? Why
would you choose this issue? How would you,
personally, address it?” (maximum 1000 words)
Please draw on your own experiences in
your answer, rather than on general, broad
statements. The committee is looking for essays
that are personal, visionary and demonstrate
leadership, which include a clearly articulated
description of how the solution
could be
implemented.
Need based : Yes: Submit MBA Financial Aid
Application Form
31 /
Jury : IMD MBA alumni loan committee
Deadline : September 30
Contact : Scholarship essays, or questions, should
be sent to [email protected]
IMD MBA scholarship conditions
Applicants must have been accepted into the IMD
MBA program prior to their application.
Our scholarship applications are essay based, with
winning essays typically including the following
features:

Relevance to the essay title

Organization and structure

Fully developed arguments

Persuasiveness

Personal element and/or passion
IMD reserves the right not to award a
scholarship if the criteria are not met to the
satisfaction of the jury / sponsors.
Further details go to: http://www.imd.ch/
programs/mba/fees/scholarships/Shell.cfm
Please kindly mention Scholarshiponline.info
when applying for this scholarship.
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š™¢àÚt¡ St. Stephens College t¡ [ÅÛ¡A¡ [ÒW¡àì¤ ë™àKƒà> A¡ì¹òà¡ú t¡àt¡ A¡³¢¹t¡ "¯Ñ‚àìt¡ ³Òü ëºàA¡ìÎ¯à
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— An NE Career Guidance Presentation
N
E Career Guidance is working towards helping students in North Eastern States to choose right career for
their life. It is very crucial for students to choose right Institution or College and be careful that they don’t
fall into trap of choosing an UNAPPROVED or UNRECOGNIZED Institute, College or a Course.
To ensure that student’s do not make any mistakes choosing an unapproved Institute or College or a
course which are not recognized by Government or UGC, we share here the list available in public domain.
Please note that students taking up such courses or getting admitted to such institutes may not affect
in some instances getting employment but at the same though it does not guarantee. Studying in such
institute may impact your higher educational ventures or taking up any Government job or employment.
However, NE Career Guidance suggests further investigation by admission seeker should be done
prior to taking admission.
State-wise List of fake Universities as on 08thDecember, 2009
BIHAR
1. Maithili University/Vishwavidyalaya,
Darbhanga, Bihar.
DELHI
2. Varanaseya Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya,
Varanasi (UP) Jagatpuri, Delhi.
3. Commercial University Ltd., Daryaganj,
Delhi.
4. United Nations University, Delhi.
5. Vocational University, Delhi.
6. ADR-Centric Juridical University, ADR
House, 8J, Gopala Tower, 25 Rajendra
Place, New Delhi - 110 008.
7. Indian Institute of Science and
Engineering, New Delhi.
KARNATAKA
8. Badaganvi Sarkar World Open University
Education Society, Gokak, Belgaum,
Karnataka.
KERALA
9. St. Johns University, Kishanattam, Kerala.
Madhya Pradesh
10. Kesarwani Vidyapith, Jabalpur, Madhya
Pradesh.
MAHARASHTRA
11. Raja Arabic University, Nagpur,
Maharashtra.
TAMIL NADU
12. D.D.B. Sanskrit University, Putur, Trichi,
Tamil Nadu.
WEST BENGAL
13. Indian Institute of Alternative Medicine,
Kolkatta.
UTTAR PRADESH
14. Mahila Gram Vidyapith/Vishwavidyalaya,
(Womens University) Prayag, Allahabad,
Uttar Pradesh.
15. Gandhi Hindi Vidyapith, Prayag,
Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh.
16. National University of Electro Complex
Homeopathy, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh.
17. Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose University
(Open University), Achaltal, Aligarh, Uttar
Pradesh.
18. Uttar Pradesh Vishwavidyalaya, Kosi Kalan,
Mathura, Uttar Pradesh.
19. Maharana Pratap Shiksha Niketan
Vishwavidyalaya, Pratapgarh, Uttar
Pradesh.
20. Indraprastha Shiksha Parishad, Institutional
Area,Khoda,Makanpur,Noida Phase-II,
Uttar Pradesh.
21. Gurukul Vishwavidyala, Vridanvan, Uttar
Pradesh.
1
Abhinav College of Engineering &
Polytechnic, Thane
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Unapproved Institutes List
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Academy Instt of Maritime Education &
Training, Chennai
Academy of Business Management, Tourism
& Research, Bangalore
Academy of Culinary Education, Goa
ACTH Management, Chandigarh
ADVISOR THE Educational Academy,
Lucknow
AEGIS School of Telecommunication,
Mumbai
Agra Institute of Engineering & Tech, Agra
Akruti Institute of Real Estate Management
and Research, Mumbai
Annie Besant College of Engineering &
Management, Lucknow
Ansal Institute of technology, Gurgaon
Apex Institute of Management, Pune
Arun Muchhala College of Hotel Management
& Catering, Thane
Audyogik Shishan Mandal, Pune
Bangalore Institute of Aeronautical Engg. &
Information Technology, Bangalore
Bangalore Management Academy, Bangalore
Bells Education & Research Society,
Chandigarh
Brother Hood Education Trust’s, Hindustan
Institute of Technology, Mumbai
Canadian Institute for International Studs.,
Mohali
Canan School of Catering & Hotel Mgmt.,
Chennai
College of Hosipitality and Tourism, Gurgaon
Confideration of Indian Industry, Mumbai
Cosmic Business School, New Delhi
D.B. Jain Institute of Business Management
& Research, Chennai
Deen Dayal Upadhayaya Institute of
Management & Higher Studies, Kanpur
Devi Mahalaxmi College, Mumbai
Dina Inst. Of Hotel & Business Management,
Pune
Dr. Jessy Geroge Memorial Institute of Mgt.,
Kollam
Eastern Institute for Integrated Learning in
Management, Calcutta
Elphinstone College, Mumbai
Empire Institute of Learning, Mumbai
Excel Institute, Mumbai
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F.D.L’s Institute of Information Technology
& Management Research, Ahemadnagar
FHRAI Institute of Hospitality Management,
Greater Noida
FOSTIIMA Business School, New Delhi
G.D. Geonka World Institute, Sohna-Gurgaon
Road, Haryana
Gandhigram Rural Institute, Ahmedabad
GCS Computer, Chandigarh
Global Institute of Management
science(GIMS), Mumbai
Globsyn Business School, Kolkatta
Golden Regency, Midnapur
Good Shepherd Institute of Hospitality
Mgmt., Kalimpong
Great Lakes Institute of Management,
Chennai
GSC, Chandigarh
GSC, Patiala
Gujarat Institute of Hotel Mgmt., Vadodara
Hindustan Institute of Technology &
Management, Mumbai
Hospitality Training Institute , Mumbai
ICAII Institute of Mgt. & Tech., Chandigarh
ICE College, Mumbai
ICEI, Chandigarh
ICFAI Business School, Mumbai, New Delhi,
Gurgaon & Chandigarh
ICFAI Distance Education, Mumbai
ICFAI National College, Gurgaon
ICFAI National College, Lucknow
ICFAI, Chennai
ICFAI, Karunamayee
IIAS Group of Institution, Kolkata
IILM for Higher Education, Gurgaon
IIMR Pharma Business School, Delhi
IIPM, Bandra (W), Mumbai
IIPM, Indian Institute of Planning and
Management, New Delhi
IMET, Mumbai & Goa
Indian Business Academy, Bangalore
Indian Business Academy, Bangalore
Indian Business Academy, Greater Noida
Indian Institute of Aeronautical and Marine
Engineering, Bangalore
Indian Institute of Management Training
(IIMT), Pune
Indian Institute of Pharmaceutical Marketing,
Lucknow
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Indian Institute of Planning & Management,
Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi
Indian Institute of Professional Studies,
Lucknow
Indo German Training Centre, Mumbai
Indo-American Tourism Ltd., Visakhapatnam
Indus World School of Business, New Delhi
Industrial Research Institute, Pune
Institute for Interrelated Learning in
Management Lodhi, New Delhi
Institute of Advanced Management, Kolkata
Institute of Advanced Management, Kolkata
and Goa
Institute of Business Studies & Research
(IBSAR), Navi Mumbai
Institute of Finance and International
Management, Bangalore
Institute of Hotel Mngt & Culinary Arts,
Vadodara
Institute of International Management and
Technology, Gurgaon
Institute of Management & Development,
New Delhi
Institute of Management & Technology,
Bangalore
Institute of Management, Nasik
Institute of Rural Studies & Admn, Guntur
International Business School, Delhi
International College of Financial Planning,
Mumbai
International Council for Management
Studies, Chennai
International Institute of Business &
Management Pvt Ltd., Chennai
International Institute of Business and
Management Pvt. Ltd, Chennai
International Institute of Hotel Management,
Gurgaon
International Institute of Hotel Management,
Kolkatta
International Institute of Hotel Mgmt.,
Calcutta
International Institute of Information
Technology and Management, Kerala
International Institute of Information
Technology, Pune
International School of Business & Media,
Bangalore
International School of Business & Media, Delhi
International School of Business & Media,
Kolkatta
100 International School of Business & Media, Noida
101 International School of Business & Media,
Pune
102 Ismail Yusuf College of Arts, Science &
Commerce, Mumbai
103 ITM business school, Hyderabad
104 ITM Institute of Financial Markets, Navi
Mumbai
105 J K Business School, Gurgaon
106 Jai Hind Institute of Computer Studies &
Research, Pune
107 JSP’s CISBMR, Pune
108 K. R. Mangalam Global Institute of
Management, New Delhi
109 Kirloskar Institute of Advanced Management
Studies, Harihar
110 Kohinoor College of Mngt & College of
Hospitality Mngt & Catering Operations,
Mumbai
111 Lady Doak/ American College, Madurai
112 LBIIHM, Pitampura, Delhi
113 M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies,
Bangalore
114 Maharashtra Academy Of Naval Education &
Training, Pune
115 MAII (K.K. Modi Group), New Delhi
116 Marathwada Institute of Mert, Pune
117 MATS School of Business, Bangalore
118 MERIT Swiss Asian School of Hotel
Management, Ooty
119 MP Birla Institute of Management Bharitya
Vidaya Bhavan, Bangalore
120 Mumbai College of Hotel Management,
Kolhapur
121 N.S. Dixit Institute of Management &
Technology, Pune
122 National Institute of Aeronautical Engineering
& Information Technology, Pune
123 National Institute of Business Management,
Chennai
124 National Institute of Construction
Management and Research, Hyderabad
125 National Institute of Human Resourse
Development, Chennai
126 Navi Mumbai Hospitality Eduactional Trust,
Navi Mumbai
127 Nexgen School of Management &
Technology, Kolkatta
128 NIFT-TEA Knitwear Fashion Institute, Tripur
129 Niraj International College, Hyderabad
/ 36
130 Nittle Institue of Catering Studies & Hotel
163 SMI of Hotel Mgnt. & Cat. Technology, Pune
Admn., Managalore
164 Smt.P.D. Hinduja Trust’s Institute of
131 North India Institute of Hotel Mgt., Shimla
Management Studies, Mumbai
132 Oxford Business College, New Delhi
165 South Indian Education Society College of
133 Ozar Vikas Sanstha’s Institute of Management
Management Studies, Navi Mumbai
& Research Center, Nasik
166 Sri Ram Institute of Management &
134 P.K. Institute of Technology, Mathura
Technology, Greater Noida, U.P
135 Parle Tilak Vidyalaya Association’s Institute
167 Srusti Info System, Bangalore
of Management & Professional Studies,
168 Stansfield School of Business, Chennai
Mumbai
169 Sun HI-Tech Institute, Pune
136 Pearl Academy of fashion, New Delhi
170 Swastik College, Mumbai
137 Peoples Empowerment Group, Pune
171 TASMAC Institute of Management and
138 Prajnanannanda Institute of Technology,
Eduation, TASMAC House, Pune
Kolkata
172 TASMAC Training and Advanced Studies in
139 Praxis Business School, Mumbai
Management and Education, Bangalore
140 Presidency College of Hoterl Mgt., Bangalore
173 TECHNA Institute, Calcutta
141 Prestige College of Management and
174 The Hotel School of K.K.Retreat Pvt. Ltd., Jaipur
Technology, Pune
175 The ICFAI Institute of Science & Tech,
142 R.M. Institute, Mehrauli, new delhi
Bangalore
143 Raffles Design International, Raheja Centre,
176 The Indian Institute of Planning &
Pune
Management, Mumbai
144 Rai Business School, Navi Mumbai
177 The Indian School of Business, Hyderabad
145 Rajmata Jijau Shikshan Prasarak Mandal’s
178 The Institute of Engineering Science &
Institute of Computer & Management
Technology, Belgaum
Research, Pune
179 THINC (Champlain College, Vermont, USA),
146 Regional Study Centre - Directorate of
at St. Xavier’s Technical Institute, Mumbai
Distance Education, Chandigarh
180 Times Business School, New Delhi
147 RSP, Management Institute, Pune
181 Training & Advanced Studies in Management
148 Ryan College of Engg. & Management, Navi
and Communications (TASMAC) Ltd.,
Mumbai
Bangalore
149 S.M. Institute of Management, Pune
182 Training & Advanced Studies in Management
150 S.P. Institute of Higher Studies, Mumbai
and Communications Ltd.(TASMAC), Mumbai
151 Sadhana Centre for Management &
183 Trinity Institute, Mumbai
Leadership Development, Pune
184 Vasantdada patil Pratishthan’s Institute of
152 Saha Institute of Management & Advanced
Management Studies, Mumbai
Technology, Kolkatta
185 Venkat Educational Academy, A. P.
153 Sai College, Andheri
186 Vishwa College of Engineering and
154 Sai College, Thane(w)
Technology and Management, Andheri(w)
155 Sandip Academy of Engineering, Mumbai
187 Vishwa College of Engineering and
156 Sanjna Institute of Management Studies, New
Technology and Management,, Navi Mumbai
Delhi
188 Vivekanand Institute of Hotel Management,
157 SELTEL Institute of Management, Navi Mumbai
Etawah(UP)
158 Shree Balaji Institute of Computer Sc, Panchkkula
189 VVTS, Manimajra, Chandigarh
159 Shri Ram Institute of Management (SRIM),
190 Welingkar Inst. Of Mngt Development &
New Delhi
Res., Mumbai
160 Shri Saptshrungi Management Institute, Nasik
191 Western International, New Delhi
161 Sikkim Manipal University, Bangalore
192 Wigan & Leigh ollege (I) Ltd., Mumbai
162 Skyline Business School Hauz Khas Enclave,
193 WLC College of India, Mahalaxmi, Mumbai
New Delhi
(To be concluded)
(The complete list also can be read on www.necareerguidance.com)
37 /
Prashant Barooah
T
he scope for unrestricted movement of
people across regions and nations has
widened in the truly globalized world. As a
result, highly skilled workers from our
Region are now migrating to the developed
cities & countries in search of better
opportunities.
As per reports by analysts, students
from North East India migrate to other parts
of the country and rest of the world in large
numbers for higher education and job
opportunities. It has been witnessed that a few
Indian states attract students from other states
at secondary level. It is been also seen that
the states which attract large volume of
students at secondary level have better
educational infrastructure especially for
streams like Engineering & Medical
education, Administration and to name a few,
other professional courses like Finance, IT,
Hotel Management, Mass communication
etc. It is mainly due to higher number of seats
as well as larger number of institutions
available in these states and at the same time
employment opportunities and ample job
prospects. At the very first look there seems
to be a direct connection between number of
students migrating to other states and the
educational infrastructure in those places.
If you look at the trend analysis on North East
Indian students going abroad for Higher Studies
and job opportunities (2005-2009), it shows
increasing trend till about 2007, but decreasing
trend since 2008. That could be due to various
reasons. But surely if in near future the educational
infrastructure and facilities not improved and new
ways of learning, new technologies not introduced,
out-flux of students and talents would still continue,
may be will not increase further but the continue
the same trend. (See Fig. 1)
On the other hand as per analysts, students
from North East going to large cities in India for
Higher Studies & job opportunities during 20052009, it shows maximum volume is in the
Graduation level and for job opportunities.
However, for higher education, percentage remains
still low. It could be that we are not either opting
for further higher education or facilities not
available, where there is absolute need for further
higher studies as survey shows that college degrees
no longer command authority in the job industry
and are now needed to go further to professional,
Master’s and PhD level. (See Fig. 2)
A very interesting aspect to see that there is
a rising trend of people (from NE) returning back
/ 38
Trend Analysis (2005-2009)
Fig 1. North East Indian Students Going Abroad For Higher Studies&
Job Opportunities (2005-2009)
Fig 2. Students from North East going to large cities in India for
Higher Studies and Job Opportunities during 2005-2009
Fig 3. North-East Indians returning
back to India from Abroad after Education
39 /
to India from abroad
after Education due to
increasing
job
potential and growth
India has witnessed.
And India is still
expected to grow
further. (See Fig. 3)
But if we look at
students from NE
Region returning back
to home turf after
Education Abroad and
other cities, it shows
very
negligible
percentage. This could
be due to various
reasons, but at the very
first glance it seems
mainly due to career
opportunities available
and job prospects in
the Region. The entire
NE region is yet to
come to that level that
students gets attracted
to return back. (See
Fig. 4)
Key Notes:
1. During this
period (05-09),
maximum
number
of
students had
gone abroad
for Research &
Fig 4. North-East students returning back
to North-East India after Education Abroad/
other cities.
Private colleges in big cities in India are
attracting more students from this region.
2.
5. Professional courses like Journalism &
Mass Communication, Biotechnology,
Microbiology, Law etc. offered by these
private colleges attract more students.
6. According to Govt. data, 20000 Indians
returned to India in 2009 after losing jobs
3.
abroad.
Overall, employment and job
opportunities are some of the basic
reasons for migration.
Now, if we look at just one
aspect of North East, is the volume
of population in our rural areas,
where we have our maximum
population. If we go deeper, do we
see
enough
employment
opportunities in these areas? Yes we
have extensive agricultural and
natural resources. But in absence of
new ways doing things, new
technologies our young generation is
Fig 5. Number of ITIs and ITCs available per million
not really motivated. If one can
persons in different states in India.
Source : The Vocational education and training system report no. 22 World Bank. suggest, one of the possible rural
Employment Generation could be
through vocational education.
Vocational education consists
basically of practical courses through
which one gains skills and experience
directly linked to a career in future. It
helps students to be skilled and in turn,
offers better employment opportunities.
These trainings are parallel to the other
conventional courses of study (like
B.Sc., M.Sc. etc).
The Vocational Training in
India is imparted by mainly two types
of bodies:
Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs)
Industrial Training Centers (ITCs)
Fig 6. Intake capacity of ITIs and ITCs per million
So now let’s look at the total
persons in different states in India
number
and capacity of ITIs and
Source : The Vocational education and training system report no. 22 World Bank.
ITCs per million persons in India for
countries still remain a preferred destination some of the states. It is very interesting to see that
for NE students for higher education.
(Contd. on Page 50)
PhD, which is regarded as the most
promising talent pool.
But, the trend says that the number of
students going abroad from NE region has
decreased considerably as the opportunities
in large cities in India are attracting the new
generation more.
Australia, New Zealand, South East Asian
4.
/ 40
A
major plumbing of the Brahmaputra and
Barak river systems is planned through
the construction of 168 large dams to generate
63,000 MW of electricity, even as the
Northeast is slated to be India’s ‘future
powerhouse’. A significant part of the ongoing
debate on the issue in the region has been the
evolution of a discourse on the downstream
impacts of these dams in the Brahmaputra &
Barak floodplains, an issue which is still a
major lacuna in governmental decisionmaking and governance processes in New
Delhi (Hindu Survey of the Environment 2008
& 2009). The past one year has seen the
crucial emergence of more widespread
political mobilisation and debate on the issue
of dams, environment and society in
downstream Assam. In this piece we take
stock of these recent developments on an issue
which is likely to significantly influence both
the natural and political landscape of the
region in the coming days.
Layers of Resistance
Popular opposition to upstream large
dams in the floodplains of Assam has already
taken a critical turn and can be seen at several
41 /
Neeraj Vagholikar and Arupjyoti Saikia
levels. A careful observation leads one to find a
number of distinct but overlapping layers of
articulation of resistance. First mention should be
of the role played by a few activists, small
localised movements and NGOs located across
the region. They have been playing a leading role
in raising the political consciousness in the
downstream areas for several years now. Some
of them have even carried out studies to assess
the ecological and societal impacts of these dams,
in which they have been joined by scientists and
researchers. But this section has a relatively
limited role to play in articulating a larger political
opposition at the state level. A more visible role
at the state level is that of several student bodies
in Assam whose political presence in the body
politics of the region has been crucial over the
years. Their role on the dams issue has been
primarily confined to pressuring either
hydropower companies or the government to
conform to regulatory norms and conduct
downstream impact studies in Assam. While this
in itself may be an important contribution, these
bodies are yet to articulate a clear voice of denial
to potentially destructive upstream mega dams,
barring some exceptions. They are also yet to
place this issue within a broader politics of seeking
appropriate development for this ecologically and
geologically fragile, seismically active and
culturally sensitive region. It was in this
background that a debate on the impacts of dams
in the Assam Legislative Assembly gave a new
twist to the anti-dam politics in the region.
Assam Assembly debate
On July 15th -16th, 2009 a major debate took
place in the Assam Legislative Assembly on the
downstream impacts of large dams planned in the
upper reaches of the Brahmaputra river system in
Arunachal Pradesh. This debate took place during
the reply of the Assam Power Minister to a cut
motion moved by members of the opposition on
the Department of Power, Government of Assam.
Interestingly, members from both the opposition
and treasury benches raised serious concerns about
the downstream concerns in Assam. Several
members took part in informed debates. More vocal
were the voices from the members from Dhemaji
and Lakhimpur districts of Assam, which have seen
ongoing downstream conflicts over the
commissioned 405 MW Ranganadi hydroelectric
project and the under construction 2000 MW
Lower Subansiri hydroelectric project, both
projects having being granted a green signal
without comprehensive downstream impact
assessment. For example, independent MLA
Bhubon Pegu, who was extremely vocal in the
debate, raised the question of how the future power
demand of the Northeast was insignificant
compared to the large number of projects proposed
to export power from the region to the rest of the
country. He argued that while some people would
make huge profits, the people of the Northeast,
particularly in downstream Assam would bear the
costs. Some members also argued that micro hydel
projects were more appropriate and less risky
keeping in mind the geo-environmental setting of
the region.
These well informed debates drew attention
to several aspects of the downstream impacts of
dams which is often a lacuna in the broader popular
discourse on the impacts of dams in the country,
which is primarily influenced by upstream
submergence and displacement. When large dams
block the flow of a river, they also trap sediments
and nutrients vital for fertilising downstream
plains. They alter the natural flow regimes which
drive the ecological processes in the downstream
areas. Recent downstream impact concerns raised
in the Northeast include: loss of fisheries; changes
in beel (wetland) ecology in the flood plains;
impacts on agriculture on the chapories (riverine
islands and tracts); increased flood vulnerability
due to massive boulder extraction from river beds
and sudden water releases from reservoirs in the
monsoons as has been witnessed in the Ranganadi
hydroelectric project; dam safety and associated
risks in this geologically fragile and seismically
active region. The drastic flow variation in winter
is also a matter of serious ecological and social
concern in the downstream areas. For example, the
usual winter flow in the Subansiri river is
approximately 300 – 500 cumecs (cubic metres per
second), flowing uniformly through the day. Both
the ecology and peoples use of the riverine areas
is adapted to this. For example, exposed chapories
in winter are used both for agriculture and grazing
purposes by people, as well as extensively used
by wildlife. Uses include breeding of birds and
foraging by herbivores. After the commissioning
of the 2000 MW Lower Subansiri project, flows
in the Subansiri river in winter will fluctuate
drastically on a daily basis from 6 cumecs for 20
hours (when water is being stored behind the dam)
to 2500 cumecs for 4 hours when the power is
generated at the time of peak power demand. Such
massive fluctuations on a daily basis will
drastically alter natural flow regimes. The flow
during peak load hours in the Subansiri is
equivalent to average monsoon flows and will
cause a winter ‘flood’ drowning drier riverine tracts
used both by wildlife and people on a daily basis
in winter.
The result of the Assam Legislative Assembly
debate was the setting up of multi-party House
Committee on July 16, 2009 to investigate the issue
of downstream impacts of dams in the Brahmaputra
river basin, a significant political development on
the issue of dams in Northeast India. Some MLAs
/ 42
and civil society groups have expressed concern
about what they feel is a lack of seriousness in the
approach of the House Committee since it was
established. Civil society constantly drew attention
of the Committee to the complex issues embedded
in the dam question. Unlike previous experiences,
the Committee held few public hearings and helped
crystallise the public opinion significantly. In its
interim report submitted on March 31, 2010 the
committee has asked for the suspension of work
on the 2000 MW Lower Subansiri project till its
report is completed. However, as of early May, the
work still continues at the project site.
Going against the flow
While social activists, NGOs and students
unions have been active on the dams issue for a
while, the last year has also seen a more pro-active
involvement of the Krishak Mukti Sangram Samiti
(KMSS), a peasant’s movement in Assam with a
huge mass base. The KMSS has been working on
land and forest rights issues, as well as overall
accountability in governance including through
extensive use of Right to Information (RTI). The
role of bodies like KMSS with a huge mass base
has added an important layer to the ongoing public
opposition to the upstream mega dams. Their
radical anti-dam position has pulled support from
downstream people. The KMSS has asked for
complete halt into the construction of ongoing
projects. The KMSS’s method of opposition is
clearly agitational. In the last couple of years the
KMSS organised several public meetings which
were attended by cross sections of the members of
the civil society as well as student bodies.
In September 2009, the KMSS co-ordinated
a joint memorandum on the downstream impacts
of dams addressed to the Prime Minister, Dr.
Manmohan Singh. The signatories included a wide
array of civil society representatives from Assam
– engineers, peasant movements, journalists,
students unions, elected representatives, geologists,
littérateurs and intellectuals. They expressed
serious concern that livelihood and ecological
impacts in the downstream in the Brahmaputra
flood plains are being ignored even as a large
number of mega hydroelectric projects in the region
43 /
go through clearance processes. Arunachal Pradesh
(AP) alone plans to build 135 hydropower projects
for an installed capacity of 57,000 MW. Till March
2010, the state has already signed agreements
(MoUs) for 117 projects with companies in the
private and public sector for a cumulative installed
capacity of 38,395.90 MW, with over 100 having
an involvement of private players.
The memorandum from Assamese civil society
says that the central government seems to be in denial
of a basic fact of nature: that a river flows downstream.
This is evident from Terms of Reference (ToR) for
Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) studies
granted by the Ministry of Environment & Forests
(MoEF) for over three dozen large dams in the
Northeastern region in the last three years. While the
‘baseline data’ collection has been asked to be
restricted to only 10 km. downstream, the actual
‘impact prediction’ has been asked to be restricted to
an even smaller distance downstream in most cases:
only between the dam and powerhouse! There is only
one aspect which needs to be studied beyond 10 km.
downstream; this is the ‘dam-break analysis’ which
predicts what will be flooding downstream in case
the dam actually breaks. But dam-break is not the
only downstream risk a dam poses as indicated earlier.
Unfortunately, most detailed downstream studies are
only prescribed as post-clearance studies as has been
done in the environmental clearance granted to the
1750 MW Demwe Lower project on the Lohit river
as recently as February 2010.
The failure of Central decision-making
processes to seriously address downstream concerns
in Assam (as well as the Congress state government
to take this up strongly with New Delhi) has seen
the issue being taken up other political parties in the
region. The Asom Gana Parishad (AGP) has taken
up the issue in the Brahmaputra valley, while the
All India United Democratic Front (AUDF) has
raised concerns about the downstream impacts of
the 1500 MW Tipaimukh Multipurpose in the Barak
Valley in southern Assam. The AGP’s current
engagement on the issue has included taking up the
issue in New Delhi as well as organising a major
seminar on the issue in Guwahati in January 2010
attended by both academics and activists to get a
better understanding of the issue. At the end of this
two day event the AGP took a clear political position
against upstream mega dams in the Brahmaputra
river basin.
A couple of developments in March 2010
were quite indicative of the huge financial stake
involved in the mega dams and the resulting
backlash against those taking political positions
against these projects. A “secret” report of the
Assam police became public in March this year.
This report named three persons: Akhil Gogoi of
the KMSS, independent MLA Bhubon Pegu and
Ravindranath, who runs a development NGO, as
‘Maoists’. It was surely more than a mere
coincidence that all three have been proactive in
denouncing mega dams coming up in upstream
Arunachal Pradesh. Facing the heat of the
opposition and civil society at large, the state
government immediately declared that this secret
report was erroneous. Around the same time in
March 2010, the Arunachal Pradesh Chief Minister,
Dorjee Khandu, called those opposing the 2700
MW Lower Siang project as ‘anti-Arunachal’.
Understanding Resistance in the Downstream
These developments over the past one year
also need to be seen in the context of the politics
of Assam. While the land and forests have been
the theatre of conflict in the politics over natural
resources in the last century in the state, the drastic
alteration of flow regimes by the proposed dams
proposes to alter a significant element of the
northeastern landscape – the river systems and their
associated natural-cultural-social linkages as well
as the larger political scenario. A region largely
portrayed in the national media as disturbed by
ethnic and extremist violence is gradually
responding to the questions over natural resources
and inflow of capital into the region. Civil society,
citing the region’s historical experience of
exploitation of natural resources like land and oil,
has expressed apprehension about the possible
detrimental role of this capital - in the form of
‘hydro dollars’ as it has been often being described
by its votaries - towards the larger well being of
the region. It has also questioned whether such a
capital coming in for multiple mega dams has the
capacity to contribute positively locally, keeping
in mind the fundamental nature of the region’s
economy and society as such. Civil society has
further pointed out that the colonial capital inflow
into the region in the form of tea-plantations could
hardly generate enough economic space where the
local people could have participated, besides
locking off huge land resources out of their reach.
Political parties like Asom Gana Parisad have
now officially endorsed their anti-dam position
while others like the CPI have already clearly
articulated their pro-dam position. The latter cites
the provision of flood moderation in large dams as
their reason for support the over 100 dams planned
in Arunachal. Critics of the proposed dams point
out that this is not correct as out of the 117 MOUs
already signed for construction of hydroelectric
projects between the Arunachal Pradesh
government and various power companies, only
one, i.e. the 3000 MW Dibang Multi-purpose
project, has an explicit flood moderation
component built into it at the time of signing the
agreement in addition to hydropower generation.
They further point out how such positions based
on inadequate information will be surely welcomed
by the advocates of dam and in the long run will
help private capital, the major player in Arunachal’s
dam-building spree in the coming days, to gain
advantages in these crucial debates.
There are several issues which are central to
this opposition by civil society in Assam. They have
argued that the sudden rush of capital for multiple
mega hydropower projects is another attempt to
siphon off resources from the region which itself
has a small power demand. Another argument has
asked for a re-look into the larger technological
aspects before undertaking such projects. The prodam lobby has, on the other hand, equated the dams
and private capital as capable of changing the larger
‘lack of development’ scenario of the region forever.
The political opposition to these projects is
still young and will need to mature further
considering the massive influence the multiple
upstream mega dams will have in the Brahmaputra
and Barak floodplains in Assam in the coming
days. For example, despite the Assam Assembly
/ 44
debates and the stands taken by some political invariably tailored to be pro-developer with no
parties, widespread political debates are yet to take accountability to the public.
place across the state. The downstream resistance
In its interim report this committee had
is also yet to engage with the pro-dam lobby within expressed serious technical and geological
Assam on technological and ecological aspects of concerns about the Lower Subansiri project, issues
the dams and downstream impacts debate. This which were not addressed properly in the earlier
equation could perhaps get altered after the clearances granted by New Delhi to the project. A
submission of the final report in May 2010 by the pragmatic acknowledgement of the ecological and
team of scientists (Gauhati University, Dibrugarh geological risks of large dams in the Northeast for
University and IIT Guwahati) studying the the first time, will, in the coming days, perhaps
downstream impacts of the under construction give a new thrust to the anti-dam politics in Assam.
2000 MW Lower Subansiri project. This team of But with the state machinery busy labelling dam
‘experts’ has had to function under intense public activists as ‘Maoists’ and ‘anti-state’, it is still going
scrutiny in Assam, automatically building in an to be a big challenge for these widespread and
element of public accountability to the exercise. democratic political upsurges against the
This has been a welcome development and a rare construction of upstream mega dams to drive home
phenomenon as far as such impact assessment a simple truth to decision-makers in New Delhi:
studies are concerned across the country, which are “We all live downstream.”
Arupjyoti Saikia is a historian and closely follows political and social movements in Assam.
Neeraj Vagholikar is a member of the environmental Action group, Kalpavriksh.
[This is a slightly modified version of an article which appeared in the
The Hindu Survey of the Environment, 2010]
T
Parthankar Choudhury and Pijush Kanti Das
he proposed Tipaimukh dam is to be
located 500 metres downstream from the
confluence of Barak and Tuivai rivers, and
lies on the south-western corner of Manipur
State (24°14’N and 93°13’E approximately).
45 /
It is a huge earth dam (rock-fill with central
impervious core) having an altitude of about 180
M above the sea-level with a maximum reservoir
level of 178m and 136m as the MDDL (minimum
draw down level). The dam was originally
conceived to only contain the flood water in the
Cachar plains of Assam but later on, emphasis has
been placed on hydroelectric power generation,
having an installation capacity of 1500MW with
only a firm generation of 412MW (less than 30
per cent of installed capacity). In order to appease
the people of Manipur state, the project proponent,
NEEPCO, had been building up a list of benefits
that include high-class tourism, free power sharing,
resettlement and rehabilitation package and an all
round rosy picture of development.
Over the past two decade or so, the issue of
Tipaimukh dam has created a lot of disenchantment
in regard to scientific, technical, economic and
environmental feasibility of the dam especially
concerning with the states of Manipur, Mizorzm,
Assam and neighbouring Bangladesh. In the light
of disillusionment faced over the past few years as
are NHPC, SUTLAZ & Manipur Govt. The project
cost as estimated by the NEEPCO was Rs. 5225.70
Crore, however, the present revised cost of the
project is Rs 10,000 crore.(Approx.).
(A/II) Purpose of this dam: The dam was
originally designed to control flood-waters in the
lower Barak valley. However, Hydropower
generation was later incorporated into the project.
The project would have an installation capacity of
6×250=1500 MW but what is more important is that
it would have a firm generation of 412 MW only !
(B) LESSONS FROM SUBANSIRI
Influence of Subansiri on different
livelihood sectors: Before the construction of
Subansiri Dam, the situation that prevailed there
was quite good and people from various walks of
life earned their livelihood under the then existing
set up. The tangible benefits obtained by the local
Influence of river on different livelihood sectors of downstream people
Benefits
Agriculture in the down stream of Subansiri
Collection of wood in the down stream of Subansiri
Live stock (Buffalo & Cattle) rearing in the down stream of Subansiri
Fisheries in the down stream of Subansiri
Transportation in the down stream of Subansiri
Trade in the down stream of Subansiri
Riparian economic flora of down stream of Subansiri values/income
Sand and Gravel mining of down stream of Subansiri
Food/Income
Income
Income
Food/Income
Income
Income
Economic
Income
a consequence of construction of Subansiri Dam
in the Brahmaputra valley, this paper makes an
attempt to provide a brief account of the possible
impact of the proposed Tipaimukh Dam on the
ambient environment and tries to analyse the entire
issue from the Pro-environment and Pro-human
point of view. Such a consideration would reveal
the nature and extent of the variety of risk being
taken by constructing a mega-dam at Tipaimukh.
(A) ENVIRONMENTAL SET-UP
(A/I) Tipaimukh Dam Particulars: The dam
would be an earthen-rock filled dam. The proposed
Length is 390 m, estimated height is 162.8 m and is
Maximum reservoir level is 178m. Total area
required for construction including submergence
area is 30860 ha. The estimated date of completion
of the project is 2012 and the implementing agencies
communities are given in a tabular form below;
The site where the Subansiri Dam has been
constructed was the abode of variety of flora and
fauna. Being located in the biodiversity rich zone,
a variety of wild flowers and several rare orchids
occurred in the area. In the adjoining Dulong
Reserve Forest quite a good number of endangered
and rare species of butterfly used to flourish. Fish
diversity in the Subansiri drainage system include
different species of Mystus, Tor tor, Tor putitora,
Labeo rohita, Labeo calbasu, Puntius sarana
sarana, Labeo bata, Aspidoparia jaya, Cirrhinus
reba, etc. Besides, a lot of hill stream cold water
fish diversity was found in the Subansiri drainage
system. To mention a few of them are, Labeo dero,
Labeo pungusia etc. Gangetic river dolphin
(Platinista gangetica gangetica) , a species that
/ 46
prefers to live in deep gorge also flourished in the
Subansiri basin. The construction of a dam in such
a beautiful paradise of plants and animals has
permanent bidden adieu to all those species.
(C) BIODIVERSITY DISTURBANCES.
(I) Plant life: The vegetation of the area is
generally varied and botanically interesting. It has
been observed that the vegetation cover in the study
area varies from tropical to sub-tropical evergreen
moist deciduous forests, bamboo forests and
grasslands and riparian forests. The predominant
plant species that are found in the area include
Ficus sp., Macarangas sp., Duabanga sp.,
Lagerstroemias sp., Bombax sp.,etc. Various fern
species that occur are Cyathea gigantean,
Angiopteris evecta, Pteris sp.etc. timber species
include, Dipterocarpus sp., Terminalius sp.,
Michelias sp., Artocarpus sp., Kayaassamica sp.,
Tetrameles sp., Duabanga sp., Gynocordia odorata
Aquilaria agallocha and Tree fern etc. The
epiphytic flora is very rich and diverse and include
Dischidia sp., Hoya sp., Pothos sp., Raphidophora
sp., etc. Orchids of the species Dendrobium and
Cymbidium are quite abundant. Thus the area
represents as the gene bank of lot many plant
species, some, (although not all) of which also
occur in the neighbouring forest areas. The species
that deserve special attention are Michelias sp.,
Magnolias sp., Bucklandia populanea, Podocarpus
nerifolia, Cyathea gigantean, Cycads, Caryota sp.,
Licula sp., Pinaga sp.,and rare ochids like Lilium
macklieae, Paphiopedilum spicerianum, and
Paphiopodium villosum.
Once the dam is constructed, the stagnant
water, may encourage the growth of aggressive
weeds like Water hyacinth, Eichhornia, Zizania etc.
which will be very destructive and may create
‘Phumdi’ like structures in the reservoir water as
in Loktak lake in Manipur. This aspect deserves
special attention.
(II) Animal life: The catchment area is very
rich in the variety of wild birds, reptiles and
mammals. The important animal species include
Clouded Leopard, Malaya Sur bear (Hony bear),
Golden cat, Marbled cat, Stump tailed monkey, Slow
loris, Goral, Hoolock gibbon, Capped langur,
Python, Blyth’s tragopan, Peacock pheasant, Indian
pied hornbill, Rufus necked hornbill, Brown backed
hornbill, Chinese pangolin, Indian wild dog, Leopard
etc among many others. Important aquatic fauna
include Gangetic river dolphin, Hilsa hilsa, various
sp. of Mahaseer etc. Construction of a big dam in
the site would lead to their habitat loss. On the other
hand translocation of the species living therein to
some other area is again a subject to be dealt with
seriously, where the feasibility is also to be explored.
(D) EARTHQUAKE SCENARIO
North-east India figures one of the six major
seismically-active zones in the world. The other
zones include California, Japan, Mexico, Taiwan
and Turkey.
(D/I) TECTONIC SETTING OF
NORTH-EAST INDIA: The north eastern part
and its adjoining areas has the following tectonic
set up and the areas have experienced major
earthquake as given in Table 2 (A & B )under
Table 2(A) : FIVE SEISMOTECTONIC ZONES
Sl No
1
Area
Eastern Himalayan Collision Zone Two Earthquakes,
2
Indo-Myanmar Subduction Zone
3
4
Syntaxis Zone Great Assam Earthquake,
Shillong Plateau, Mikir Hills and Assam Valley
Zone Shillong Earthquake,
Bengal Basin and Tripura-Mizoram Fold Belt
Srimongal Earthquake,
Cachar Earthquake,
5
6
47 /
Year
1941
1947
1950
1897
(Richter Scale)
(M7.1),
(M7.8)
10 Earthquakes
> 7.0
(last 100 years)
(M8.7)
(M8.7)
1918
(M7.6)
1984
(M5.6)
Table 2(B): TABLE OF EARTHQUAKE INCIDENCE
Sl No Place
1
Cachar
2
Shillong
Plateau
3
Sibshagar
4
Myanmar
5
Srimangal
6
SW Asam
7
Dhubri
8
Assam
9
Nagaland
Year
Magnitude
21-Mar-1869
7.8
12-Jun-1897
8.7
31-Aug-1906
12-Dec-1908
08-Jul-1918
09-Sep-1923
02-Jul-1930
27-Jan-1931
1932
7.0
7.5
7.6
7.1
7.1
7.6
7.0
(E) POWER GENERATION - Effective to what
extent?
The dam, it was estimated during 1954, would
cost Rs 1,078 crore, but the project was put in the
cold storage because it did not have the requisite
environmental and management plans. Then the
Brahmaputra Board jumped into the fray. It is a
government body that was at that time meant to
manage the Brahmaputra and Barak river basins. The
board also carried out studies, revising the plan until
the estimated cost went up to Rs 2,899 crore in 1995.
The problem is that of the installed capacity of 1,500
mw, at any given time only 412 mw will be generated,
usually in the monsoons when the river is in spate.
(F/I) IMPACTS OF PROPOSED TIPAIMUKH
DAM IN INDIA
The total area required for construction
including submergence area is 30860 hectare. Out
of this, 20,797 ha is forest land, 1,195 ha is village
land, 6,160 ha is horticultural land, and 2,525 ha is
agricultural land. As per estimates of the authorities
themselves, the project will totally affect 311sq. km
and 8 villages affecting 1461 families altogether.
(F/II) DOWNSTREAM IMPACT
1. Possible Impacts of the dam in
Tamenglong: In Tamenglong district of Manipur,
a total area of land 288.60 sq. km. will be
submerged. The Barak waterfalls and Zeliet lakes
which are linked with the history of the local people
of Tamenglong that will be submerged forever and
all folklore and legend will have no monuments,
proof and will live in history for the forthcoming
generation. Once the dam is constructed, more than
40,000 people will be rendered landless. Sixteen
villages situated on both sides of the river Barak
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
NE Assam
Arunachal
Upper Assam
Upper Assam
Arunachal
ManipurBurma
Darjeeling
Indo-Cachar
IndoMyanmar
23-Oct-1943
07-Jul-1947
29-Jul-1949
15-Aug-1950
1950
1954
7.2
7.5
7.6
8.7
7.0
7.4
1959
11-Nov-1984
06-Aug-1988
7.5
5.8
7.5
will be permanently inundated. More than 90
villages, mostly of Tamenglong District will be
adversely affected. About 27.242 hectares of
cultivable land will be lost. The township of
Nungba Sub-Division headquarters and the villages
along the NH-53 will be severely affected. The
Dam is expected to bring health hazard, water
borne diseases, industrial pollution and many other
environmental and ecological problems due to
increase of water surface. Prolonged stagnant water
will be unsafe for drinking thereby may cause a
lot of problems to the people. Local people are of
the opinion that the decision for construction of a
dam in such area was taken without a proper
ecological study which, they foresee would create
a big trouble in the future to the people.
In Tamenglong district, the Zeilangrong
Nagas lose on the roundabouts. The area stands to
be submerged by the dam, besides being affected
culturally. Manipur will lose 293.56 sq km to the
reservoir. Much of the support for the dam comes
from some leaders in Churachandpur as well as
the state government. In Tamenglong, one can
count the number of people in favour of the dam,
without breaking into a sweat.
The Zeliangrong Nagas are in for substantial
damages. With the environmental impact
assessment report still not available, the public has
to depend on neepco’s claims.
As mentioned above that according to the report
eight villages will be submerged, even though it says
casualties will be minimal. NEEPCO says only four
Naga villages in Tamenglong will be submerged. The
ground reality is that altogether ninety villages will
be affected, some more and some to a less extent.
/ 48
a. The environmental impacts:
The environmental impacts of dams can
generally fit within two categories: I) Those due
to existence of the dam and reservoir; and II) Those
due to the pattern of dam operation.
I. Environmental Impacts : Due to existence
of dam and reservoir: Imposition of a reservoir in
place of a river valley would obviously cause loss
of habitat. Changes in downstream morphology of
riverbed, delta, and coastline due to altered
sediment load would result in increased soil
erosion. Changes in downstream water quality
cannot be ruled out as there would be change in
river-water temperature, increase of nutrient load,
turbidity, dissolved gases, concentration of heavy
metals, minerals and other contaminants.
Reduction of biodiversity is another threat as this
may happen due to blocking of movement of
organism like Turtle, Hilsa, River Dolphin and
other important endemic aquatic species living
abundantly in the aquatic set up of river Barak.
II. Environmental Impacts: due to pattern
of dam: Due to dam pattern, the following impacts
may take place. These include, Changes in
downstream hydrology, Changes in total flows,
Change in seasonal flows (e.g. flood may occur in
spring or in winter).
Short-term fluctuation in flows like change
in extreme high and low flows, Changes in
peripheral water bodies, changes in downstream
water (both quality & quantity wise), Change in
riparian/floodplain habitat, livelihood and diversity
pattern, total collapse of Navigation, Fishing &
similar other exercises and change in tea, paddy &
other economic crops.
b. Social and Economic Impacts of Dams:
There would be serious impact on economic,
Social, Cultural well-being and may call for
relocation of communities. The local community
would lose control over water and there would be
transfer of control from local level to central
government or corporate level control.
c. Impacts of the proposed dam on socioeconomy of the region: The dam would cause
inundation in the ambient area. This would result in
decrease in employment opportunity in agricultural
sector and consequently average income of the
farmer would go down. Besides, there would be
49 /
damage of homes and other institution, homeless
tribal mass will have to change their age old
occupation. Education for all, the aspect on which
much emphasis is laid by the government these days
would take a Volta-face scenario there as there would
be difficulties in schooling of the children. The other
aspects like change in land ownership and change
in standard of living of the local tribal people will
also be seriously jeopardized.
The most important ethical consideration that
needs to be mentioned here is that the idea of
Zeliangrong Naga as separate from others is based
on the belief centered around Zeihlat and six other
lakes. According to them, if the lakes go or the
falls disappear, they would treat it like the people
in the Gangetic valley losing Varanasi, Allahabad
and Haridwar. According to them, they are
Zeliangrong Nagas because there is the Zeihlat
lake. Nothing can ever damage the lake.
(G) IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT
Every hydro-electric projects unavoidably
submerges some of its ambient areas often
containing valuable forests and its denizens, the
wildlife, cultivable areas, human habitations etc
and thus affect the overall environment of the
locality. It thus demands a careful scrutiny and
assessment of the role played by the forests (to be
lost) in meeting ecological and environmental
balance and the needs of the indigenous
communities living therein for generations.
Construction activities may involve new settlement
of a group of immigrated labour force, construction
of roads, movement of heavy machineries and
resultant noise pollution, apart from deforestation,
may cause adverse impact on a large scale. All these
aspects deserve careful attention.
The change in the Physical and chemical
climate condition of the project site may lead to
temperature stratification. The project activities
may also cause instability in the form of landslides
and soil erosion, violent disturbance of pristine
areas. Eroded soil would fill up the reservoir after
some time. Variations in nutrient contents and
dissolved oxygen would render the water
inhospitable to aquatic life. The dam is expected
to affect aquatic life and riparian communities,
reduced capacity for self regeneration, reduced
recharge of ground-water aquifers, enhanced
pollution levels etc. Submergence due to needed to safeguard the endemic genetic resources.
Besides the above mentioned burning issues,
construction of hydroelectric generation is the step
through which fragile land topography, many other important impacts like water scarcity, Crop
delicate plants, faunal population and tiny living cultivation, navigation, siltation, ecological
organisms such as butterflies have to suffer a great imbalance, river pollution, extinction of aquatic life
loss. Besides, the construction work would forms and the like are never-the-less important frontier
accelerate the rate of suspended particulate mater areas that deserve careful and serious attention.
In the light of the foregoing account, it can
(SPM) and dust menace at the dam site.
be emphatically said that the Tipaimukh Dam
(H) DISCUSSION
Since the Hydro electric projects are generally should not be constructed without the Free Prior
located in the hilly forest areas and thus greatest and Informed Consent of the affected peoples both
impact is obviously on the forest and downstream in upstream and downstream portion of the Barak
areas; therefore, Environment Impact Assessment River. The lesson learnt from big dams constructed
(EIA) from the dam site up to the sea mouth is an elsewhere in the past definitely opens our eye and
essential and important pre requisite. Due to the compels us to repeatedly think on another identical
construction of the dam, about 8400 hectare of dam at Tipaimukh. Let us keep the river Barak in
reserve forest in Manipur and 1800 hectare of free flowing condition to be witnessed by the
reserve forest in Mizoram will be submerged. This generations to come.
Keeping all these in backdrop, and analysing
deserves careful attention.
Forests of north eastern region in general are the entire issue from the Pro-environment and Provery rich in plant and animal genetic resources. human point of view, the call of the hour is to raise
Many are endemic and some others are closely collective voice for downstream impact assessment
related to species of adjoining countries. As the before construction of the dam, the life time curse
region still remains unexplored, both in terms of for the inhabitants of Barak-Brahmaputra-Surma
flora and fauna, therefore, special attention are basin.
Parthankar Choudhury is Reader, Dept of Echology and Environment;
Pijush Kanti Das, a Ph.D Scholar, and
Secretary General, Society Of Activists and Volunteers for Environment(SAVE)
Assam University, Silchar
A Study on Student Outflux and Influx .....
states like Kerala, Tamilnadu, Himachal, Goa and
Karnataka has very good numbers in terms of
number of Institutes and capacity. (See Fig. 5)
If we look at our capacity to impart such
courses, we stand far behind compared to other
places. (See Fig. 6)
So it is quite visible that we in the NE Region
are far behind in these areas, which can help
generating talents and increase career prospects.
Key Notes:
1. If we have to create employment
opportunities in the Region especially for
the rural areas, further industrialization is
2.
3.
needed and that will demand for skilled
manpower and which can be fulfilled
through imparting more vocational courses
and trainings.
On the other hand industrialization can also
automatically happen through people
enhancing their skill through vocational
courses etc. and enroll into different
government programs or set-up own small
scale industries and grow further.
This can generate entrepreneurs in different
areas and help the whole Region develop
& progress.
(Prashant Barooah works as Global Deployment Manager, Business excellent Nokia Siemens
Networks at Gurgaon, Haryana. To know more about his works visit his site : www.necareerguidance.com)
/ 50
Dr. Bhuban Gogoi
G
‘‘
lobal warming and climate change” becomes
a widely accepted popular fashion of
explanation and solution to different
environmental, physical and social problems by
many environmental scientists, social workers,
planners, etc of present day society at national and
international level including IPCC and the UN.
Actually, change is the basic order of Nature.
Climates also change through times, through out
geological time-scale which occurred due to
definite cause well-known to scientists. Recent
IPCC man-made global warming theory is
completely based on false foundations without a
process of science, more politically designed and
highly misleading and speculative. This is the main
theme and summary of this article.
Global warming through the effect of
emission of Green House Gas (GHG) especially
CO2 is highly misleading. The greenhouse gas
theory selects only CO2 to be held responsible for
global warming which in fact constitutes only
0.035% of the atmosphere and is a very weak gas.
But water vapour instead is a strong GHG
constituting 97-98% of total GHG which is not
counted by the IPCC. Natural CO 2 and water
51 /
vapour combinedly constitute 99.9% of the
GHG. How can a tiny fraction of human
contribution of CO2 out of 0.1% constituting
all other GHG rise the temperature of the
atmosphere? IPCC and others try to correlate the
rise of CO2 with the rise of temperature citing
example from the old records hidden in the Vostok
Ice core which seems to appear positively
correlated. But causes of rise and fall of CO2 levels
that occurred naturally during last 400,000 yrs are
not properly explained by scientists. The
correlation between CO2 and temperature can not
be always established positive – e.g. during Late
Ordovician period, the level of CO2 was 12 times
higher than the present level, but there was no
global warming – instead was an Ice Age.
Departure of Temperature from 1950-65
(Northern Hemisphere)
Mean Annual Surface Temperature of Earth
(1856-1990)
Regarding the rise of temperature of the earth,
it is noticed that IPCC report is based on the global
temperature data only for during the period of 1963
– 87. Depending on only 24yrs data, a scientific
theory like global warming cannot be formulated
in the perspective of millions of years constituting
geological time scale. Again Santer et al (1996)
on whose the IPCC had based on had intentionally
selected and used the temperature data only for this
period with the aim to show the continuous rising
trend.
Average World Temperature
(Michaels and Knappenberger, 1987)
Thus they influenced IPCC and become
successful. They kept hiding the actual temperature
swings shown by Michaels and Knappenberger
(1987) for the whole period including both before
and after 1963-87. Thus the first Assessment Report
of the IPCC was prepared based on these
intentionally selected data and it was again changed
by political appointees in the IPCC to form a theory
which was highly objected by large number of
scientists ever witnessing a corruption of scientific
processes. Thus the global warming theory was
initiated and made an important issue before
scientists to run and continue it in their future
investigations. IPCC has launched a continuous
effort to establish the theory through their works
by their scientists in different fields. In 2007, IPCC
passed its more updated Fourth Assessment Report
in the UN and handed over to the policy makers of
different countries of the world.
The sources of CO2 emission on the earth are:
1) From anthropogenic source (1%)
2) Under oceanic water volcanic eruption
from mid oceanic ridges especially from
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
3) Oceans are emitting CO2 to the atmosphere
dominantly out of which 72% by the
Equatorial Pacific ocean alone
Other natural sources overland
Out of the world total CO2 amount, Nature
contributes 97%. Only the termites, as for example,
can produce CO2 for many times more than that of
all the factories and automobiles in the world.
0
Temperature swings in the past century upto 1 F
was a natural one. 82% of CO 2 enters into
atmosphere after 1940. Between 1940 and 1975,
the emission of CO2 strongly high but the global
temperature was remaining cool scaring stories of
new ice age in the media.
Melting of Arctic and Antarctic ice caps and
inland and continental glaciers due to global
warming is made responsible for the rise of sea
level. It is absurd to assume that melting of floating
ice can raise the sea level; rather it will reduce the
sea level. Melting of glaciers cannot produce effect
to that level of rise of sea level. Complete
disappearance of glacier system will be another
absurdity which is found in the report of IPCC.
Melting of ice in the poles is also not true. Sea
level rise for the last 18,000 yrs was to the level of
400 ft without the effect of CO2. Ice shelves of the
poles used to break many times more than before
the period of industrialization. It is a natural process
of interglacial warming effect which actually
recurrently occurred throughout geological times.
Side looking interferometry results prove the
opposite conditions, i.e. deposition of ice at the
rate of 26 billion tons per year in the west Antarctic
ice sheet which was previously melt down for 2/3
part since the last Ice Age i.e. the Pleistocene.
Discussion of global warming effect on Antarctica
is only centering its peninsular area furthest from
the pole which is constituted only 2% of the total
area of the Antarctica, but the entire 98% of the
Antarctica is in the process of continuous
deposition of ice, pushing the continental glaciers
towards its periphery to melt down there. The entire
Antarctica is getting continuously colder which is
proved by British Meteorological Station there.
Depending on this basis and on the increase of
Aerosols in the atmosphere, Global Dimming is
noticed by some scientists. Arctic Ocean is
warming due to cyclic event in the Pacific while
4)
/ 52
Greenland and Eastern Arctic is getting colder and
colder. Greenland ice grows more than 7 ft thick
after 1980. Submergence of low soft alluvial coast
by sea levels is the work of erosion and retreating
of coastlines by sea waves which is a natural
process of coastal geomorphology.
Retreat of Glaciers with Reference to 1950
Recession of glaciers is also a natural process.
Since 1750, 169 glaciers of the earth have been
receding which of course, occurred much before the
increase of CO 2 from 1940 i.e. before
industrialization. The glaciers were also even smaller
during medieval warm period in the past. Growing
and recession of size and length of glaciers is cyclic,
not due to global warming out of greenhouse effect.
Examples may be cited from Aletsch, Grindelwald
glaciers of Switzerland and Drangjokull,
Vatnajokull glaciers of Iceland which were smaller
in the middle age than their present sizes.
Computer models of climate and other events
were always proved wrong on which the IPCC
primarily depends on. Computer model forecasting
the earlier warming of the lower Troposphere than
the earth’s surface was proved to be false.
Observational evidences prove the computer
models to be false.
Solar Cycles and Global Temperature
53 /
Sunspots cycles, sun’s magnetic cycles,
cosmic rays, earth’s orbital change are the main
causes that increase temperature from short term
to long-term global climatic variations.
Clouds have hundred times stronger effect on
climate than CO 2. 1% increases of cloud will
double the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere.
Increase of cloud occurs by 3% during 198090.Variations of cosmic rays and solar wind are
responsible for increase of cloud. These factors are
also responsible for climatic variability through
their effect on clouds. Like Mars, the Earth may
also have the possibility of being heated without
the increase of CO2.
The First Assessment Report of the scientists
was changed by political appointees in the IPCC
and thus the scientific process was corrupted as
mentioned before. Many scientists raised their
polemic voices but could not resist it. The Second
Assessment Report again fell into controversy
centering its deceptively alteration of the main
report and in the altered version it is shown the
global warming due to “discernible human
influence on climate” which has used only a
selected portion of temperature data from Santer
et al to show the temperature rising. But if
considered the full data set, the increasing trend is
disappeared. There were no scientific reasons to
leave the full data set available and published in
Nature by Michaels and Knappenberger in 1996.
Many scientists raised their voices but could not
be successful. The Third Assessment Report raised
the temperature issue in “Hockey Stick”
presentation by Michael Mann et al showing a
thousand years of temperature in a horizontal trend
rising abruptly like a hockey stick beyond 1900.
This work was spuriously discredited even by
IPCC. The Fourth Assessment Report altered by
150 political appointees of different countries in
the IPCC again published defensively the global
warming theory and human role as driving force
on a better foundation publishing a huge number
of publications in support.
Environmental problems are there, but
interpretation about their origin in the light of
global warming theory through GHG is untenable.
The rise of the issue of environmental problems nature, in the name of saving the environment for
is due to the work of the Club of Rome initiating survival of mankind. Behind this theory, the naked
through their computer models developed by J. face of politics is hiding under the mask of
Forrester (1971) in World Dynamics and science. The governments of most of the countries
D.L.Meadows (1972) in his theory The Limits try to hide their pitiable face of incapability to
of Growth. After the World War II, through the face the problems in the midst of long standing
work of the Club of Rome, the non-socialist economic depression continuing till today.
countries sought development through nonAt last it may be concluded with a comment
socialist path. A good number computer models from James Inhofe, the ranking member of the
were developed by different groups showing Environment & Public Works Committee, a
non-socialist path of development to save these Senator regarding the Fourth Assessment Report
countries in the advent of socialist move. So, as “This is a political document, not a scientific
this present theory is also a phase of report and it is a shining example of the corruption
development in the same line diverting the of science for political gain. The media has failed
attention of the people especially the scientists to report that the IPCC Summary for Policymakers
to issues away from social reconstruction and has not approved by scientists but by UN political
development through planned interaction with delegates and bureaucrats”.
(The author was Ex HoD, Geography and presenty, Principal of Tinsukia College)
Anirban Ghosh
W
ith the globalization of Indian economy, the
responsibility of Indian Railways towards the economic
growth and trade expansion has increased many folds in recent
years. Today, the Speedier transportation of goods and passengers
in an eco-friendly way is the main objectives of Indian Railways.
There are about 14500 trains running everyday through the
length and breadth of the country carrying over 18 million
passengers and 2 million tonnes of freight daily,
covering about three and half times the distance of
the moon. Indian Railways has about 63500 km of
track. As to rolling stock, Indian Railways owns
over 200,000 (freight) wagons, 50,000 coaches
and 8,000 locomotives. Presently about 25% of
tracks are under overhead electric tractions,
which mainly uses electric locomotive of
various classes for operation. But the major
slice of the cake is still open and uses diesel
locomotives of various classes.
The greatest challenge before today’s
world is undoubtedly the global warming.
With the end of Copenhagen Summit, once
again it is clear that the developed countries
are not serious about solving the problem
of global warming but are trying to make
business out of it. So there is hardly any
chance that the countries will set aside their
differences and will try to solve the problem.
/ 54
But the problem is getting more critical with the
passing of every second. With a huge amount of
release of carbon and other pollutant in the
atmosphere daily, transport is one of the largest
contributors of to the Global Warming. In India,
an army of technically backdated vehicles is
making the problem more critical. In Delhi, the
total pollutants released by the vehicle amounts to
66% of the total 3000 MT pollutants release.
Similarly it is 52% in Mumbai and close to 33% in
Kolkata. The scenario is more or less same
throughout the small-big cities in India.
It is the time to adapt the newer technology
in transport sector, or tomorrow may be too late.
Some rechargeable battery operated hybrid
technology for transport is available. But they
would not prove sufficient as they are in an early
stage of development, and may not prove sufficient
for mass transportation. So, the rapid development
of greener technology is the need of the hour.
Indian Railways has been proved a “pathfinder”
in developing, adapting and implementing the
greener technology. Many initiatives have already
been taken and more are in the pipeline of
development.
Indian Railways has to shoulder a big
responsibility towards climate change. Several
measures have been taken by Indian Railway to
make the operations more environment-friendly at
an aggregate level. the goals have been set in such
a way that not only the Operation and creation of
new infrastructure would not compromise on the
environmental resources but also would
compensate the environmental damaged caused by
the transport industry by adapting green ecofriendly technologies. All the aspects of railway
operations and infrastructure creation are being
critically examined from the environmental angle.
Indian Railways had been using steam and
diesel locomotives for years. With the end of steam
era, diesel locomotives became the main haulage
medium for Indian Railways. With a fleet of over
4000 diesel locomotives running length and
breadth of the country, the emission of pollutant
particles, such as (CO, unburned HC, Pb
compounds, NOx, soot, suspended particulate
55 /
matter (SPM) and aldehydes etc.)was quite high.
But the environmental policy of Indian Railway
changed with time and gradually it is focusing on
alternative, more environmental friendly fuels,
which emits less pollutant.
Biodiesel is the mixture of diesels with
varying amount of oils derived from plants. In US
and Europe, soya-bean oil and other crops oil such
as corn oil, oil derived from sugarcane and palm
oil are used in diesel engines, while in India interest
has centred around Jatropha curcas, Pongammia
pinnata and Neem trees have proven useful as
source of bio-diesel subproduct. The jatropha seeds
contain up-to 40% oil. It is extracted and directly
used as a replacement of Diesel. Jatropha Oil has
four way benefits. Firstly it replaces the fossil fuel,
and in this way it delivers economic benefits at
the national level by reducing the import of diesel,
secondly it provides immediate economic benefits
at the local level by providing a chance to cultivate
in dry marginal non-agricultural land as Jatorpha
can be grown in such type of land. Thirdly since it
can be grown in dry non-agricultural land, the
agricultural lands and not engaged in cultivating
Jatropha plants. And finally since Jatropha oil is
carbon-neutral, large-scale production will improve
the country’s carbon emissions profile.
For past few years Indian Railways has
centred its focus on biodiesel. The first train to run
on bio-fuel in Indian Railway History is The New
Delhi-Amritsar Satabdi Express. On December
31st, 2002, the train was hauled by a 5% bio-diesel
fueled locomotive. In July 2004 and later, a YDM4 loco hauled the Trichi-Tanjore passanger with a
blend of 5% bio-diesel several times. Since then
the trails are carried out regularly. Now YDM-4
(6225)and YDM-7(11008) are regularly running
by Southern Railway using 10% bio-diesel
mixtures. A pilot plant capable of producing 150
litres of Bio-diesel daily has been set up at the Loco
workshop in Chennai. The Diesel Locomotive
Works is increasing the production of high horse
power fuel-efficient EMD design of locomotives
and is planning to switch over to manufacture these
locomotives completely in near future.
The newly introduced Mumbai suburban
train rakes, equipped with regenerative braking
system, has energy regeneration tendency. While
braking, they regenerate 35%-40% energy used for
hauling them. Indian Railways in association with
the world bank has developed a Project Design
document for registration with UNFCCC. The
project will result in approximate one hundred
thousand tons of CO2 emission each year. The
newly designed light weight stainless steel LHB
coaches with increased passenger carrying capacity
would prove to be more energy efficient. In near
future, the Dedicated Freight Corridors and the
High Speed Passenger Trains Corridors have the
prospect to reduce million tons of CO2 emission
per year. Indian Railways is planning to induct
energy efficient new-generation locomotives,
energy efficient tractions and rolling stocks which
would help to reduce energy consumption upto
15%.
Another Eco-friendly transportation initiative
by Indian Railways. It is developing technology
to run trains on compressed Natural Gas (CNG).
The Indian Railways institute of Alternate Fuels
has been set up to formulate technology to run
trains using compressed natural gas and Bio-Fuel.
Indian Railways has commissions two projects to
run not only local suburban trains but also haul
long distance goods as well as passenger trains
using CNG. Already some 200 Diesel Multiple
Units (DMUs) are having trial runs using CNG
Engines. Indian Railways anticipates to launch it
commercially, once the pilot project turns out to
be successful. Meanwhile, the Rail Design &
Standard Organization (RDSO) is also working to
modify the existing diesel locomotives to adapt
them to run on CNG. They are planning to setup
retrofit kits in the locomotives, which will allow
the locos to run on CNG, like it is done for cars.
Trails with a modified diesel locomotive
amended to use CNG as fuel were carried out at
Sakurbasti station. More recently two rakes with
diesel locomotives have been modified to run on
CNG. A DEMU rake with one diesel power coach
and three trailer coaches has been modified for
CNG use and has been running for several months
on Northern Railways. Early trial runs used up to
50% CNG in the fuel mix; in the field trials the
rake is running with 35% CNG. It is expected that
the resulting savings in fuel costs will pay for the
modifications within about 20 months of regular
use. Indian Railways is planning to run 14 Coaches
CNG DMU trains on Delhi-Rewari and ShamliRohtak line.
Today, Indian Railways hauls abut 40% of
total container traffic of India. With a view to attract
more share of container traffic, the Ministry of
Railways has adoped a liberal policy. It has
permitted private entitles to undertake movement
of freight on privately owned container trains on
the Dedicated Freight Corridor. Apart, the decision
to introduce double stack container train over the
dedicated freight corridors will only reduce the
energy consumption but also will ensure speedy
delivery of freights.
Not only in transportation, Indian Railways
is taking various Eco-Friendly initiatives in other
areas as well. Recently a 10.5 MW capacity
windmill has started its operation at Tottapalli
village near Nagercoil to supply power at Integral
Coach Factory, Perambur. It will meet the entire
electricity requirement of Integral Coach Factory,
Chennai, which is about 25 million units annually.
This project will help reduce the carbon emissions
and will help fight the cause for global warming.
In future at least 10% of energy used would be
sourced from renewable sources such as solar
power and biomass.
The announcement of Hon’ble Railway
Minister Ms. Mamata Banerjee to replace all the
energy inefficient incandescent bulbs with Compact
Florescent Lamps shows the seriousness of Indian
Railways towards eco-friendliness. There are almost
6.5 million quarters using approximately 26 million
bulbs. All these 26 million incandescent bulbs will
be replaced by Compact Fluorescent Lamps, and
the work has already started. It is expected that 1.4
lakh ton of CO2 emission would be reduced per year.
The project is entirely financed with the carbon credit
earned under CDM framework.
The Indian Railways is also planning measures
to improve energy efficiency of thousand of its stations
and premises and going to adopt Energy Conservation
/ 56
Building Code. In order to make the planet greener, a
mega-plantation drive is being undertaken by Indian
Railway in all the railway colonies of the country and
along with Railway tracks.
Finding a solution to the global warming due
to degradation of environment is the biggest
challenge that humankind is facing today. The task
is huge, most difficult one but not impossible. A
proper planning and a collective effort are
necessary on a long term basis. It is the time to
react-else tomorrow it could be too late. Everyone
will have to participate in this mass movement.
Indian Railways has already taken initiative
towards a greener tomorrow by adapting various
eco-friendly measures. Now it is the time for others
to take a lesson from Indian Railways and start
reacting accordingly. Because – ‘Together We Can
Make It Happen.’
(The author is an alumni of Tinsukia College and now works at Chittaranjan Loco Works, West Bengal.
For more articles on Environmental Issues, please logon at his site :
http://sites.google.com/site/planetgreenactnow & http://blogofanirban.blogspot.com)
KAMARUPA ANUSANDHANA SAMITI
(ASSAM RESEARCH SOCIETY)
Reg. No. 85 of 1960-61
Guwahati - 781001
Centenary Celebration (7th April, 2010 to 7th April, 2011)
The Kamarupa Anusandhana Samiti (The Assam Research Society), the oldest research institution
in North East India, which was established in 1912 by a galaxy of distinguished scholars and researchers
to throw light on the past history, culture and civilization of ancient Assam and disseminate research
findings throughout India and abroad is going to celebrate the centenary during the year from 7th April,
2010 to 7th April, 2011. It may be mentioned that this institution has to its credit a good number of
books and research journals of high standard and many volumes of its journal, viz. ‘The Journal of the
Assam Research Society’ which have drawn the attention and admiration of national and international
scholars. Besides, a number of valuable ancient manuscript of Assam were edited and published by the
Kamrupa Anusandhana Samiti.
The Kamrupa Anusandhana Samiti possesses a large number of manuscripts of great importance,
besides a library which remains open for researchers and scholars.
It is, therefore, not necessary to emphasize that it would be pertinent to celebrate the centenary of
the Kamarupa Anusandhana Samiti in a dignified manner. Needless to say that such a centenary celebration
would require a handsome amount of money for publishing the proposed commemoration volumes,
souvenirs and past history of Kamarupa Anusandhana Samiti.
The centenary Celebration Committee of the Kamarupa Anusandhana Samiti, therefore, earnestly
makes an appeal to you all to donate generously for making the celebration a success.
Thanking you,
Centenary Celebration Committee : Dr. Pramod Ch. Bhattacharya, Adviser; Prof. J.N. Phukan,
President; Dr. S.N. Goswami, Working President; Dr. Arun Ch. Bhuyan, Vice President; Dr. Nishipad
Dev Choudhury, General Secretary; Dr. Gajendra Adhikary, Asst. Secretary; Prof. Kiran Sarma, Treasurer.
Executive Committee : Dr. Banikanta Sarma, President and Chief adviser; Dr. Romesh Buragohain,
Vice President; Dr. Bharati Barua, Secretary; Shri Bhuban Ch. Lahkar, Jt Secretary; Dr. I.S. Mumtaza,
Asstt. Secretary; Dr. Anima Choudhury; Prof. Biswesar Hazarika; Dr. Bhagaban Maral; Shri Jagadish
Patgiri; Smt. Madhuri Chowdhuri
For membership form of KAS and more details please visit Pragyan’s blog on :
http://pragyan06now.blogspot.com/2010/04/centenary-celebration-of-kamrupa.html
57 /
Dr. Sanjita Chetia
Introduction :
ass communication is the term used to
describe the academic study of the various
means by which individuals and entities relay
information through mass media to large segments
of the population at the same time. It is usually
understood to relate to newspaper and magazine
publishing, radio, television and film, as these are
used both for disseminating news and for
advertising.
Characteristics Of Mass Communication :
Cambridge University’s John Thompson has
identified five characteristics of mass
communication. Firstly, it ‘‘comprises both
technical and institutional methods of production
and distribution.’’ This is evident throughout the
history of the media, from print to the Internet,
each suitable for commercial utility.
Secondly, it involves the ‘‘co-modification
of symbolic forms’’, as the production of materials
relies on its ability to manufacture and sell large
quantities of the work. Just as radio stations rely
on its time sold to advertisements, newspapers rely
for the same reasons on its space.
Mass communication’s third characteristics
is the ‘‘separate contexts between the production
and reception of information’’, while the fourth is
in its ‘‘reach to those 'far removed' in time and
space, in comparison to the producers’’.
Mass
communication,
involves
M
‘‘information distribution’’. This is a ''one to many''
form of communication, whereby products are
mass-produced and disseminated to a great quantity
of audiences. (Thompson ; 1995)
Purpose :
Mass communication can be used for various
purposes :
Advocacy, both for business and social
concerns. This can include advertising,
marketing, propaganda, public relations
and political communication.
Entertainment, traditionally through
performances of acting, music and sports
along with light reading; since the late 20th
century also through video and computer
games.
Public service announcements.
The main function of education is
communication of knowledge, skill and attitudes.
The mass media are known to have great potential
in communicating these effectively. (Emery et al,
1965). Men hurting through space send back radio
reports of what they experience. Cameras mounted
on space shuttles give us close-up televised
photographs of the moon’s surface. Television
programmes are being transmitted from one side
of the world to another by bouncing of signals off
a satellite in orbit. Each year brings additional
wonders in the craft of communication. With
computers and instantaneous transmission systems
/ 58
we are blending time and space to our will.
The Working Group of Educational
Technology in 1978 recognised the importance of
television as a persuasive and effective medium for
education and recommended that the educational
technology programme should focus attention on
the use of radio and television with a view to reach
out to the largest possible members of people in
different categories. Educational broadcasting can
become a major instrument of education as well as
a significant component of distance and alternative
learning systems of various categories of learners.
There are number of compelling reasons for
incorporating technology into the instruction of
mass communication. As technology plays an
increasing important role in our lives, it becomes
vital to expose journalism students to that
technology (Singer et al, 1996). And indeed new
technology is heavily used throughout the
journalism and mass communication industry
(Bowen and Durbin, 2001). Technology has caused
a revolution in the way we teach and learn but there
can be no real revolution unless the faculty changes
how they teach (Zemsky and Massey ; 2004)
Objectives :
1. To develop an understanding of modern
technology in education.
2. To be able to know and appreciate the
different instructional media.
Forms of Mass Communication :
Electronic media and print media include :
Broadcasting, in the narrow sense, for radio
and television.
Various types of discs or tapes. In the 20th
century, these were mainly used for music.
Video and computer uses followed.
Film, most often used for entertainment, but
also for documentaries.
Internet, which has many uses and presents
both opportunities and challenges. Blogs
and podcasts (such as news, music, prerecorded speech, and video).
Mobile phones, often called the 7th Mass
Media, used for rapid breaking news, short
clips of entertaiment like jokes, horoscopes,
alerts, games, music, and advertising.
59 /

Publishing, including electronic publishing.
Video games, which have developed into a
mass form of media since cutting-edge
devices such as the Play Station 3, XBox
360, and Wii broadened their use.
Emerging Technologies And Their Educational
Relevance :
An emerging technology is one that, as it’s
maturing, is redesigning the educational process.
Emerging technologies such as Skype, Podcasting
with digital Audio Recording, Moodle (a course
management systems), Wikis (collaborative
encyclopedias), and Blogs are redefining the way
teacher teach and students learn. These technologies
are changing the traditional school environment into
one of excitement and cooperative learning. With
these teacher instead takes the role of guide and
coach. But before discussing further on impact on
teaching learning scenario in coming years.
Mobile Learning :
Mobile learning or m-learning is defined as
‘‘Using mobile technologies, including mobile
phones and hand held devices to enhance the
learning process’’. As ‘‘mobile’’ implies that the
technology is wirelessly connected, this means that
learners are not restricted to one learning
environment and m-learning allows them to access
information anywhere and at anytime. Horizon
Report (2008) states ‘Mobile now keep us in touch
in almost all the ways that laptops used to; with
email, web browsing, photos and videos,
documents, searching and shopping – all available
anywhere without the need to find a hotspot or a
power outlet.
The fact that many students already own and
carry mobiles remains a key factor in their potential
for education. Added to that is the tremendous pace
of innovation in this sector, where competition is
driving continual advancements (Horizon Report,
2008). The report further elaborates ‘Students doing
fieldwork are using mobiles to take notes and
photographs and send them directly to a course blog,
where they receive instructor feedback : colleagues
using virtual collaboration tools have access to
materials while travelling or otherwise away from
their computers. Academics are now beginning to
acknowledge the importance of m-learning. For
example, the ‘‘new generation’’ of young
individuals or the present and future participants of
e-learning interventions have been described as
‘always on, one handed texting, instant messaging
and multi-tasking.
Wireless Technologies :
The term, ‘‘wireless technologies’’ by its very
terminology, is self explanatory and can be linked
to m-learning to some extent. Wireless technology
allows the learner to access information at their
convenience. An example of wireless technology
is iBurst, which offers wireless broadband internet
that allows learners to access the internet at any
location. Technologies like iBurst allows cheap
telephone calls over the internet, as speeds increase,
will be able to handle ‘video-on-demand’
The technology makes it possible for learners
to access almost any internet content and motivates
them to learn at their own pace and in an
environment that suits them. In this way, iBurst
represents an inexpensive and effective learning tool
that allows teachers to manage their students more
effectively: to have more control over course content
and communicate with colleagues easily.
Skype :
‘Skype’ is a software that allows one to talk
to people over the computer. With a fast connection,
Skype allows one to talk to up to five people over
the computer for free. If one has a good internet
connection (e.g. broadband). He/she can talk to
anyone in the world and the reception, based on
digital technology, is crystal clear. To use this
service, users are required to have an internet
connection, have downloaded the program and have
a microphone and headset.
Skype is quite helpful for language teachers.
By using this technology, they can connect their
language classrooms to a world of language
speakers. It offers good opportunity for teachers to
connect a language class to a group of foreign
language exchange. Skype is the best way for
students to practice communication of a new
Language. This way, the students can internet with
other students who speak the language. This way,
the students can internet with other students who
speak the language they are learning.
Podcast :
A podcast is a series of digital-media files
which are distributed over the Internet using
syndication feeds for playback on portable media
players and computers. The term podcast, like
broadcast, can refer either to the series of content
itself or to the method by which it is syndicated;
the latter is also called podcasting. The host or
author of a podcast is often called a podcaster.
The options for using Podcasting as a teaching
resource are beyond imagination.
Teachers can create their own podcasts that
are related to the subject they are teaching as
supportive information. The education Podcast
Network allows teachers to connect and collaborate
via a podcast. They can view podcasts created by
academics within their field of expertise, and are
also given the opportunity to produce their own
programs. In this way, podcasting enables the
participating teachers to ‘shade their knowledge,
insight and passions for teaching. Furthermore,
podcasting has the functional capacity to assist
students’ learning. For example, podcasting not only
provides teachers with the flexibility to post
important segments of their lectures online, or their
interview with experts, but also allows students to
view and create their own podcasts on material
covered in class, or in their textbooks.
Wiki :
Wiki is sometimes interpreted as the acronym
for ‘‘What I know, Is’’ which describes the
knowledge contribution, storage and exchange up
to some point. The name is based on the Hawaijan
term wiki meaning ‘‘quick’’ ‘‘fast’’ or ‘‘to hasten’’.
A wiki is a group of web pages that allows others
(often completely unrestricted) to edit the content.
The wiki is a simpler process of creating HTML
pages and provides tools by which individuals can
discuss wiki changes and alterations. Content
displayed on a wiki can be constantly modified, with
changes being recorded as the content is updated.
By keeping records of all modifications, wiki
creators may at anytime change the content and / or
the site’s functionality to its previous state. As wiki
functions with the intent of sharing and exchanging
/ 60
knowledge it can be used to support the
collaboration of learners. In this way, learners can
develop a more comprehensive understanding of
all the issues in question. Learners can feel
empowered by having the opportunity to build on
their knowledge and can subsequently derive a sense
of involvement.
Blogs (Web Logs) :
Blogging has become a huge form of media,
popular through the internet. A blog is a website,
usually maintained by an individual, with regular
entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or
other material such as graphics or video. Entries
are commonly displayed in reverse chronological
order. Many blogs provide commentary or news on
a particular subject; others function as more personal
online diaries. A typical blog combines text, images,
and links to other blogs, web pages, and other media
related to its topic. The ability for readers to leave
comments in an interactive format is an important
part of many blogs. Most blogs are primarily textual,
although some focus on art (artlog), photographs
(photoblog), sketchblog, videos (vlog), music (MP3
blog), audio (podcasting) are part of a wider
network of social media. Micro-blogging is another
type of blogging which consists of blogs with very
short posts.
Weblogs allow teachers to communicate with
students and parents as they can log daily class
activities. The teachers and learners can easily create
their weblogs to disseminates and share ideas, study
material, research work/findings or their views on
different educational aspects. They can regularly
edit their postings on their weblogs and use weblogs
to universalize their ideas and achievement for
academic world and community. Teachers can also
use weblogs as portals to list homework
assignments, classroom procedures, and class work.
Students can use the weblog to post their own work
and have it commented by their teachers and
classmates.
Moodle :
Moodle is a virtual learning environment. It
is an online designed to mimick the classroom
experience. Moodle is like a virtual classroom and
Moodle homepage behaves just like a website does.
61 /
The downside to MOODLE is that it must be hosted
by an outside source and is not free. A moodle
homepage (or class website) looks and acts just like
a website. There are links to the course calendar,
online syllabus, weekly topics, assignment
descriptions, discussion forums and so on students
are able to jump around from one week to the next
so they will always be able to find information they
may have missed.
Moodle is especially useful for a teacher
because she/he can create links to resources for
students, create and assess quizzes and has control
over the entire site. Therefore, the teacher can
monitor student activity, add/delete any of the
content, keep track of grades, which can be either
accessed or hidden from student view. Teachers can
post links to the class calendar , links to assignments
that need to be completed, an online syllabus, and
discussion forms. This gives students the ability to
find information they may have missed because they
were absent form class. Teachers can also create
and give tests, monitor students' activity, edit
content and organize grades. Moodle helps teacher
to keep total control of the learning environment.
Moodle also allows for a class forum where topics
relevant to course material can be discussed. A great
benefit of having a class forum is that students are
given the freedom to gather their thoughts and
express themselves without the pressures felt in
classroom discussions.
Instant Messaging (IM) :
IM is an acronym for instant Messaging. It
is‘‘a tool that successfully supports informal
communication’’. A form of IM is SMS technology.
IM is a synchronous learning tool, which is as elearning context can provide the students with real
time and instant learning opportunities. IM, as a
real-time communication tool can be utilized as a
delivery option for hearing impaired students. This
allows them to access teachers without a third party
to interpret. Learners can be also use this to get
automated feedback from assignments or questions,
freeing the tutor from any additional workload .
IM in its SMS form has proved to be extremely
effective amongst a group of hearing impaired
students. With the assistance of IM technology, these
students were able to communicate in real time and
use this medium as a tool to facilitate
communication with their teachers without the
support of an interpreter. The most common use of
IM within an e-learning context has been to provide
a cooperative learning environment. Users of IM
are said to be able to articulate ideas, issues and
options in real time. As such, IM can be used to
engage and maintain learner interest as
correspondence occurs in a timely manner.
Although some people may become confused by
dialogue or the functionality of chat room
discussion. It would appear that the positive facets
of IM far outweigh this limitation.
CONCLUSION:
Mass communication denotes a section of
the media specifically designed to reach a very large
audience such as the population of a nation state.
The term was coined in the 1920s with the advent
of nationwide radio networks, mass-circulation
newspapers and magazines. However, some forms
of mass media such as books and manuscripts had
already been in use centuries. The term public media
has a similar meaning : it is the sum of the public
mass distributors of news and entertainment across
media such as newspapers, television, radio,
broadcasting, which may require union membership
in some large markets such as newspaper Guild,
AFTRA, and text publishers.
Mass media includes Internet media (like
blogs, message boards, podcasts and video sharing)
because individuals now have a means to exposure
that is comparable in scale to that previously
restricted to a select group of mass media producers.
The communications audience has been viewed by
some commentators as forming a mass society with
special characteristics, notably atomization or lack
of social connections, which render it especially
susceptible to the influence of modern mass-media
techniques such as advertising and propaganda . The
term "MSM" or "mainstream media" has been
widely used in the blogosphere in discussion of the
mass media and media bias.
Internet is quickly becoming the center of mass
media. Everything is becoming accessible via the
Internet, instead of picking up a newspaper or
watching the news people will log onto the get the
news they want, when they want it. Even the
education system relies on the Internet. Teachers can
contact the entire class by sending one e-mail. They
have web pages where students can get another.
In the times to come in recent future we should
make our self well conversed with the emerging
facilities which helps in teaching-learning and
acquiring knowledge in the field of education.
Because through mass media whole world is being
squeezed in a smaller circle where efficient learning
as well as teaching can take place. In this regard we
have got to make our self well acquainted with all
these modern techniques and facilities to keep the
pace with present days growth rate in the field of
education so that a fair amount of upliftment in the
standard of education can be achieved.
We may confer out here that mass media plays
an important role which enhanced the grape vine
of education among the mass of the world.
REFERENCES :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
BOWEN,C AND DURBIN, T.2001. Convergence: Bringing together new and old technologies. Communication:
Journalism Education Today, 34(4). 3-8
EMERY,E.: ADULT AGE, P.H.; K.W. 1965 Introduction to Mass Communication. Bombay: Vikils Fikils Feffer and
Simons Private Ltd.
HORIZON REPORT 2008. Retrieved October 13, 2008 from http://www.nmc.org/pdf/2008-horizon-Report.pdf.
THOMPSON, JOHN.B.1995. The Media and Modernity. Pp-14-18.
SINGER, J.B, CRAIG, D., Allen, C.W., et al. 1996. Attitudes of professors and students about new media technology.
Journalism Mass Communication Educator. 51(2), 36-45.
ZEMSKY, R. AND MASSEY, W.F. 2004 Thwarted innovation: what happened to e-learning and why. University of
Pennsylvania.
(The author teaches Home Science at Digboi Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Digboi)
/ 62
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63 /
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/ 64
Rajen Barua
P
eople generally like to treat science and religion
as two different fields altogether, each working
in antagonism to each other. It was Albert Einstein,
the scientist, who tried to show the relation between
the two with his remarkable quote, “Science
without religion is blind, and religion without
science is lame.” During the last fifty years there
have been several outstanding books published that
try to explain the world view unifying the science
and metaphysics together for the common reader.
Stephan Hawkins, another great scientist of the day,
wrote a remarkable book, ‘A Brief History of Time’
which is an exploration in the outer limits of
science, and addresses such questions as “Was there
a beginning of Time? Will there be an end? Is the
Universe infinite?” and other such questions that
were normally considered off the limits of science.
Hawkins was addressing the issues purely from a
scientist’s point of view. Then we have Dr. Ervin
Laszlo, a recipient of four honorary PhDs, who
wrote a historic book, ‘Science and the Akashic
Field’ (Akashic from the Sanskrit word Akash=sky)
that tries to give an integral theory of science and
metaphysics for the world view. Fritziof Capra,
another scientist in theoretical high energy physics,
wrote a very popular book, ‘The Tao of Physics’
that gives an integration of the mathematical world
view of modern physics and the vision with the
Buddhist and other Eastern mystical vision. The
65 /
American-Indian doctor-philosopher Deepak
Chopra has been writing several books where we
find a meeting ground of modern science and
eastern mysticism. These are all outstanding books
which have received wide acclaim in the
international field and have been doing great service
in bringing a synthesis between science and
metaphysics.
This is a subject which is close to my heart,
and like many others, I have been exploring on
my own limited way to find a happy synthesis
between science and religion. In view of above, it
was a pleasant surprise when the American
publisher sent me for review a courtesy copy of
the book, ‘The Circle of Fire, (The Metaphysics
of Yoga)’ written on similar subject. I was doubly
pleased and surprised because the book was
written by an Assamese. Frankly speaking, I was
starting to read the book with certain skepticism
in my mind. However, once I started the book, I
could not stop before finishing the 400 page long
book. After reading it, I realized that ‘The Circle
of Fire’ is indeed another such outstanding book
where science and metaphysics meet. Looking at
the reviews of the book, I realized that I was not
alone in my high acclaim for the book. However,
before dealing with the reviews, let me write about
the author and about the book.
‘The Circle of Fire: The Metaphysics of
Yoga’ is written by a young Assamese surgeon from
Guwahati, Dr P.J. Mazumdar, and is published by
North Atlantic Books in USA. The book is however
yet to be released in India. Like other books on the
meeting of science and spirituality, The Circle of
Fire is ambitious in scope and a challenging,
rewarding read. Mazumdar is not afraid to ask the
big questions like, “What is God?” and “Who
created the universe?”. While explaining answers
to these questions, the book grapples with an
exhilarating array of eternal metaphysical riddles
and provides a broad examination of all the
religions of the world with particular emphasis on
the Indian philosophy of Advaita and Buddhism.
The book also gives a lucid exploration of the
modern frontiers of science in different fields
covering a broad range of topics such as Big Bang
theory, Darwin’s theory of evolution, DNA, theory
of relativity and Quantum physics and many others.
All these modern discoveries of science, especially
Darwin’s theory of evolution and Quantum
mechanics, have revolutionized our knowledge of
the world so much that many of the old religious
beliefs became almost redundant. Science has
shown that “The beating of the heart, for example
is only due to some specially constituted proteins
in the heart muscle, cells that polarize and
depolarize rhythmically as long as they are
supplied with energy in the form of ATP”. (pp 35)
Quantum physics also rules out a deterministic
world being controlled by an almighty God.
Mazumdar writes, “The progress of our knowledge
in the origin and course of life poses a serious
challenge to the traditional concept of religion. The
dominance of God is derived in most religions from
his importance in creating and sustaining life. But
the role cannot be believed in any more. Science
has shown that there is no need to posit any divine
hand in the origin of life; the human race does not
occupy a central position, nor was it created
differently from the rest. The new knowledge has
demolished the beliefs at the core of most religions,
and as a result much of their doctrines have become
redundant. It is untenable now for religions with
pre-evolutionary concept to sustain their teachings
in light of this knowledge. Only religions that can
accept evolution and other scientific discoveries
can achieve harmony with our intellectual progress
and spiritual needs.” (pp15).
In the book, Mazumdar explains that the
metaphysics underpinning only two religions:
Buddhism and Advaita, although they appear to
contradict each other, are the only theories that
remain consistent with the findings of modern
science. Mazumdar explains in details how and
why. In doing so, he gave a very clear and concise
view of all the dualist religions who believe in a
supreme creator for the universe. The theory of God
as a creator is not only inconsistent with modern
science but also inconsistent with metaphysical
logics. It may be noted that in the beginning, the
Vedas asked the right question if the creator knows
whence the existence came. In fact the book starts
with the famous quote from the Vedas “Then who
knows from whence came this universe? Who is
controlling it from the highest of the Heavens - .
Perhaps he knows, or perhaps even He knows not!”
(Rig Veda X.129). Mazumdar writes, “Modern
science has finally proven the contention of
Advaita, and also of Buddhism, that the world has
only an ill-defined, realty, and these two religious
traditions are today the only ones consistent with
our knowledge of the world.” (pp 105). …”For
the advatitists, there is no God to turn to, none to
guide them, and none who can punish or reward
them.” (pp137). Compared to Advaita, other forms
of Hinduism are either dualist or qualified monism.
“The idea that the world is in realty an ill defined,
nebulous world, was a cornerstone of Advaitism
and Buddhism, and had always, attracted much
criticism from other philosophers…..But now
modern scientific discoveries have also uncovered
just such a view of the world.”( pp 209).
The position of Buddhism may in fact be
compared to that of science itself; originally
Buddha refused to deal with any metaphysical
questions. Instead it deals with realty and explains
the world the way it is. Thus Buddhism rejects the
speculation of Advaita and all other forms of
Hinduism that there is an ultimate non changeable
Brahman or God. “The Buddhist proposes a world
that exists in itself. There is no higher realty; this
world has what is called dependant reality….In
Buddhism everything is seen to be composed of
discontinuous, discrete particles. Even the flow of
time is seen merely a stream of discontinuous
/ 66
moments, which add together. Consciousness is
also is a stream of individual flashes of thoughts
and sensations.” (pp 215). In fact the title of the
book, ‘The Circle of Fire’ is a Buddhist term coined
by the renown Buddhist scholar Nagarjuna to
explain the world the way it is. When a fire band is
whirled around, it gives the illusion of a ‘circle of
fire’. According to the Buddhists, the universe is
such. It also can be compared to a movie which in
reality is movement of a series of still pictures in
high speed. Advaitism also states that the universe
is an illusion (Maya) but unlike the Buddhists,
maintains that there is a continuous flow and there
is an unchangeable Brahman behind all this
illusion. It is no wonder that Sankaracharya, the
architect of the modern Advaita movement in
Hinduism, is called a crypto Buddhist.
Having explained about the book, let us now
see how the American readers are reviewing the book
in Amazon.com website. One reader writes, “Fritziof
Capra’s pioneering work (The Tao of Physics) not
only succeeded in introducing the field of quantum
physics to a wide, non-scientifically oriented
audience but also unveiled ancient, spiritual
principles at work within the physical universe
working in harmony with this new science. Now 34
years later P. J. Mazumdar’s book `The Circle of
Fire’ takes us deeper into the mysteries of the
physical and non-material universe exploring the
generally unnoticed, or ignored underlying harmony
between modern science, Indian philosophy,
Advaita, and the metaphysics of yoga.“ Another
American reader writes, “`The Circle of Fire’ is a
challenging and rather imposing 389 page volume…
However once one takes that first step you will soon
discover the author is a talented and accomplished
communicator possessing the ability to relate both
scientific and esoteric subject matter to his reading
audience in a clear, intelligent and highly accessible
manner. Mazumdar writes in a flowing, easy, almost
conversational style that will immediately put the
reader at ease. You will find yourself so immersed
in this book that the pages will quickly disappear,
the many diverse disciplines and concepts converge,
and the authors point made before you realize the
conversation is drawing to a close.” And Mazumdar
deals the dry scientific and metaphysical views with
passion and enthusiasm . One reader writes,
“Mazumdar is able to bring, through his knowledge
of Modern Science, the necessary lucidity to find
the satisfactory congruence with contemporary
knowledge, and the ancient hallowed teachings of
Advaita Vedanta and Non-Dualism.“ Another writes,
“in my opinion the authors enthusiasm infuses his
presentation with the spirit of adventure and
discovery, raising Mazumdar work above the field
of dry, impersonal analysis into the realm of personal
applicability and infinite possibilities….This superb
book tackles the difficult questions contained in the
Metaphysics of Yoga with great clarity, so that today’s educated laymen, eager to understand these
great Truths, will find it comparatively easy to
comprehend them.”I would like to make a statement
that the considering the scope of the book, I think
that it should have been better subtitled ‘The
Metaphysics of the Universe’ instead of the present
‘The Metaphysics of Yoga’. Let me conclude with a
quote from another American reader about the book,
“This highly successful achievement makes a unique
contribution to the literature, directed towards the
understanding and solution of the many metaphysical
questions, relating to Higher Consciousness Studies
and the task of Self Realization. I am confident that
this book will serve as an indispensible guide for all
those earnest readers keen to follow and understand
the essential wisdom of the major Upanashadic
Truths, still applicable more than ever for the modern
man and woman.”
It is to the pride of Assam, nay to India, that
such a profound book came out from an Assamese
writer. We are sure to see more from this young
writer in the future. Let us hope that the book will
be published in India sooner than later for the
benefit of the Indian intellectual readers, because
irrespective of whether you are an atheist, or a
scientist, or a Buddhist, or a Hindu, or a Christian
or whatever your belief is, you owe it to yourself
to read the ‘The Circle of Fire’.
(Rajen Barua is an engineer by profession and is a freelance writer. Barua lives in Houston, Texas and may be
reached at email: [email protected])
67 /
Arup Baishya
O
ne important & practical aspect of
modern human civilization is the
question of nationality. It was even implicit
in the French revolution when the institution
of ‘associated labour’ was discovered in
communes of the workers. Karl Marx wrote
“The Second Empire had been the jubilee of
cosmopolitan blackleggism, the rakes of all
countries rushing in at its call for a share in its
orgies and in the plunder of the French people.
Even at this moment, the right hand of Theirs
is Ganessco, the foul Wallachian, and his left
hand is Markovsky, the Russian spy. The
Commune admitted all foreigners to the honor
of dying for an immortal cause. Between the
foreign war lost by their treason, and the civil
war fomented by their conspiracy with the
foreign invader, the bourgeoisie had found the
time to display their patriotism by organizing
police hunts upon the Germans in France. The
Commune made a German working man [Leo
Frankel] its Minister of Labor. Thiers, the
bourgeoisie, the Second Empire, had
continually deluded Poland by loud
professions of sympathy, while in reality
betraying her to, and doing the dirty work of,
Russia. The Commune honored the heroic sons
of Poland [J. Dabrowski and W. Wróblewski] by
placing them at the head of the defenders of Paris.
And, to broadly mark the new era of history it
was conscious of initiating, under the eyes of the
conquering Prussians on one side, and the
Bonapartist army, led by Bonapartist generals, on
the other, the Commune pulled down that colossal
symbol of martial glory, the Vendôme Column”.1
The year 1848 was a turning-point in
Europe. The defeat of the revolution meant that
the national question had to be solved by other
means. Marx hoped that the task of resolving
national question would be achieved from below
by the working class using revolutionary means.
Since the proletariat had failed to solve this
question by revolutionary means in 1848, it was
solved by reactionary means by conservative
Prussian Junker Bismarck. Marx always opposed
the reactionary Bismarck, but when the latter
succeeded in uniting Germany, Marx and Engels
reluctantly were compelled to support it as step
forward, because it would facilitate the unification
of German proletariat. So the ideologically
important premise is to see the way in which
the national question is resolved, by which class
/ 68
and in whose interest.
The nationality question became more
complicated with the emergence of imperialist
capital or with the beginning of colonial era. The
development of ‘communist mass consciousness’
in the wake of bourgeois role on nationality
question in the post Russian-revolutionary period
had been neglected and viewed as an organizational
task to develop proletarian revolution against
capital under the leadership of erstwhile soviet
Russia, despite Lenin’s unequivocal emphasis on
national autonomy to the point of secession and
on bourgeois role on anti colonial – anti imperialist
struggle. Lenin always advocated the right of the
various national minorities to full autonomy “to
the point of secession”, whereas Stalin degraded
them to nothing more than “border region” to be
retained at all cost, in strictest subordination to the
interest of Russia. Invasion of Georgia was mainly
carried out by Stalin keeping Trotsky unaware.
Lenin agreed to invasion, but urged to ensure that
the “Russian bully” would help and not dominate
the Georgian revolution. That’s why Lenin wrote
in 1922 “the Georgian (Stalin) who is neglectful
of this aspect of the question or who carelessly
flings about accusation of “nationalist-socialism”
(whereas he himself is a real and true “nationalistsocialist”, and even a vulgar Great-Russian bully),
violates, in substance, the interest of proletarian
class solidarity, for nothing holds up the
development and strengthening of proletarian class
solidarity so much as national injustice; “offended”
nationals are not sensitive to anything so much as
to the feeling of equality and violation of this
equality, if only through negligence or jest – to the
violation of their proletarian comrades. That is why
in this case it is better to over-do rather than
undergo the concessions and leniency towards
national minorities. That is why, in this case, the
fundamental interest of proletarian class struggle,
requires that we never adopt a formal attitude to
the national question, but always take into account
the specific attitude of the proletarian of the
oppressed nation towards the oppressor nation”.
However Lenin’s agreement with the invasion
in the first instance is also questionable and
69 /
seems to be guided by the deterministic
approach of overemphasizing the external
factors rather than complete reliance on the
dynamics of internal forces.
This approach of Stalin had been extended
to the international situation then embroiled with
colonial and the nationality question and this
approach had been persuaded through the
organizational setup of comintern.
As the ideology is also epochally
circumscribed in the sense that the conflictual
orientation of the various forces of practical social
consciousness remain their prominent feature for
as long as societies are divided into classes. In the
context of post-Russian Revolutionary period
especially after Lenin, the point is to emphasize
the importance of the much neglected and often
completely ignored – relationship between
cultural/ideological changes and the social
movement to which they are objectively linked.2
Stalin’s approach towards national question
within the then soviet Russia had its bearing on
the communist parties of other countries, as the
communist international of which the parties of
other countries were members was under the
surveillance, patronization & mechanism of control
of Russia. On the question of periodisation of
history of comintern, historians may differ, but all
agree to the fact that the Russification of comintern
was complete by 1935 and with that withering
away of autonomy of the national section of
communist parties and establishment of almost
monolithic character of the comintern was also
complete.
“ The vast literature on this subject reflects
on two aspect of this mechanism : the internal
control mechanism which operated within
comintern; the external levers of control employed
by the comintern to maintain hold over communist
parties.
The mechanism of control within the
comintern broadly operated along two lines ideological and organizational. What it meant
was every voice of opposition, criticism and
difference was simply branded as anti-party and
counterrevolutionary, labeled as manifestation
of social democracy, Menshevism,
Liquidationism
or
anti-Bolshevism,
ideologically validating thereby the suppression
and control of any critic in the name of
revolution and socialism.
Organisationally, the control devices
within the comintern exhibited a high level of
complexity, involving centralization and
growing Russian domination of Executive
committee of the communist international
(ECCI), the detail of which are now available”3
The organizational question was delinked
from the crosscurrents of political life in order to
ensure firm holds of the ruling faction in the soviet
communist party over the comintern. The
ideological impatience towards difference of
opinion is revealed by the Stalin’s vituperative
attack on Rosa Luxemburg through his 1931 letter
entitled “On some Question concerning the history
of Bolshevism” followed by the liquidation of the
heritage of “Luxemburgism”.
“The necessary cementing function of the
ruling ideology becomes all the more evident (and
significant) if we recall that even its more aggressive
variants — from chauvinism to Nazism and to the
most recent ideologies of the ‘Radical Right’— must
claim to represent the overwhelming majority of the
population against the outside enemy, the ‘racially
inferior’ minorities, the so called ‘mere handful of
trouble-makers’ who are supposed to be the cause
of strikes and social unrest (‘the enemy within’ in
Mrs Thatcher’s parlance) etc.4
This ruling ideology is structurally
determined to misrepresent the narrow ‘self
interest’ as the ‘general interest’ of the society and
at times of major crisis, this claim of ‘general
interest’ gets exposed as empty rhetoric. For all
those who try to articulate the interest of the
subordinate classes should not only set out from
the premise that there is an alternative, but also
define the condition of bringing about that
alternative. That is why the socialist project cannot
content itself with the negativity of the political
revolution, however necessary, but must strive for
the intrinsically positive social revolution in the
course of which the associated individual can
‘change from top to bottom the condition of their
industrial and political existence, and consequently
their whole manner of being (Marx). And this is
why it must insist, with Rosa Luxemburg, that
‘socialism will not be established by any
government, however admirably socialist.
Socialism must be created by the masses, must be
made by every proletarian.
Evidently, such objectives cannot be
released without the work of emancipator
ideology through which necessary motivational
framework of transforming the social
individual’s ‘whole manner of being’ is defined
and constantly redefined. Not from about but
as a matter of consciously pursued self-activity.5
The question may arise, if the Russian
revolution is considered to be the culmination of
‘the self activity’, how the policy direction could
change so radically with the emergence of Stalin
at the helm affairs with his overwhelming
organizational control without any significant
manifestation of popular resistance from below.
Someone may argue that Lenin’s democratic stand
on National Question could easily be sidelined due
to the centralized organizational legacy that
prepared the ground for Stalin’s organizational
highhandedness. This part of ideologicalorganisational history and Lenin vs. Luxemburg
debate on it will be dealt with separately at a later
stage. At this point, it is to be seen how the Russian
control in the communist movement sealed the fate
of a radical perspective on national question to
emerge and to go beyond the ‘ruling ideological’
framework even in the country like India.
The organizational-ideological intolerance,
divorce of organizational question from reality,
non-adherence to democratic principle, over
dependence on the skill & efficiency of the leaders
and perceived infallibility of the central policy
makers all resulted due to the skewed view on class
line and abandonment of mass line and led to the
ideological quagmire.
Basing on recent archival finding which
remained secret till the Gorvachev regime,
Sobhanlal Datta Gupta enumerated the history of
Comintern and the Indian Communist in his book
/ 70
titled “Comintern and the Destiny of Communism
in India 1919-43”. The national question was first
discussed in the comintern’s second congress. The
second congress and the Baku congress were the
first signal of the Comintern’s growing interest in
the East. Sobhanlal asserted that apart from the fall
of revolutionary wave in the west, there were very
specific Russian factor too which possibly explain
this shift. In the neighboring states of Soviet Russia
i.e. Turkey, Iran and China, liberation movement
were quite active, second, the Bolshevik, while
striving to control the former Russian colonies in
Central Asia, faced stiff opposition from Armenia
& Georgia, which, with the military and political
backing of Britain, also struggled to “liberate”
Azerbaijan from Soviet rule.
Lenin’s Imperialism (1917), followed by the
Colonial Thesis and M.N.Roy’s draft
supplementary thesis were both adopted in the
second congress (1920). Comintern’s
understanding of the strategy and tactics of the
Colonial question was summed up in the
‘Directives on the Nationality and colonial’ signed
by Lenin. In contrast, M.N.Roy’s position was
similar to Trotsky, who believed that “Indian
revolution can only be successful on a proletarian
revolution”. In the forth congress, Lenin upheld
the outlook projected by him at the second
congress, which aimed at diametrically fusing
the national and class question. The ‘Thesis on
the Eastern Question’ adopted by the comintern
stated that the ‘refusal of the communists in the
colonies to participate in the struggle against
imperialist oppression on the pretext of alleged
‘defense’ of independent class interest, is
opportunism of the worst kind calculated only to
discredit the proletarian revolution in the east”. In
the early twenties there were very few in the
comintern who appreciated Lenin’s stand.
In 1922, Gaya session of the Indian National
Congress received a document entitled ‘Program
of National Liberation & Reconstruction’ carrying
the signature of M.N.Roy and Abani Mukherjee in
the wake of growing peasant militancy with Chauri
Cheura incident and the passivity of Gandhi. On
the other hand, Dr. Manilal’s manifesto which was
71 /
drafted by Dr. Manilal & Abani Mukherjee
proposed the idea of a Labour Peasant Party of
India for national independence and also
advocated abolition of the standing army and
the police. It also proposed arming of the masses
and the organization of militia, while
dissociating itself from Bolshevik and later a
party was formed with almost similar program
ingrained in Manilal’s manifesto & class
demands. But M.N.Roy was against nationalist
and tried to persuade the new party to abandon its
path without much success. However through
M.N.Roy the destiny of Indian communism got
firmly anchored in the comintern and its future.
The first organization was formed in 1919 in
defense of the cause of the oppressed people of
the colonies in the East. Later in 1920, Indian
Revolutionaries association (IRA) was formed on
the initiative of Abdur Barq and M.P.B.T Acharyaa,
following their visit of Soviet Russia in 1919. IRA
comprised diverse elements, many of whom had
a strong inclination towards nationalism and
Pan-Islamism. Yet Lenin had no difficulty in
considering the IRA as a possible ally, while
formulating the strategy of anti-imperialist
struggle. Various documents reveal that Lenin’s
approach towards nationalism and non-communist
forces was different from comintern in the early
twenties and the leader like M.N.Roy whose vision
was focused on the premise that the path of
revolution and the nationalist path were simply
non-negotiable.
Fourth congress was the last congress Lenin
attended. After his death in 1924, in the fifth congress
there was not much discussion on colonial question.
By this time, inner party struggle within soviet
communist party was taking decisive turn and by
sixth congress Stalin was about to establish his
overwhelming control over the party and the
comintern. All opposition voices either gradually
subdued, maimed or purged. Monolithic nature of
comintern and overwhelming control hinged the fate
of the communist movement to the soviet party visà-vis Stalin’s dictum. The aftermath of the sixth
congress witnessed the fall of Bukharin, the removal
of Roy for not siding with Stalin in the Stalin –
Bukharin conflict and purge of the “right”. The
ground was now set for a shift from the strategy
of anti-imperialist united front to that of “class
vs. Class” which was envisaged to lead the
international communist movement by the
“proletarian class ruled state of soviet Russia and
soviet party” and the transformation of
comintern from a platform for interaction of
diverse opinion and mutual support with the
autonomy of the communist parties to frame their
policy on the basis of the country specific
objective reality to a monolithic character with
full control of soviet party. This paradigm shift was
in vogue in the period that followed, namely,
1929-34.
The impact of this line was tragic, if not
brutal. In India it led to disaster. Under the
influence of the comintern and overwhelming
control of soviet party at a later stage, Indian
communists were oblivious to the specific
character of India reality. Till 1940 Indian
communists contemplated India as a single
nation. The communist party of India attempted
to develop its policy on national question during
early 1940s and advocated the formation of
linguistic state in the subsequent period on the
premise that India is multi-national country. In
1943 resolution affirmed “every section of the
Indian people which has a contiguous territory as
its homeland, common historical tradition,
common language, culture, psychological make up
and common economic life would be recognized
as a distinct nationality with the right to exist as
an autonomous state within the free Indian union
or federation and will have the right to secede from
it if it may so desire”.6
After 1947 in the post British period, though
Indian communists advocated linguistic states, but
it tragically failed to comprehend the overlapping
& multi-dimensional identity & consciousness of
the Indian people due to their adherence to the
Russian legacy of dogmatic deterministic approach
and in this context there remained a curious
inconsistency in their position on nationality
question and subsequently they even bade farewell
to the idea of “self determination”. This
deterministic approach moulded the ideological
mindset of the Indian first generation
communists like Dange whose “tunnel vision”
about the Indian history led him to overlook the
caste reality of India to suggest that Brahman
was the ‘commune of Aryan Man’ which was
contested by eminent Marxist historian
D.D.Kosambi.
Only after the Chinese revolution and the
failure of the subsequent Indian peasant upsurge
especially that of sixties and the growing rise of
community aspiration based on language, culture,
caste etc, a section of Marxist-Leninist parties have
started looking Indian situation objectively and to
theorise the issues at stake on Marxian outlook.
However the overall scenario in the Indian
communists circle are still mired with dogmatic
approach, slogan mongering or manufacturing
slogan for petty gains or doing nothing to rally the
people around this slogan, strict organizational
hierarchy detrimental to the cause of lively debate
and of people’s initiative. The Marxist concept of
withering away of state does not fit in with the
organizational practice of the communists. The
ideology behind this organizational practice needs
to be debated at length. (To be continued)
REFERENCE
(1)
Karl Marx: The Civil War in France
(2)
Power of Ideology , P13, 53
(3)
Comintern and the Destiny Of Communism in India 1919-1943, Sobhanlal Datta Gupta, P19-20.
(4)
Power of Ideology
(5)
Power of Ideology P 257
(6)
Dynamic of National Question In India, Debnarayan Modak, P77
(The Silchar based author is a well known social science writer and social activist of the state)
/ 72
Dr. Tanusree Sarker
T
he term ‘governance’ and ‘goodgovernance’ are being increasingly used
in development literature. The concept of
‘Governance’ is as old as human civilization.
Simply it means ‘the process of decision
making and the process by decisions are
implemented’. Since governance is the process
of decision making or decision implemented
the analysis of governance focuses on the
formal or informal actors involved in decision
making and its implementation.
Government is one of the actors in
governance and other actors involved in the
process vary depending on the level of
Government. The other actors may include
land lords, NGOs, associations, co-operatives,
research institute, religious leaders, military,
political parties etc. at the rural level. At the
national level media, lobbyists, international
donors, multi-national corporations etc. may
play a role in decision making and decision
making process.
Good governance has eight major
characteristics. These are participatory,
consensus oriented, accountable, transparent,
responsive, effective and efficient, equitable
and inclusive and followed by the rule of law.
It assures that corruption is minimized, the
73 /
views of minorities are taken into account and
that the voice of the most vulnerable in society
are heard in decision making. It is also responsive
to the present and future needs of the society.
Participation by both men and women either
directly or through representative is the
cornerstone of good governance. It requires fair
legal frameworks that are enforced impartially.
The decision taken and their enforcement should
be transparent i.e. every information should be
accessible to those who are affected by such
decisions. This also means that enough
informations should be provided through press.
Good governance requires that institutions and
process try to serve all stakeholders within a
reasonable time-frame. Besides the other
characteristics accountability is the key
requirement of good governance. Not only the
governmental institution the private sector and
civil society organizations must be accountable
to the public and to their institutional
stakeholders. A modest attempt has been made
here to analyse what role has played by the press
in Assam to make the government responsive and
accountable.
“One of the subject of a news paper is to
understand the popular feeling and give
expression to it, another is to arouse the people
certain desirable sentiments, the third is fearlessly
to expose popular defects”— M.K. Gandhi. This
statement of Gandhiji explain the importance of
press in upholding freedom and is expanding
education and social reform and change. Media can
inform the people giving them the voice to be heard
and heeded to . Democracy requires that people
should have the right to know the activities of the
Government, especially the decision of the Govt.
that affects the life, liberty and property of the
people. Information is important for the people to
make choices regarding their participation in the
state. Media both print and electronic helps people
to know what is happening around the world,
socialize them and equip them with the elements of
modernity.
In an International conference held on 1-3
May, 2005 on Media and Good Governance on the
occasion of World Press Freedom Day organized
by UNESCO, a declaration was passed by the
representatives of 150 states that “Independent and
pluralistic media are essential for ensuring
transparency, accountability and participation as
fundamental elements of good governance and
human rights based development”. The declaration
emphasizes the need for national authorities to
create an environment that is favourable to free and
independent media and to recognize the right to
access all informations held by public bodies. A
Chinese representative Mr. Cheng Yizhong
expressed that, “For us, the press practitioners of
China, our top priority for the moment is to expand
the right of the general public to be informed and
to raise the political visibility. This is a duty that
we have to shoulder and it is also the power of the
powerless. As journalists, you have the right to keep
silent, but you have no right to tell lies. To tell the
truth is not the maximum of journalists it’s the
bottom line”. (UNESCO Press release No.2005-54)
The press in India is regarded as the fourth
pillar of democracy and it is an institution made for
the welfare of the country and its people. According
to Article 19(1) A of Indian constitution all citizens
have the right to freedom of speech and expression.
So the press enjoys this freedom of speech and it
considered an authentic medium through which
people of the country can ask for their rights. Our
news papers played an important role during
freedom movement and the press contributed a lot
to bring unity among the people during the colonial
era to aware the people against the oppression of
foreign rule. The 228 years old Indian media today
is at the cross roads. Everyone is in dilemma
regarding the role of media and whether it has been
swayed away by the wave of commerce, whether it
has shaded all its long cherished values. Marketing
pressure, the tabloidization of news, management
and economic pressure are effecting media ethics
and issues such as accountability, fairness and
conflict of interests. In the rural areas the journalists
are not paid well so money matter becomes
important for most of the media personal which
compel them to adopt unfair means in journalism
and many times the people do not get the true fact
from the media. Sometimes due to the threat or
hooliganism by political leaders or influential
persons in the society discouraged the journalists
to bring the truth to the masses. The right to
information is not being used by the journalists
adequately. In most of the cases the journalists have
to prove that he/she is a bonafide before accessing
Govt. information. Traditional system of
information access in India has made journalists
dependent on sources, who are people in power.
They must cultivate whether bureaucrat or
politicians much depends on the privilege and
patronage of the individual source. The journalists
may have a personal relationship or a power equation with the source.
ROLE OF PRESS IN ASSAM:
Assam is a multi-lingual state, as such a number
of news papers, weeklies, monthlies are published
from Assam in different languages. The table in the
next page shows the number publications, language
and type of publication from Assam.
Beside the above dailies there are some more
news papers published from different places those
are yet to get approval. There are some weeklies
and monthlies too which are not yet approved by
the DIPR, but playing an important role to aware
the people regarding various issues. The highest
circulation of Assamese daily is ‘The Asomiya
/ 74
Type of
Hindi Bodo Karbi Manipuri Total
publication Assamese Bengali English
Dailies
12
6
5
2
30
4
1
Weeklies
17
11
4
1
1
-
1
35
Bi-weeklies
2
1
-
1
-
-
-
4
Fortnightlies
2
1
-
-
-
-
3
Monthlies
8
1
1
1
-
-
1
12
Bi-monthlies
Quarterly
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
2
-
-
-
-
-
2
Yearly
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
Source: D.I.P.R., Guwahati,Assam
Pratidin’ and the highest circulation of English daily
is ‘The Assam Tribune’.
On the basis of above information let me
analyse the role of Press in Assam to ensure and
protect the principles of good governance. Media
in Assam is not free and it is not possible to be free.
The economic factor, especially at the district and
grass root level, as the main factor for unfairness of
the media. During the crucial period of Assam
agitation from 1979 to 1985 the press was sharply
divided on the question of giving support to the
agitation leaders. The agitationists most of the time
had fallen prey to ‘xenophobia’. A ‘False
consciousness’ had taken them to such extremity
that the national assimilation process of the greater
Assamese nationality suffered a huge set-back.
Some section of the society could not digest all these
developments and tried their best to give balm to
the new injury to the process of democratic
assimilation. Their deep concern found echo in the
news papers published in the Brahmaputra valley.
The news papers played largely to the popular
demand of the time and they too were reluctant to
give space to the democratic yearning of the society.
So the dailies like ‘The Assam Tribune’, ‘Dainik
Janambhumi’, ‘The Sentinel’, weeklies and biweeklies like ‘Asom Bani’, ‘Agradoot’ etc. had
become unofficial mouth pieces of the movement.
If the media had not played such role during that
time the state and the nation may not witnessed
75 /
some young political leaders of the Brahmaputra
valley. This is one of the reasons that the movement
leaders after acquiring power in Dispur were
reluctant to see opposing voices amplified through
the press. On the other hand few weeklies like
‘Sadiniya Nagarik’, ‘Sapthahic Kalaker, ‘ Saptahic
Sanchipat’ and monthlies like ‘Sampratic
Samayika’, ‘Natun Prithibi’ etc. become voice of
the democratic forces. Never before the mass-media
in Assam become polarized at such acute level. It
can be said that this kind of polarization signified a
shift in the role of the media. And during the Assam
movement media failed to act in unison.
A very crucial period in the history of the
media in Assam was witnessed during the rise of
the ULFA. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the
outfit was hell-bent to make its presence felt :
sometimes it tried to project itself with a Robin
Hood type of image and sometimes tried to establish
itself as a modern age revolutionary. To fulfill both
these purposes, ULFA used the media outlets to the
maximum. At that time, there was no privatization
in the media world; and hence the scope of using
the electronic media was limited to government
wings of Radio and TV. A secessionist outfit like
ULFA which was welding its gun against the rulers
of New Delhi could not obviously go for a
sympathetic coverage of its ideology and objectives
in the electronic media. So it relied heavily on the
local newspapers for a lasting impression and to
inculcate a fear psychosis in the minds of the
common masses. The first big blow up of ULFA’s
campaign in the local media was seen when its
Publicity Secretary was Siddhartha Phukan.
Journalists from all the major dailies and weeklies
were taken to ULFA hide-outs in and outside Assam.
The resultant publicity had given a news boost to
the insurgent outfit’s ideology and a glamour to its
revolutionary colour. A very powerful lobby in the
media had gone further to give ULFA’s ideology a
leftist fervour and credence. All of a sudden there
were ultra-left literature from Che Guevara to
Vietnam, from urban guerrilla warfare to Naxalbari
movement-finding ready acceptance in these
newspapers. A select section among the journalists
fraternity even gone to the extent of drawing
parallels between similar armed movements in
Jammu and Kashmir, North-eastern States and
activists like Maoists elsewhere, Tamil Tigers of
Sri Lanka, and so on. Such type of articulate but
immature campaigns misdirected much of the
younger generation in Assam. But the media was
seen sharply divided and so also the Assamese
intelligentsia centring on this subject. This division
saw the newspapers published in Brahmaputra
valley acting like unofficial mouthpieces of either
the militants or the government. Exaggeration had
become the role of the law. The state and individual
terrorism put immense pressure on the life of the
people. Neutral journalism took the back bench. It
was indeed a chaotic phase in the history of the
media in Assam with almost all the newspapers
playing at the hands of this or that and while some
were used against some of them for short-term gains.
The inhuman killing of a veteran journalist like
Kamala Saikia could be a sharp pointer to this
direction. The brutal murder of Parag Kumar Das,
a noted journalist of the State and the long, arduous
task of investigation of the murder failing to yield
any convincing conclusion could be seen as a result
of this din prevailed in the local media as well as
the compromise made by various forces including
the polity. Neither the investigation of Kamala
Saikia’s murder could brought the culprits to book.
Thus the good governance which could prevail upon
such confusion and complexity was actually
rendered null and void in a very recent period of
contemporary Assam which was amply signified
by the role of the media.
However it can be easily gauged that the inner
contradiction of the media in present situation has
become a blessing in disguise. Because as there are
more and more media outlets coming to the fore,
no party can fool people at large. The truth can get
an exposure or can expect to see the light of the day
at least. However, there are many such occasions
where crime against the media is committed and
the responsible persons go scot-free. During the
second tenure of Prafulla Kumar Mahanta’s
government (1996-2001), there were many
incidents of burning of newspaper bundles ;
apparently some vested interests did not want to
see some news circulated among the masses and
they indulged in most undemocratic and crimes of
civilization by attacking the right to information and
freedom of expression. The government failed
miserably in preventing such incidents and when
the media persons demanded protection of its rights,
even then the administration did not assured of a
single exemplary punishment to the lawbreakers.
So the media in Assam has been asserting itself
against all such odds. Good governance did not go
hand in hand with media.
Sometimes sincere and uncompromising
scribes had to sacrifice their lives at the hands of
miscreants who range from timber smugglers to land
mafias, from drug kingpins to arms dealers, and
what not. We can look at some recent examples in
this regard. A local correspondent based in
Kokrajhar, Jagjit Saikia’s murderers were
apprehended, but it is highly doubtful whether the
responsible persons involved in such crimes will
be booked or just some scapegoats will face the
brunt. Since Kamala Saikia’s death there were 20
journalists killed by miscreants, but nothing like
proper or result-oriented investigation were done.
The media persons who were killed of late were
Prahlad Goala (Golaghat), Muslimuddin
(Moirabari), Bodosa Narzari (Kokrajhar). Kanakraj
Medhi(Hajo) was believed to have committed
suicide under serious threat to his life and
continuous harassment by the criminals against
/ 76
whom he used to write without compromising
journalistic ethics. The murder of Anil Mazumdar,
a young Editor of a vernacular daily, in the heart of
the city of Guwahati is still shrouded in mystery.
All such cases show under what circumstances the
local media persons have to work across the state
of Assam and how much protection of their dignity
and right to work is preserved by the concerned
authorities. They show two sides of a bitter truth.
They were on one hand a failure on the part of the
administration to instill good governance. And the
other hand, they show that there were stiff resistance
to misdeeds at various levels through the voices of
the media which saw death of a few journalists.
Justice G.N. Ray, the chairman of the Press
Council of India lamenting that media has become a
‘commodity’. The distortion, disinformation and paid
syndrome aimed to serve certain interest and
suppression of news and concerns of other interests
have become a usual feature in media. While media
has entrusted with the sacred duty of informing the
civil society and the administration correctly and
dispassionately has indulged in large scale misinformation and tainted communication only to
augment greater profit. Instead of making news paper
rich in news content and addressing serious issues
for better governance of the country and improve
socio-economic disparities, the media driven by
market forces is indulging in trivialization and
sensationalisation. The emergence of big media
houses and corporatization of media is heading fast
towards monopoly in the media. This is a matter of
concern as such monopoly in media is inherently not
good for our democracy. The incorrect reporting of
different issues have become a disturbing
phenomenon. Sensationalisation often leads to
dangerous consequences by arousing public passion.
Assam is a place where a scourge of sensitive issues
plagues and it is the duty of the media to act sensibly
to awaken the people and make them more
participatory in one hand and make the Govt.
responsive to the people on the other. The business
interest and work pressure cannot be an excuse
against making true and honest coverage. In this
regard it can be said that the press in Assam is being
played a positive role to some extent. During the last
few years more then 20 scribes sacrificed their lives
for the sake of reporting true and honest news for the
greater interest of the people.
Freedom of citizens, a free and responsible
press, an independent judiciary and Govt.'s data
information are the system which can be perceived
to be the key to the enhancement of the right to
information and make the institutions of governance
transparent and accountable. The right to information
is closely tied to the accountability mechanism for
monitoring every action of Govt. which leads to good
governance, places the dominant actors of
governance —the state, the market and civil society
in balance and monitors their performance by a free
and responsible press. In the 62nd meeting of the
World News Papers Congress and the 16th World
Editors forum at Hyderabad, our President Mrs.
Pratibha Patil deprecates media's focus on negative
news. I conclude with a quote from her speech, ‘‘there
is of course, a lesson to be learnt from events that are
negative, but equally important to convey positive
message and to inspire people. Media, therefore, must
search for and find a balance between the portrayal
of the positive happenings in society’’.
Sources and reference:
D.I.P.R.,Guwahati, Assam
Books and Articles:
1.
B.C. Smith, Palgrave: "Good Governance and Development", Macmillan, 2007
2.
C.P. Barthwal: "Good Governance in India", Deep &Deep, New Delhi, 2003
3.
Geetartha Pathak: "The Changing face of India Media", The Assam Tribune,
Guwahati,November 16, 2009
4.
Jogmohan: "Soul and Structurefor Governance in India", Allied pub, New Delhi, 2005
(The author teaches Political Science at Women’s College, Tinsukia. This paper was presented in the
XVIII NEIPSA confernce at Pandu College, Guwahati.)
77 /
Surjya Chutia
Introduction :
It is a matter of concern that the Hunan
Development Indices (HDIs) of the Schedule
Tribes population continue to be lower than the
non tribal population in terms of all parameters
such as, education, income, health etc. Moreover,
the socio-cultural attributes differ from one Tribe
to another, which result in difference in the
demographic behaviour of different tribal
groups.The Deoris are likely to exhibit certain
peculiar socio-cultural and demographic
characteristics which are different from those of
other tribes and non tribal population of Assam.
The Deoris are one of the plains Schedule
tribes of Assam, who were traditionally engaged in
priestly activities in the royal temples of the Chutiya
at Sadiya. Ethnically they are affiliated to the IndoMongoloid group and their ‘Deori language’ also
belongs to the Tibeto-Burman of the great family
of Sino-Tibetan languages. The tribe comprises of
four main divisions (Khel), namely- the Dibongiya,
the Tengaponiya, the Borgoya and the Patorgoya.
Deoris generally live in riverine areas. Each of the
divisions is said to be originated from a particular
river’s name. But the Patorgoya group have almost
become extinct today.
According to the 2001 census, the total Deori
population in Assam was 41161 comprising of 20809
male and 20352 female populations. They are mainly
concentrated in the districts of Lakhimpur, Dhemaji,
Tinsukia, Dibrugarh Sivsagar and Jorhat.
The following Chart depicts the district wise
distribution of Deori population of Assam.
Chart No. - 1
District
Total Male
Deori
Population
Lakhimpur
13534 6822
Dhemaji
7924 4018
Tinsukia
6861 3496
Jorhat
4179 2099
Sivasagar
3860 1926
Dibrugarh
1815
925
Sonitpur
826
416
Kamrup
826
448
Nagoan
535
262
Morigoan
454
224
Golaghat
77
38
Barpeta
71
32
Bongaigoan
64
34
Nalbari
58
25
Darrang
28
15
Dhubri
20
10
Cacher
19
13
Kokrajhar
6
3
Goalpara
4
3
Total
41161 20809
Female
6712
3906
3365
2080
1934
890
410
378
273
230
39
39
30
33
19
10
6
3
1
20352
Source : Census of India 2001, Series 19, Directorate
of Census Operation, Assam
Lakhimpur is one of the main districts of
upper Assam. The total land area of the district is
2277 sq. km and the total population is 889325 as
per the 2001 census. Of them 209880 persons are
Scheduled Tribes (STs), containing 23.6% of the
total district population. The district is the highest
/ 78
to moderate concentration of Deori population
where, about 32.88% of the total state’s Deori
population live as per the last 2001 census. They
are scattered all over the seven Revenue Circles of
the district.
The following Chart depicts Revenue Circle
wise Deori population of Lakhimpur district as per
2001 Census.
Chart No. 3
Total Males Females % to the
Deori
total
Deori
Popn
Popn of
the Dist.
Narayanpur 6341 3194 3147
46.85%
Bihpuriya
5057 2552 2505
37.37%
Nauboicha 342 173 169
2.53%
Kadam
251 129 122
1.85%
Lakhimpur 489 267 222
3.61%
Dhakuakhana 50
29
21
0.37
Subansiri
1004 503 501
7.42%
Total 7 RC 13534 6822 6712
100%
the East (about 7 km) from the Bihpuria
centre.
Analysis and Findings
Table No. 1
Village-Wise Distribution of Surveyed Households
with Sex Wise Population
Sl Sample
No. Village
Revenue
Circles
1
Bordeori
Goan
(Narayanpur RC) 40
2
3
Source : Census of India 2001, Series 19, Directorate of
Census Operation, Assam
Objective :
The basic objective of the present paper is to
examine the Human Development status of the
Deoris by highlighting some of their present
demographic aspects as like education level,
income level, housing conditions, infant mortality
rate etc. on the basis of field study in three Deori
villages of Lakhimpur district, Assam.
Scope and Methodology :
The paper is prepared on the basis of primary
data collected from the field study at three Deori
villages of Lakhimpur district in the month of
december 2009. Data pertaining to the years 20052009 collected through personal interview with the
respondent (women) households through an interview
schedule. The surveyed three villages are –
a) Bordeori goan under Narayanpur RC, in
the East (about 3km) from the Narayanpur
centre.
b) Kinapather no-2 deori goan under
Narayanpur RC in the north (about 2.5 km)
from the Narayanpur centre.
c) Bahgora deori goan under Bihpuria RC in
79 /
No. of Male Female Total
SurPopn
yed
household
1.
Kinapather 35
No-2 Deori
Goan
(Narayanpur RC)
Bahgora 35
Goan
(Bihpuriya
RC)
Total
110
141 135
276
130 129
259
126 127
253
397 391
788
The total number of sample Deori
households surveyed in the study is 110,
where the total population is 788,
comprising of 397male and 391 female
populations. The sex ratio is found to be
about 985 (females per thousand males)
which is far better than the State’s sex ratio
of the total population(935) and the total
tribal population (972) as per 2001 census.
Table No. 2
Distribution of the Couples by Family Type
Family Type
Joint Family
Nuclear Family
Total
No of
Couples
42
68
110
Percentage
to the total
Sample Couples
38.2%
61.8%
100%
Source : Field Work
2.
On the basis of type of family, the surveyed
households have been classified into joint
& nuclear family. It is found that though the
dominant form of family structure is nuclear
(61.8%), still 38.2% of joint family which is
much higher than the other tribes of the State
like the Bodo (i.e. 19% in 2006) p22.
Table No. 3
Distribution of Household by Family Members
No of family No of Sample
Members
Household
Up to 4
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 & above
Total
12
76
18
4
110
% to the total
sample
Household
10.9%
69.1%
16.4%
3.6%
100%
Source : Field Work
3.
The above table reveals that highest
proportion (around 69.1%) of households
are having 5 to 9 family members. The big
sized families having members 15 & above
is about 3.6%. The average family size is
found to be 7.16 which is also higher than
the other tribes like Bodo in 2006 (i.e. 5.87)
p27
Table No. 4
Distribution of Couples by Husband's and Wife's
Educational Level
Level of
Education
1. Illiterate
No of
No. of
Husbands Wives
16 (14.54%) 36 (32.7 %)
2. Literate
a) Up to class iv
b) Class v to vii
c) Class viii to x
d)Beyond matric
Total
94 (85.46%)
28 (25.4%)
23 (20.9%)
26 (23.6%)
18 (16.4%)
110 (100%)
Source : Field Work
4.
74 (67.3%)
27 (24.5%)
16 (14.5%)
21 (19.1%)
9 (8.2%)
110 (100%)
Education attainment of the people is one
of the three components of the HDIs. It is
evident from the above table that literacy
rate of the surveyed Deori husbands and
wives are not so poor as compare to the
state’s male and female literacy rate. The
male literacy rate is about 85.46% against
the state’s rate of 71.3o% as per 2001
census and female literacy rate is about
67.30% against the state’s female literacy
rate of 54.60% as per the census. The
general literacy rate of the surveyed
husbands and wives is about 76.36% which
is also higher than the state’s general
literacy rate( i.e. 63.3%) in 2001 census.
But it is seen that the proportion of both
the husbands and wives received education
beyond matric level are poor .It is only
14.5% in case of husband and only 8.2%
in case of wives.
Table No. 5
Distribution of Households by Family Income
(Yearly)
Income level
No of
Percentage
(in Rs.)
Households
Up to Rs 10,000
7
6.36
10001 – 20,000
22
20.00
20001 – 30,000
31
28.18
30001 – 40,000
13
11.82
40001 – 50,000
12
10.91
Above 50,000
25
22.73
Total
110
100
Source : Field Work
5.
6.
The household’s family income has been
calculated on the basis of husband’s
income, wife’s income, and other family
members’ income from all sources ( main&
supplementary) taken together. It is clear
from the table that 22.73% households are
having the annual income above Rs.
50,000. Highest proportion, i.e. 28.18% of
the households are within the income group
of Rs. 20,001 – 30,000, while 6.36% of
households average annual income is up
to Rs. 10,000.
The number of live births taking place
during the period of five years (i.e. 2005,
2006, 2007,2008 & 2009) was 37 and the
total infant deaths found in the same period
was 2. It gives about 54 per thousand live
births as the infant mortality rate during
the period. This rate is less than the infant
mortality rate of Assam( i.e., 67) and India
as a whole (i.e., 60) in 2003.
/ 80
, only 9% of the them have
knowledge of transmitting
Distribution of Households by Housing Condition
factors and precautions for
avoidance of the disease. It
Housing
Type of
No of
Percentage to
reveals poor awareness on such
Condition
Facility
Households the total
disease among them.
sample Household
9. The Deoris are mainly
Type of House Pucca
9
(8.2%)
agriculturists and they generally
Semi Pucca
26
(23.6%)
live in reverie areas which are
Kutcha
75
(68.2%)
mostly affected by flood during
Total
110
(100%)
summer session. Every year
Source of
Separate Water 10
(9.1%)
during the flood season most of
Drinking Water Tape
the Primary and ME Schools of
Separate Tube 79
(71.8%)
the Deori villages remain
well
closed. As a result a goods
Common Tube 14
(12.7%)
number of their school students
well
many a times becomes halfCommon Well 7
(6.4%)
hearted in obtaining education.
Total
110
(100%)
So droupout in school level is
Latrine
Pucca (sanitary) 21
(19.1%)
found significant in Deori
Kutcha
78
(70.9%)
villages.
Open
11
(10%)
Conclusion:Total
110
(100%)
Improvment of health and
Source : Field Work
hygienic condition is very much co-related with
7. It appears from the table that the housing the economic development of the tribal people.
condition of the surveyed population is far Deori Autonomous Council as well as the State
from satisfactory as most of the households government has implemented various income
do not enjoy the basic amenities of life such generating schemes under various department like
as pucca house, pucca latrine and pure Animal husbandry & Veterinary, Agriculture,
drinking water. The hygiene behaviour of Industry, Fisheries ect. amongst the Deoris. But
the surveyed Deori population is due to corruption and lack of monitoring &
detrimental to their good health. It is found evaluation, most of the schemes could not meet
that only 19.1% of the households have the needs and aspirations of the persons, for whom
sanitary latrine. Another fact is that they these are meant. The problems faced by the Deoris
don’t use scientific method of purification have to be examined carefully and need based
of drinking water.
development programme should be implemented
8. It is found in the study that though most of with proper monitoring specially in the field of
the surveyed females have heard about AIDS education, economy and health in priority basis.
REFERENCES :
Table No. 6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Census of India 2001, series 19, Directorate of Census operation, Assam.
Borah KC(2006)ed. ‘The Bodos: A Demographic Profile’, published by the Department of Economics,Dibrugarh
University, Dibrugarh under SAP printed at Unique Offset, Santipara Dibrugarh, Assam, p-22, 27.
Deori Saranan (2002) ‘Religious Practices of the Deoris’, Bina Library, Guwahati.
Deori Shashidhar (2007) ‘A Hand Book on Deori Culture’, Printed at Epitome Offset, North Lakhimpur, Assam
Konwar Arpana (1997) ‘Bhasa-Sahityar Bibhid Chinta’(in Assamese), Banalata, Dibrugarh, 1st edition,
Sharma Thakur GC (1972) ‘The Plain Tribes of Lakhimpur, Dibrugarh, Sivasagar and Nogaon’,Tribal Research
Institute, Shillong, p-30.
‘Society in Tribal India’, BR Publishing Corporation, Delhi..
Sengupta S (2003) ed. ‘Tribes of North East India’, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi. 3.office of the Registrar
General of India, Ministry of Home Affairs quoted in www.indiabudget.nic.in
(The author teaches Economics)
81 /
“Education is not a way to escape poverty — it is a way of fighting it.’’
— Julius Nyerere, Former President of the United Republic of Tanzania
Education and Inequality
ducation has emerged as an important factor
underlying inequality. It is true that highly
educated workers earn more than persons with
basic education and the difference has grown
particularly over the 1980s. There are
both economic and social
advantages
to
achieving
higher
education was arguably true (other factors were
involved here) over the 1980s and 1990s, but not
after 2000.
While increased skill (education) demands
were certainly one force in play, other factors were
also driving up the wage gap:
1. The real value of minimum wages fell
steeply over the 1980s and less educated
workers are more likely to earn the
minimum wage.
2. Growing trade deficits and globalization
also led to the loss of high-quality jobs for
non-college-educated workers, putting
downward pressure on wages among
similarly skilled workers.
3. Union representation has been declining,
which is another important reason for
greater inequality.
4.
Finally, unemployment was high,
on average, over the years when the wage
rate for skilled workers grew most
quickly. When unemployment fell
sharply in the latter 1990s, the
growth of the wage gap slowed,
suggesting that the absence of
full employment, and the
diminished bargaining power
associated with slack
labour markets, is another
factor that must not be
overlooked.
In other words,
wage inequality is
driven by a number
of factors, of which
differences in education is but
one. More recently, in the 2000s, there is
Anita Baruwa
no evidence of increasing skill demands,
levels of education, both for individuals and or at least no evidence that these demands are not
society. But the growth of inequality cannot be being met by enough skilled workers. Instead, in
reduced to this sole factor, i.e. education. The recent years, it appears the inequality has largely
argument that employers’ demands for skills were been driven by increased concentration of income
bidding up the wage rate to those with more and wealth at the very top of the scale.
E
/ 82
In fact, research shows that half of the growth
in wage inequality over the 1980s, and most of the
growth in the 2000s, occurred within education
groups, meaning that growth of inequality is
currently being driven by the gains of some
educated workers relative to others with the same
education credentials.
Policy makers and analysts must avoid
reducing the inequality debate to a sole
explanation regarding education. Education is
an obvious and important area but it is not solely
responsible for the growth of inequality, not over
the longer term, and especially not in recent years.
Thus, other policies like minimum wages, a level
playing field for union organizing, health care and
pension provision, work supports for low-income
workers, full employment, and responding to the
downsides of globalization also need to be pursued.
Education and Poverty
Poverty is much more complex than simply
lack of income. Poverty entails :
Lack of empowerment
Lack of knowledge
Lack of opportunity
Lack of income and capital
Despite increased access to education in
recent times, the poor (among them the poor
women disproportionately being high), socially
disadvantageous groups, the physically disabled,
persons in remote regions - are often deprived of a
basic education. And when basic education is
available, the poorest are unable to avail of it
because the direct and opportunity costs attached
to it are quite high for them.
Poverty is thus both a cause and an effect of
insufficient access to or completion of quality
education.
Children of poor families are less likely to
enroll in and complete schooling because of the
associated costs of attending school even when it
is provided “free’’. The cost of uniforms, supplies
and transportation are well beyond the means of a
poor family, especially when the family has several
children of school age. This means that choices
have to be made, and the choice is often to drop
out of school or, worse yet, to deny schooling to
83 /
girls while enrolling the boys thereby contributing
directly to maintaining the inferior status of
women. And as poor children who are enrolled
grow older, the opportunity cost (their lost labour
and the forgone income it may entail) becomes
greater, thus increasing the likelihood of
abandoning school.
Furthermore, dropping out of school
because of poverty virtually guarantees
perpetuation of the poverty cycle since the
income-earning potential of the child is reduced,
not to mention overall productivity, receptivity to
change, and capacity to improve quality of life.
Lack of education perpetuates poverty, and poverty
constrains access to schooling.
The relationship between education and
poverty reduction is thus quite straight and
linear as education is empowering; it enables the
person to participate in the development process;
it inculcates the knowledge and skills needed to
improve the income earning potential and in turn
the quality of life. Moreover, education of girls and
women helps in improving the number of other
indicators of human development.
Eliminating poverty requires providing
access to quality education. Education thus helps
to lay the foundation for the following pillars of
poverty reduction: empowerment, human
development, social development and good
governance.
Education transforms the vicious cycle of
high birth rates, high maternal and infant mortality
and endemic poverty into a virtuous circle through
investment in human capital-enhancing labour
productivity, reducing fertility and mortality,
raising economic growth and thus securing
domestic resources for further investments in
people.
Education is a powerful tool for introducing
members of a society to the system of government
and the concept of governance. Educated persons
are more likely to vote and participate in local and
national government. They are more likely to
demand better and more accountable government,
thus creating demand for improved governance.
(Contd. on Page 87)
Nilim Jyoti Senapati
J
yoti Prasad Agarwala is the doyen of modern
Assamese culture. His contribution to
Assamese socio-cultural life is invaluable. Jyoti
Prasad Agarwala was a rare genius with
multifaceted personality who showed
excellence in every field of creativity eg. music,
literature, art, film making and so on. There is
no doubt that his first and foremost identity is
‘Artist’ But he was neither an ordinary artist
nor a professional one. He was a people's Artist
with a revolutionary zeal whose mission of life
was to change the society. His vision was to
eatablish a socialist society, which he termed
as 'Shilpir Prithivi' or ‘Sundar Prithivi’. To
bring his vision bring into reality he relied on
culture. Culture was his praxis for social change
and in his life time he relentlessly carried on
his journey towards light in which he invited
all the Artists to be his companion.
Jyoti Prasad Agarwala was an ageless
artist. His thought and his Praxis can not be
restricted to a particular period of time. In his
own words –– ‘I am an artist of all time past,
present and future ?’ (Bishwa Shilpi) attempts
to review the relevance of Jyoti prasad in the
changed socio economic, politico cultural situation
in the 21st century post globalisation world with
special reference of Assam.
Jyoti Prasad Agarwala was born in a colonial
age in 1903. At that time India was a British
colony and the evils of colonialism, imperialism
had a deep impact on Jyoti Prasad’s thinking and
ideology. Jyoti Prasad’s concept of culture was
developed in the backdrop of colonised land and
its people struggling for independence. Jyoti
himself joined India's freedom struggle as an
active worker of congress. India got independence
from British domination on August 15, 1947 but
Jyoti Prasad died within less than four years after
India's independence on January, 17, 1951. By
that time the process of decolonisation of the
world was started which has come to an end by
the end of the 20th century. So it may be questioned
that is there any relevance of Jyoti Prasad
Agarwala’s thought , his praxis of culture which
was the product of the 20th century colonial world
in a post colonial globalized world ? It we study
Jyoti Prasad Agarwala’s writings carefully and
analytically we must say that the answer is
affirmative.
It is a multi-lingual column. Our valued writers can contribute write-ups in any of the four languages —
English, Assamese, Bengali and Hindi.
— Editor.
/ 84
Jyoti Prasad Agarwala’s praxis of culture is
getting more relevant in the wake of globalization.
The end of colonialism in the 20th century resulted
in the emergence of Neo-colonialism. The colonial
powers lost their empires, but the new colonial
powers started controlling and exploiting the
resources, policies and people of the new states
through several indirect and subtle means. 1The
capitalist block developed a new device i.e..
Globalization to gain control over resources,
economics and even culture of the newly
independent so called developing nations of third
world. Theoretically Globalization means a
concept as well as a process of 'securing real social
economic, political and cultural transformation of
the world into a real global community.1 According
to Edward S.Herman ‘Globalization is both an
active process of corporate expansion across
borders and a structure of cross border facilities
and economic linkages that has been steadily
growing and changing’. The advocates of
Globalisation argues that its objective is making
the world a truly inter related, inter dependant ,
developed global village which sounds very sweet.
But, if we analyse the process of globalisation as
it has been taking place during the last years and
its impact on the developing countries it becomes
evident that globalistion has come down heavily
over the common people of back ward states.
Globalisation has been proved to be a curse for the
ethnic minorities all over the world as their
language, culture, identity even their existence has
been put in stake. Globalisation is nothing but
imperialism in a new form which we may term as
cultural imperialism. India is also not out the reach
of the evil impact of globalisation our culture has
already been shook by globalisation. If we make a
special reference to Assam we find that Assamese
culture, which had reached a high stage has been
distorted by on going process of globalisation.
Assamese culture, which is a composite culture
with elements of cultures of different ethnic groups
living within the political boundary of the state is
facing a danger today. Many elements of our
culture have been missing or distorted under the
influence of outside culture. It is equally true about
the culture of all the ethnic minorities living within
the territory of Assam. It has already become a
85 /
universal problem causing death to languages as
well of many ethnic minority groups at different
parts of the globe.
Jyoti Prasad Agarwala well understood the
evil of imperialism and he warned much in advance
of the threats on local culture from capitalist powers
and showed the way how to protect one's own
culture in the face of attack from outside. In the
wake of globalisation the way suggested by Jyoti
Prasad may be the right way to protect our own
identity without losing touch with the collective
global identity. Here we may refer to Jyoti’s
concept of culture how he beautifully explained
about a world culture without destroying the own
cultures of different ethnic communities.
Jyoti Prasad Agarwala had a distinct and clear
view about culture. His concept of culture was
much wider than it is used in ordinary parlance.
To him culture is not confined to music, dance or
drama only. Jyoti said that culture is the sum total
of human endeavour to bring beauty in every aspect
of life. To quote him ‘Culture is the positive
application of beauty in life.’1 Jyoti Prasad opined
that culture must be total, not fragmented. He said
‘Fine art, literature etc constitute only one part of
human culture. The other part of human culture is
application of beauty in human behaviour .....If a
nation excels in one part but not in the other part
then that is not total culture.2 There is no balance
in man's life in the absence of total culture’.2 It
clearly shows Jyoti’s concept of culture which is
concerned with every aspect of individual as well
as social life of the people. Prasenjit Chaudhury
aptly shows the two aspects of culture in Jyoti's
thought-inner culture and external culture.
According to Chaudhury Jyoti's concept of
psychological soul culture or inner culture means
intelligence of mind and infuition. By external
control Jyoti means fine art. Jyoti Prasad repeatedly
said that a culture balance is required for the
development of a total culture. He was opposed to
the concept of keeping culture confined to music
or drama.3
Jyoti Prasad preferred to use the term
‘Sanskriti’ as a synonym of the word ‘culture’. He
had a vision of a society based on ‘Sanskriti’, which
he termed a ‘Shilpir Prithivi (Artist’s world) or
‘Sundar Prithivi’ (Beautiful world). If we analyse
Jyoti’s writing particularly in post 1946 we clearly
notice that he envisioned a Socialist society, based
on equality and justice. Any thing resulting
exploitation or injustice is not ‘sanskriti’ according
to Jyoti Prasad. His concept of ‘Sanskriti’ had an
economic dimension also. In his lecture entitled
‘Bhabikalar Sanskriti’ (Culture of the future) he
analysed the impact of economy on culture and
come to the conclusion that ‘economy is the base
of culture.’ (Shilpir Prithivi)
Jyoti Prasad used the term duskriti' as an
antonym of ‘Sanskriti’. He was very conscious in
the use of the two terms ‘Sanskriti’, and ‘Duskriti’.
Anything evil was termed as 'duskriti, which is the
enemy of culture. Jyoti Prasad said that imperialism
and capitalism both were evil (duskriti) in the
disguise of culture (Sanskriti). Jyoti’s concept of
Sanskriti and duskriti is very significant as it may
answer many quiestions raised today in a post
globalisation world.
It is clear that globalisation is the culmination
of capitalism and represents the new face of
colonialism. So it is not culture. It is ‘duskriti’.
But we can not check the aggression of
globalisation by opposing the culture of other
people. Globalisation has started a process of
‘levelling’ by manufacturing a world culture, which
is homogeneous in character. It has resulted in an
identity crisis among the local people. If we cite
the example of Assam we see that different ethnic
communities are trying to revive their traditional
culture and in this process one community is
considering other community as their enemy. For
example a part of Assamese intelligentsia and some
organisations have waged a war against all the
outside culture, be it western culture or 'Hindi'
culture. An organisation even went to the extent of
banning Hindi cinema in Assam. But it is to be
noted that culture can not be protected with armed
guards. To protect one's own culture one need not
attack others culture. Jyoti Prasad understood it
very well that there can not be any ‘clash of
culture’. Every community has its own culture and
no culture is the enemy of other’s culture. Anything
evil is not culture. So stead attacking other’s culture
every community should try to strengthen its own
culture so that it may be as rich as other’s culture.
All the people should fight unitedly against evil
with the weapon of culture. Jyoti Prasad also talked
of a world culture, but that is totally different from
the world culture conceived by globalization. A true
world culture may be moulded with the
harmonisation of the cultures of different people
and different areas. It can not be one coloured, but
multi coloured where in culture of every
community will be reflected with its distinct
identity. But the on going process of globalisation
is moulding a culture favourable for capitalism
which is killing the cultural identity of different
communities. The Capitalist culture is a
commercial culture spreading consumerism which
must be checked.
At this juncture Artists have a crucial role to
play. They should come forward to make the people
aware about the evil of globalisation. Jyoti Prasad said
that in the war between ‘Sanskriti’ and ‘duskriti’ a
true artist must take the side of Sanskriti5. But if we
look at the present situation in Assam, we see that the
artists have failed to fulfil their responsibilities. There
is a two way attack on Assamese culture these days
external and internal. Under the impact of
globalisation many evil elements have entered our
culture causing to its distortion. It is wrong to think
that everything western or foreign is bad. In the present
situation we can not keep our culture closed to any
external influence.
Jyoti Prasad said that in this scientific age no
state, province, nation or tribe can retain their
culture aloof of the flow towards the composite
culture and civilisaton 5. In this process some
changes sure to occur in every culture and we must
be ready to welcome the change because ‘change
makes the world beautiful?’ (Shilpir Prithivi)
We should make our culture open so that good
elements can enter into our culture which will not
harm but enrich it. At the same time we must be
aware that ‘evil’ elements can’t enter into our
culture. It is now not possible to avoid the impact
of globalisation. But a people's movement is
required to check the evil effects of globalisation.
Today we feel the absence of a people's artist like
Jyoti Prasad who can stand against consumerism
and commercialisation of culture. Jyoti Prasad’s
praxis of culture is getting more relevant today as
there’s no one to show the people difference
between ‘Sanskriti’ and ‘duskriti’. The war between
/ 86
‘good’ and ‘evil’ still continues and in this war we
need some people’s artists, who will give a wake
up call to the people in the words of Jyoti Prasad.
‘‘Unfailing is this journey of light together,
yours and mine
O Comrade we have found new
meaning in life
REFERENCES
1.
Welcome, my comrade ! Welcome !’’6
Jyoti Prasad in the 40’s of the last century
wrote — ‘today we don't need a day dreamer artist.
We need such artists who can draw the red sun at
the dawn.’ (Aideur Jonaki Baat)
A praxis of culture in the line of Jyoti Prasad
only can save our culture, economy and identity
in this demonic age of globalisation.
Jyotiprasad Agarwala : Poharoloi Jyoti Chinta. p-92
2.
Jyotiprasad Agarwala, Natunar Puja, ibid, p-67
3.
Prasenjit Chaudhuri, Carpetar Pora Ghahoniloi.
4.
J.P. Agarwala, Shilpir Prithivi. ibid p-37
5.
Poharoloi. ibid.p-93
6.
Englishversion by Dr. Hiren Gohain
(The author teaches Political Science)
Education, Inequality and Poverty
Education is linked to empowerment, and a major
manifestation of empowerment is the demand for
better governance.
The continuing challenge for education is to
ensure that all people have the knowledge and skills
necessary for continuing human and economic
development and for breaking the poverty cycle.
The linear relationship between education, poverty
and empowerment is, however, governed by the
circumstances of a country and within a country
in a particular region. Education, thus, influences
and is influenced by the context in which it is
developed. This synergistic relationship implies
that education must be in a constant state of change
as it responds to changing social and economic
needs and that education in itself is a force for social
and economic change as people become more
empowered and more productive.
Education might be furthering inequalities and
hence poverty if equitable distribution of the benefits
of economic growth among people is not achieved.
This requires pro-people policies, especially in a
region where the benefits are limited to a small
minority of educated urban populations. As Amartya
Sen says in an essay titled ‘How Does Basic
Education Influence Human Security’, “When
people are illiterate, their ability to understand and
invoke their legal rights can be very limited. This
can be a very significant barrier to make use even of
the rather limited rights that they do actually have.”
Acknowledgment: Newspapers and various websites
(The author teaches Economics)
This is awesome - I bet you didn’t know this...
Letters ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’ & ‘d’ do not appear anywhere in the spellings of 1 to 99
Letter ‘d’ comes for the first time in Hundred
Letters ‘a’, ‘b’ & ‘c’ do not appear anywhere in the spellings of 1 to 999
Letter ‘a’ comes for the first time in Thousand
Letters ‘b’ & ‘c’ do not appear anywhere in the spellings of 1 to 999,999,999
Letter ‘b’ comes for the first time in Billion and
Letter ‘c’ does not appear anywhere in the spellings of entire English Counting.
(Courtesy : Anirban Ghosh)
87 /
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/ 94
Don’t Open the Door, Mother
Original in Manipuri : Abdul Hamid
Translation : B.S. Rajkumar
Don’t open the door, Mother!
They may seek shelter during the night
They may ask for food for the night for the number of them
These civilian soldiers carrying clots of blood in their eyes.
Every sunset
The unnatural people of this land
Cannot even collect together their compose
Since it has gone astray.
ƒàÎã
"àAÃ¡à[”zA¡à ÅÒüA¡ãÚà
[Åº ¤¹Èåo "à¹ç¡ ‹å³åÒà¹ [šW¡t¡
K‹è[ºì¤à¹ ¤¹ "A¡ºÅ¹ãÚà ÒÚ,
[™ƒì¹ ƒåš¹ãÚà¹ [áìÚÊ¡à ƒãQºãÚà Ò’ìº
During the pervading nights
&Þê¡à¹¹ [>ÎUt¡àÒü ³>îº [¤Èàƒ A¡[Øn¡ÚàÒü "àì> ....
If the sharp spiked booted people knew
ët¡ì>ì¤à¹ Î³Úìt¡ ë³à¹ ëA¡àk¡àt¡ =A¡à Îå¹ãÚà Kãi¡à¹J>t¡
Of the shelter inside the house
ë³à¹ ë¤Îå¹ãÚà "àRå¡[ºì¤àì¹ &i¡à ë¤Îå¹ãÚà [i¡l¡ü> ¤\àÒü ....
They will surely knock on the door
³Òü "à[\* >å¤å[\ìºòà ëA¡ì>îA¡ì>à ëÎÒü ë¤Îå¹ãÚà [i¡l¡ü>ìi¡àì¯
In search of the youths
ë³à¹ ëA¡àk¡àìi¡à ¤¹Èåo [t¡t¡à ³à[i¡¹ Îå¤àìÎì¹ *šW¡àÒü ët¡àìº
Engaged in a game of catching the dark,
They may charge you too
ë¤šì¹à¯à ë³à¹ ³>ìi¡àì¯
Heaping upon you terrible acts.
ëA¡àì>à¤à [\š[á¹ ƒì¹ [¤W¡à[¹ ™àÒü &A¡ ë¤šì¹à¯à \ã¯>
ë³à¹ Îìšà> "à¹ç¡ [ƒk¡A¡¹ ³à\t¡ ³àì=à &J> [J[Øl¡A¡ã¹ t¡ó¡àt¡ ....
So let a gesture of the eye be sufficient
[J[Øl¡A¡ãJì>Òüìi¡à A¡[Øn¡ÚàÒü "àì> ë³àîº Îå¤àÎ "à¹ç¡ Îìšà>ì¤à¹
To undestand the impression on every face
¤t¢¡³à> Ò’º &A¡ ƒàÎ, W¡à[¹ì¤¹¹ ƒàÎ,
The result of living the life of a commoner.
Î³à\¤àƒ "à¹ç¡ šåò[\¤àƒ¹ ™åò\t¡ ™’t¡ [¤‹Ñz ³à>¯t¡à¤àƒ,
Ñ¬à‹ã>t¡à ë™> &A¡ Îìšà>,
(Abdul Hamd is a Civil Engineer by
oãÅ¸àÒ¹ ƒì¹ ë³àì¹à #Å«¹¹ ³õtå¡¸ Ò’º ëA¡[t¡Úà¤àÒü
profession works in a Saudi Arabian based
[A¡”ñ ƒàÎâ«¹ [ÅA¡[ºt¡ ë³à¹ ³> "à[\* ¤–ƒã,
Engineering consultancy. He is one among
3 moderators of KHORIROL (a global
ë³à¹ ë™ &Òü ƒàÎâ«, &ÒüÚàìi¡à ët¡à³àì¹à,
e-platform of Manipuri literature in yahoo
t¡=à[šìt¡à [A¡Ú \àì>à tå¡[³ [ÅA¡[º[¤Òã> Ñ¬à‹ã>t¡à¹ A¡=à ëA¡à¯à?
groups). To read his poems visit his
ët¡à³à¹ ³>¹ ëÒ\à¹ Îìšà>A¡ ¤à[Þê¡ ¹Jà
site:www.abdulhamids.webs.com
&Òü [ÅA¡[ºì¤à¹ [áR¡à¹ Îà³=¢¸ "àìá \àì>à ët¡à³à¹??
A Sahitya Academi Recipient on
Translation B S Rajkumar is lecturer in
English in a Manipur college.)
P¡¯àÒài¡ã¹ ¤à[Î–ƒà "àAÃ¡à[”zA¡à "Î³ ¹à[\¸A¡ [¤ƒå¸; š[¹Èƒ¹ "[®¡™”zà¡ú
ët¡*¹ ¹W¡>à Î}NøÒ š[Øn¡¤îº W¡à*A¡ :
http://sites.google.com/site/aksthephoenix/daxi
95 /
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(A{^foH$ àgmX {Xëbr Ho$ ahZo dmbo h¡ Am¡a `o Xmo
ãbJ _o| {bIm H$aVo h¢ :
1) http://ab8oct.blogspot.com,
2) http://kuchbaat.blogspot.com)
/ 96
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[ó¡[A¡¹¹ ‡à¹à ëšø³t¡ š[¹¤îº¡ú
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ëšø³¹ šøt¡ãA¡ >ÒÚ \àì>à
ë³à¹ ëšø³ tå¡[³ìÒ
ët¡à³àì¹Òü ëšø³t¡ ³Òü ¤ºãÚà
tå¡[³ìÚÒü ë³à¹ ¹´±à, ë³>A¡à...........¡ú
She’ll never be truly apart
(A memorial poem for Anindyee Dhar, 19
a February,13 Pune-Blast victim. Anindyee died
along with her elder brother Ankik Dhar, 23)
Shubhadeep Paul
Out of the reach of belief, did come the shock;
That awful news our world did rock.
How did it happen, none knows why;
We’re so sad, it did make us cry.
How unfair it has been, then and now,
Won’t someone tell us, why and how?
Her tears had dried, her pains got healed;
She and her good soul must have yield.
So good was she; her works so even,
That God chose her to be placed in heaven.
It’s time now, while we’ve moved onWe miss her as though she had just gone.
Griefs along to her our farewells we’ve bid;
Even though, we’ll never forget the good she did.
We remember her still, we miss her yet;
And on this we’ll forever strongly bet.
Coz had she been truly in our heart,
From us she’ll never be truly apart.
Carrying her memories; for more tricks to see
Of the world, we move saying, ‘Requiscat In Pace’.
(The author studies in BA 1st Year.
He regularly writes in his blogs :
1) http://aasween.blogspot.com
2) http://shuvonline.blogspot.com)
(ëºJA¡ [¤.[¤.& W¡tå¡=¢ ëW¡[³Ê¡à¹¹ áày¡ú)
97 /
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