glossary

Transcription

glossary

GLOSSARY
Selected Key Terms in English,
French, German Dutch, Swedish and Japanese
Annex 31
Energy-Related Environmental Impact of Buildings
International Energy
Agency
Energy Conservation in Buildings and
Community Systems Programme
ANNEX 31
This research project was partially funded by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC).
The contents, views and editorial quality of this report are the responsibility of the author(s) and neither
CMHC nor FaberMaunsell Ltd. accepts responsibility for them or any consequences arising from the
reader’s use of the information, materials and techniques described herein.
The complete Annex 31 project report is available electronically on the project website at www.annex31.org.
Print copies of the Annex 31 Highlight Report and accompanying CD-ROM with the complete report are
available from:
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© 2004 Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation
All property rights, including copyright, are vested in the Operating Agent (Canada Mortgage and Housing
Corporation) on behalf of the International Energy Agency Energy Conservation in Buildings and Community
Systems Programme for the benefit of the Annex 31 participants. No portion of this book and CD-ROM may
be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical,
electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of Canada Mortgage
and Housing Corporation.
Printed in Canada
Produced by CMHC on behalf of IEA ECBCS
Web site: www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca
November 2001
(Final revisions 2004)
GLOSSARY
Background Reports
CONTENTS
PREFACE ........................................................................................................................iii
GENERAL TERMS USED FOR ASSESSMENT METHODS
(English/French/German)...............................................................................................1
Data / Données / Daten ......................................................................................................................1
Data base / Base de données, banque de données / Datenbasis, Datenbank.........................1
Instruments, tools / Outils / Instrument,Werkzeug......................................................................1
Metadata / Metadata / Metadata........................................................................................................1
Method / Méthode / Methode ...........................................................................................................1
Methodology / Méthodologie / Methodologie ...............................................................................1
Model / Modèle / Model......................................................................................................................2
System / Système / System .................................................................................................................2
Typology / Typologie / Typologie ........................................................................................................2
TERMS SPECIFIC TO ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
(English/French/German)...............................................................................................3
Biosphere / Biosphère / Biosphere ...................................................................................................3
Category / Catégorie / Kategorie [ISO 97b] ................................................................................3
Comparative assertion / Affirmation comparative / Vergleichende Aussage ...........................3
Environment / Environnement / Umwelt.........................................................................................3
Environmental aspect / Aspect environnemental / Umweltaspekt...........................................4
Environmental indicator / Indicateur environnemental /
Umweltindikator [ISO 97b] ................................................................................................................4
Environmental interventions / Interventions environnementales /
Eingriffe in die Umwelt.........................................................................................................................4
Environmental issue / Question environnementale / Umweltfrage...........................................4
Environmental loads, loadings, burdens / Charges environnementales,
facteurs d'impact / Umweltbelastungen ...........................................................................................4
Environmental effect / Effet environnemental / Umwelteffekt (Umwelwirkung)..................4
Environmental problem / Problème environnemental / Umweltproblem ...............................5
Environmental theme / Thème environnemental / Umweltthema.............................................5
Functional unit / Unité fonctionnelle / Funktionseinheit .............................................................5
Goal and scope definition / Définition des objectifs et du domai-ne
d'application / Zieldefinition (Zielfindung und Abgrenzung)........................................................5
Impact / Impact / Wirkung ..................................................................................................................6
Impact category / Catégorie d'impact / Wirkungskategorie .......................................................6
Intervention : See Environmental Intervention ..............................................................................7
Life cycle / Cycle de vie / Lebensweg, Lebenszyklus.....................................................................7
Life cycle assessment (LCA) / Analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) /
Produkt-Ökobilanz (LCA), Lebenszyklus bilanz .............................................................................7
IEA ANNEX 31 ENERGY-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BUILDINGS
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GLOSSARY
Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) / Evaluation de l'impact du cycle de vie / ...................7
Wirkungsabschätzung (Wirkungsbilanz) ..........................................................................................7
Life cycle inventory analysis / Inventaire du cycle de vie, écobilan / Sachbilanz.....................7
Life cycle interpretation / Interprétation du cycle de vie / Auswertung..................................7
Normalisation / Normation / .............................................................................................................8
Product system / Système de produit / Produktsystem ..............................................................8
Raw material / Matière Première / Rohstoff, Rohmaterial ..........................................................8
Source / Source / Quelle.....................................................................................................................8
Technical system / Système technique / Technische System .......................................................8
Technosphere / Technosphère / Technosphere...............................................................................8
Unit process / Procédé unitaire / Einzelprozess............................................................................8
Valuation / Evaluation / Wertung : See weighting...........................................................................8
Weighting / Pondération / Gewichtung............................................................................................8
TERMS SPECIFIC TO THE BUILDING SECTOR (English/French/German) ..........9
Building products typology / Typologie des Produits de construction /
Bauprodukte Typologie.........................................................................................................................9
Terms relevant for building construction or retrofit and for building fittings........................9
Terms relevant for building construction or retrofit..................................................................10
Building life cycle involved parties identification / Identification des acteurs
du cycle de vie d'un bâtiment / Baulebenszyklus Teilnehmer Identifizierung ......................10
TERMS SPECIFIC TO ENERGY (English/French/German).....................................14
Embodied energy / Contenu énergétique / vergegenständlichte Energie (G),
graue Energie (CH).............................................................................................................................14
Feedstock energy / Energie d'alimentation / vergegend-ständlichter Heizwert
(bei nichtenergetischer Nutzung) ...................................................................................................14
Final energy use / Consommation d'énergie finale / Aufwand an Endenergie......................14
Precombustion energy / Energie de précombustion /energetische Vorstufen .....................14
Primary energy use / Consommation d'énergie primaire / Aufwand an Primärenergie...14
SELECTED TERMINOLOGY: ENGLISH TERMS TO JAPANESE ..........................15
SELECTED TERMINOLOGY: ENGLISH,FRENCH,GERMAN,
DUTCH AND SWEDISH ............................................................................................20
REFERENCES ...............................................................................................................34
ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................36
PRINCIPAL CONTRIBUTOR
The principal author of this Glossary is Serge Sidoroff, Paris, France, working on behalf of
Sylviane Nibel, CSTB, France.
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GLOSSARY
Background Reports
PREFACE
This Annex 31 glossary has been designed to improve communications amongst international
groups addressing the environmental performance of buildings.
The glossary emerged as a result of ongoing communications difficulties experienced within
the IEA Annex 31. Academics and researchers in 14 countries needed to standardise the
many specialised terms used for describing building performance. Often the existing literature
used different English terms interchangeably.Varying translations compounded this problem.
The solution was to carefully review the use of all terminology, with special reference to terms
used in international standards, and then to translate the English terms for other languages
commonly used within the Annex.
It is hoped that the glossary produced by the Annex will assist future efforts to share
information on the environmental performance of buildings.
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GLOSSARY
Background Reports
GENERAL TERMS USED FOR ASSESSMENT METHODS
(ENGLISH/FRENCH/GERMAN)
Data / Données / Daten
The smallest unit of information in the form of numbers, letters and similar signs that say
something about concrete objects, situations, or events. Data commonly used in most building
assessments are generated or created from ‘original data', by means of methods and models
[ETH 96].
Data base / Base de données, banque de données / Datenbasis, Datenbank
A database is a collection of pieces of data structured according to a coherent set of rules.
These data owe (hopefully) a certain coherence and homogeneity regarding their origin,
accuracy and quality. In a computerised form, a database also includes procedures for handling
(retrieving, updating, or changing) the data it contains [AHO 97].
Instruments, tools / Outils / Instrument,Werkzeug
Instruments and tools are practice-oriented working tools that facilitate a larger process, and
that are built upon scientific methods and principles. Instruments and tools help to translate
insights gained from scientific methods to standard decision-making in the day-to-day course
of business [ETH 96]. Instruments and tools thus systemize methods in a form suitable for
practical problem solving [AHO 97].
Metadata / Metadata / Metadata
Metadata includes all types of descriptive data used to operationalise a tool or method, including
the subsystem structures, boundaries, quality, representativity, energy/transport/waste models,
and other descriptors that can be used to support the choice of relevant data sets [SPOLD 96].
Method / Méthode / Methode
A procedure for the creation of scientific insight and practical results through the application
of a set of rules, based upon a rationale and scientifically-oriented procedure [ETH 96].
Methodology / Méthodologie / Methodologie
A methodology is a theoretical framework suitable for analyzing events. A methodology
includes definitions of basic concepts, description of ground models used to simplify reality,
and a transparent application of scientific principles.The LCA approach is a methodology.
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GLOSSARY
Model / Modèle / Model
Models designate the simplified representations of the characteristics determining the
behaviour (static or dynamic) of an object or a system and its interaction with its surroundings.
Models can be used to represent the functions fulfilled by the object or the system, and/or to
investigate, predict or explain the dynamic development of a situation [ETH 96 + AHO 97].
System / Système / System
A system is a collection of connected unit objects (or processes) that perform one or more
defined functions [AHO 97].
Typology / Typologie / Typologie
A study of characteristic features in a data set, in order to determine types or systems.
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GLOSSARY
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TERMS SPECIFIC TO ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
Biosphere / Biosphère / Biosphere
The region of the earth's crust and atmosphere occupied by living organisms. "Modelling the
biosphere" thus involves predicting all of the loadings, effect potential and impacts external to
the system.
Category / Catégorie / Kategorie [ISO 97b]
A group or class of inventory inputs and outputs that shares common environmental attributes
such as a mutual mechanism of action that can lead to a possible endpoint. A "flow category" is
used to distinguish between emissions, products, wastes and raw materials.An "impact category"
is used to group flows according to their potential impacts.
• Category indicator
The full expression for this term is "life cycle impact category indicator".This refers to a
modelled estimate that represents an overall or aggregate value of the emission loadings
or resource use in the given category. [ISO 42.2]
• Category endpoint
A selected representation of the natural environment, human health or resource depletion
used to designate an impact category. [ISO 42.2 & 42.3]. It is the explicit concern that
constitutes the basis to define a category - either through a known mechanistic network
or through a more qualitative, subjective description. [ISO 97b]. A category endpoint should
be selected to align with a relevant environmental endpoint or issue of concern. It does
not demonstrate that the loading and resource actually results in an effect. [ISO 97b].
• Environmental (category) endpoint
The explicit, actual, measurable or observable effect in the environment that identifies the
assessment endpoint as relevant and meaningful, and that allows evaluation of the significance
of the results of life cycle impact assessment. [ISO 97b].
Comparative assertion / Affirmation comparative / Vergleichende Aussage
An environmental claim regarding the superiority or equivalence of one product versus
a competing product which performs the same function [ISO 40].
Environment / Environnement / Umwelt
The surroundings in which an organisation operates, including, air, water, land, natural resources,
flora, fauna, humans and their interrelation. [ISO 97b, ISO 50]. Surroundings in this context extend
from within an organization, to the global system (ISO 14001 definition). [ISO 97b, ISO 50].
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GLOSSARY
Environmental aspect / Aspect environnemental / Umweltaspekt
The element of an organisation's activities, products or services that can interact with the
environment. [ISO 40, ISO 97b]. A significant environmental aspect is an environmental aspect
that has - or can have - a significant environmental impact. (ISO 14001 definition) In LCA, an
environmental aspect is the elementary flow of resources, emissions and wastes across the
boundaries into and out of the system.The potential "interaction" should be clearly
distinguished from impact where an observable change takes place. [ISO 97b]
Environmental indicator / Indicateur environnemental / Umweltindikator
[ISO 97b]
A specific expression that provides information about an organisation's environmental
performance, efforts to influence that performance or the conditions of the environment.
Environmental performance indicators (EPI's) are used in relation to the organisation's
management and operations. Environmental condition indicators (ECI's) are used to describe
the local regional/national or global conditions of the environment in relation to the organisation.
Environmental interventions / Interventions environnementales /
Eingriffe in die Umwelt
The physical interaction between a system studied and the environment, defined in terms
of the extraction of natural resources, or substances emissions to the environment media
(air, soil, superficial and ground water), or space occupied by waste, building, and other
disturbances. [CML 95]
Environmental issue / Question environnementale / Umweltfrage
The inputs and outputs (from LCA) and - if additionally conducted - environmental indicators
(from LCIA), which are defined in general terms as being important in the goal and scope
definition. [ISO 43]
Environmental loads, loadings, burdens / Charges environnementales,
facteurs d'impact / Umweltbelastungen
The total releases of pollutants of different classes to the environment [SPOLD 93, CAN 94].
An environmental load or impact factor is a chemical substance or a physical non-material flux
(e.g. heat, acoustic pressure) emitted by a source into one of the environmental media (air,
water, ground). Example: emission of CO2 by a boiler [NIBEL 97]. (In French, the expression
"facteur d'impact" should not be confused with "classification factor" [CML 95] or
"characterisation factor" [NORDIC 95].)
Environmental effect / Effet environnemental / Umwelteffekt
(Umwelwirkung)
The consequence of an environmental intervention in the environmental system. [CML 95]
Or measurable or observable change in the environment, human health or natural resource,
which may be beneficial or adverse. [ISO 97b] This includes any consequence of the activities,
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GLOSSARY
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products or services of the organism [i.e. firm or institution] on the environment, whether
adverse or beneficial. [AFNOR 93] Effects are physical phenomena, which may induce
secondary and further order effects, in a cause-to-effect relationship. [ATEQUE 02]
(Note that in some German texts, the use of the words ‘effect’ and ‘impact’ is inverted.)
Environmental problem / Problème environnemental / Umweltproblem
Environmental effects or impacts are generally summarised into general categories, referred to
as environmental problems or themes, or impact categories. For instance, [UNEP 96] defines
the main environment problems used in LCA as: abiotic depletion, energy depletion, human
toxicity, ecotoxicity (aquatic and terrestrial), acidification, nutrification, ozone depletion, global
warming and photochemical oxidant formation.
Environmental theme / Thème environnemental / Umweltthema
A type of environmental problem scored during an impact assessment.The themes as stated by
CML are summarised as depletion, disturbance and pollution. Depletion concerns the theme
abiotic depletion, biotic depletion and energy depletion; disturbance, e.g. to ecosystems, has to
be described qualitatively; pollution concerns the theme human toxicity, aquatic and terrestrial
ecotoxicity, acidification, nutrification, ozone depletion, global warming, photochemical oxidant
formation and smell. Other items sometimes quantified are waste and water use [CML 95].
Environmental problems or themes and impact categories may be considered as synonymous.
Functional unit / Unité fonctionnelle / Funktionseinheit
Quantified performance of a product system for use as a reference unit in a LCA study.
[ISO 40] It is a measure of the performance of the functional outputs of the product system.
It is a reference to which the inputs and outputs are related. [ISO 97b]
Goal and scope definition / Définition des objectifs et du domai-ne
d'application / Zieldefinition (Zielfindung und Abgrenzung)
The goal of an LCA study shall unambiguuously state the intended application, the reasons for
carrying out the study and the intended audience, i.e. to whom the results of the study are
intended to be communicated [ISO 40]. Goal definition is sometimes referred to as initiation
(SPOLD, CAN).
The scope of an LCA study shall consider and clearly describe [ISO 40]:
• the functions of the product system, or, in the case of comparative studies,
the systems;
• the functional unit;
• the product system to be studied;
• the product system boundaries;
• allocation procedures;
• types of impact and methodology of impact assessment, and subsequent interpolation
to be used;
• data requirements;
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•
•
•
•
•
GLOSSARY
assumptions;
limitations;
inital data quality requirements;
type of critical review, if any; and
type and format of the report required for the study.
The scope should be sufficiently well defined to ensure that the breadth, the depth and the
detail of the study are compatible and sufficient to address the stated goal. Because LCA is an
iterative technique, the scope of the study may need to be modified while the study is being
conducted, as additional information is collected.
Impact / Impact / Wirkung
A change to the environment and the associated consequences for both humans and other
ecosystem components caused directly by the activities of product or service development and
production. Impacts include secondary and tertiary consequences with direct upstream links to
primary changes to environmental systems [CAN 94]. From the point of view of the receptor
in the environment, the "impact" concept is the result of an interpretation phase, where the
opinion of experts regarding outdoor environment, human health and comfort is located on a
value scale.This point of view depends on non-scientific criteria and may also evolve according
to the scientific knowledge available [ATEQUE 02].
• Potential impact
An impact which could be either hypothetical or ‘not now, but later’. LCIA focuses on
"non-actual" impacts (not real, observed or measured). [ISO 97b]
• Indirect impact
A natural environmental, human health or natural resource impact whereby the original
loadings or resource uses may act indirectly through other types of impacts or components
of the natural environment. [ISO 97b]
• Impact assessment
Phase of LCA aimed at structuring, organising, translating and analysing the inventory input
and output data to arrive at a better understanding of the magnitude and significance
of the environmental loadings and resource uses of a product system. [ISO 97b]
Impact category / Catégorie d'impact / Wirkungskategorie
Environmental impacts are generally summarised into impact categories (see also
environmental themes or problems also defined above).Three major impact categories
are identified by [NORDIC 95] :
1. resource depletion : energy, material, water, land,
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2. human health impacts : toxicological and non-toxicological, excluding work
environment, human health impacts in work environment,
3. ecological impacts : global warming, depletion of stratospheric ozone, acidification,
eutrophication, photo-oxidant formation, ecotoxicological impacts, habitat alterations
and impacts on biological diversity.
Environmental problems or themes and impact categories may be considered as synonymous.
Intervention : See Environmental Intervention
Life cycle / Cycle de vie / Lebensweg, Lebenszyklus
Consecutive and interlinked stages of a product system, from raw material acquisition or
generation of natural resources to the final disposal [ISO 40].
Life cycle assessment (LCA) / Analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) /
Produkt-Ökobilanz (LCA), Lebenszyklus bilanz
The overall process of assessing the life cycle impacts associated with a system, function,
product or service. Sometimes considered to include the Initiation, Inventory, Impact Analysis
and Improvement stages [SPOLD 93]. A concept and a method to evaluate the environmental
effects of a product holistically, by analysing its entire life cycle.This includes identifying and
quantifying energy and materials used and wastes released to the environment, assessing their
environmental impact, and evaluating opportunities for improvement [CAN 94].
Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) / Evaluation de l'impact du cycle
de vie / Wirkungsabschätzung (Wirkungsbilanz)
The phase of LCA aimed at understanding and evaluating the magnitude and significance of the
potential environmental impacts of a product system [ISO 40, ISO 97b].The main difference
between LCA and LCIA is the focus on "potential".
Life cycle inventory analysis / Inventaire du cycle de vie, écobilan / Sachbilanz
The phase of LCA involving the compilation and quantification of inputs and outputs, for a
given product system throughout its life cycle [ISO 40]. Note, to avoid confusion, avoid using
acronyms of this term.
Life cycle interpretation / Interprétation du cycle de vie / Auswertung
The phase of LCA in which the findings of either the inventory analysis or the impact
assessment, or both, are combined consistent with the defined goal and scope in order
to reach conclusions and recommendations [ISO 40, ISO 98].
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GLOSSARY
Normalisation / Normation /
Normalisation involves factoring results by a common unit (persons, years, area, and so on)
in order to allow for a fair comparison of the relative significance of impacts. Normalisation
is sometimes required in preparation for additional procedures such as weighting or
interpretation. [ISO 42]
Product system / Système de produit / Produktsystem
Collection of materially and energetically connected unit processes which performs one or
more defined functions [ISO 40].
Raw material / Matière Première / Rohstoff, Rohmaterial
Primary or secondary material that is used to produce a product [ISO 40].
Source / Source / Quelle
Sources are physical elements of the system under study (boiler, window, light bulb), which,
by their characteristics, have an influence on the environment during the product life cycle.
Technical system / Système technique / Technische System
A collection of product systems which perform one or more defined functions, and are suitable
for modeling and assessment.Technical systems exist at all scales, from appliances to buildings
and whole cities.
Technosphere / Technosphère / Technosphere
The subset of the biosphere influenced and changed by human planning and activity.
Unit process / Procédé unitaire / Einzelprozess
Smallest portion of a product system for which data are collected when performing a LCA
[ISO 40].
Valuation / Evaluation / Wertung : See weighting.
Weighting / Pondération / Gewichtung
Weighting is an optional procedure within life cycle impact assessment that involves ranking
or possibly aggregating the indicator results across impacts categories. For example, resource
depletion may be combined with pollution indices.Weighting is based on value choices.The
weights are not exclusively based on scientific knowledge, but always involve some element
of subjective judgment. [ISO 42] Note that the term "weighting" is preferable to "valuation"
because French terms do not differentiate between "evaluation" and "valuation".
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TERMS SPECIFIC TO THE BUILDING SECTOR
Building products typology / Typologie des Produits de construction /
Bauprodukte Typologie
The following definitions are translated from [OLIVE 97].The terms in italics are defined
elsewhere in the paragraph.
•
•
Terms relevant for building construction or retrofit and for building fittings
Basic building material / Matériau de construction de base / Baumaterial, Grundmaterial
A basic building material is one of the following materials:
•
•
•
a natural rough product, not treated beyond the treatment required for extraction
(mining, etc.),
a natural product, physically or chemically treated,
a combination of several rough and/or treated natural products.
The following list of basic building materials may be representative:
Earth (generic term for earths and clays)
Wood
Stone (generic term for any kind of natural stone used in building construction)
Gypsum (generic term for gypsum and anhydrite)
Cement (mix of clay and lime)
Sand and gravel
Fired clay and ceramics (treated clay)
flat glass (treated sand)
Cast iron
Steel
Copper
Zinc
Lead
Aluminium
Plastic (treated oil products)
•
Packaging products / Produits de conditionnement / Packstoffe,Verpackungsmaterialen
Products used to contain marketed products to provide delivered products.
•
Complementary products for implementation / Produits complémentaires de mise
en oeuvre / Ergänzungsverbindungsprodukte
Building products needed to implement building half products, elements or components,
e.g. bonds (cement, mortar, glue, weld, bonding or fixing elements), gaskets and seals.
•
Building final product / Produit de construction fini / Fertigbauprodukt
Building product implemented on site as such, which may be either a building element,
or a building component.
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•
GLOSSARY
Building element / Elément de construction / Bau element, Element
Homogeneous simple shaped building product, which is a final product, involving a basic
building material, complementary products for implementation and packaging products.
•
Building component / Composant de construction / Bauteil, Bauwerksteil
Heterogeneous or complex shaped building product, which is a final product, involving one
or several basic building materials, complementary products for implementation and packaging
products.
•
Building half-product / Semi-produit de construction / Zwischenprodukt, Halbzeug
Building product sized on site, involving one or several basic building materials,
complementary products for implementation and packaging products.
•
Terms relevant for building construction or retrofit
•
Complementary products for combination / Produits complémentaires de combinaison /
Ergänzungskombinationsprodukte
Building products needed to implement basic building products, e.g.: water and solvents,
additives and admixtures, reinforcement products (steel reinforcement, tendons for
prestressing, fibers), accessories and devices.
•
Basic building products / Produits de construction de base / Basisbauprodukte
Building product shaped on site, constituted either by constituents mixed on site, or by mix
of constituents prepared off site.
•
Constituents mixed on site / Constituants mélangés sur le chantier /
an der Arbeitsstätte gemischte Bestände
Basic product, involving one or several basic materials and complementary products for
combination mixed on site, complementary products for implementation and packaging products.
•
Mix of constituents prepared off site / Mélange de constituants préparés
hors chantier / Gemisch von aus der Arbeitsstätte verfertigte Bestände
Basic product, involving one or several basic materials and complementary products for a
combination mixed off site, complementary products for implementation and packaging products.
•
Building life cycle involved parties identification / Identification des
acteurs du cycle de vie d'un bâtiment / Baulebenszyklus Teilnehmer
Identifizierung
•
The pole of collective interests / Le pôle d'intérêt collectif / Vertreter der Öffentlichkeit
• Elected representatives / élus / gewählte Repräsententen
The elected representatives constitute the legislative or legislative-oriented power
at the national and European scales.
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GLOSSARY
•
Background Reports
Administrations / administrations / Verwaltung/Regierung
The administrations hold the state power to make regulations at any geographical scale
(e.g. government, ministries, prefectures, Regional Directions of the Ministries in charge
of Industry, Environment, Agriculture, Planning and Housing, etc.)
•
Governmental agencies / agences / staatliche Stellen, Ämter
The governmental agencies hold the incentive power at any geographic scale
(e.g. Environmental Protection Agencies,Water Agencies, etc.)
•
Regional and departmental (f) or county (uk) authorities / collectivités régionales
et départementales / regionale Behörden
The regional and departmental authorities are the elected representatives of the
regional and departmental Councils and their technical services, taken as patrimony
(i.e. building stocks) managers.
•
Local authorities / collectivités locales / lokale Behörden
The local authorities are the elected representatives of the district / communal councils
or inter-district / communal syndicates.
•
Research institutions and technical centres / organismes de recherche
et centres techniques / Forschungseinrichtungen
The research institutions and technical centres have thematic purposes, sector-based or
professional (e.g. Building Research Institutes, Building Products Technical Centres, etc.)
•
Vocational training institutions/ organismes de formation/
Berufsausbildungseinrichtungen
The vocational training institutions include technical high schools and universities and
continuing educational centres.
•
Consumers associations / associations de consommateurs /
Verbraucherorganisationen
The consumer associations comprises the public and private organisms defending
the consumers’ interests (quality, price, health, etc.) at any geographic scale.
•
Associations for environmental protection / associations de protection
de l'environnement / Umweltschutzorganisationen
The associations for environmental protection include organisms working to promote
the respect of the environment at any geographic scale.
•
The pole of operational decision-making / Le pôle de décision opérationnelle /
Gruppe der Unternehmer/Investoren
•
Development companies / sociétés d'aménagement /
Projektentwicklungsgesellschaften
The development companies act as public or private decision makers (e.g. public and
semi-public development corporations).
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•
GLOSSARY
Non-managing building owners / maîtres d'ouvrage non gestionnaires /
nicht verwaltere Hausbesitzer
The non-managing building owners are the public or private property developers
who build and sell.
•
Managing building owners / maîtres d'ouvrage gestionnaires / verwaltere
Hausbesitzer
The managing building owners build and manage their building stocks (e.g. public sector
housing organisms (French HLM), bank property companies (French SCIC), some investors,
etc.)
•
Backers / financeurs / Finanzierer
The backers include the funders not involved in the ownership development, e.g. the
bankers and the insurers which help among others the building owners and the contracting
authorities, (investors and private individuals).
•
The pole of design / Le pôle de conception / Gruppe der Planer
•
Prime contractors (including architects) / maîtres d'oeuvre / Baumeister
The prime contractors (including architects) are commissioned by the client to design the
construction, to manage the project, to control the performance of the contractors and to
propose the acceptance of their work and their payment.
•
Technical consultants / bureaux d'études techniques / beratende Ingenieure
The technical consultants are in a broad sense the engineers and technicians commissioned
to design technical parts of the building (structure, external works, services, planning /
scheduling, etc.) as firms (offices, etc.) or as freelancers (consulting engineer, etc.).
•
Town planners / urbanistes / Stadtplaner
The town planners are the designers of the layout of the urban areas.
•
Landscape engineers / paysagistes / Landschaftsplaner, Raumplaner
The landscape engineers are not only planners / designers of the open-spaces neighbouring
the building but also contribute to the planning, urban and architectural studies.
•
Construction surveyors / économistes de la construction / Vermessungsinspektoren
The construction / quantity surveyors use construction costs data bases to assess if a
project cost is realistic regarding a given budget.They can also estimate the indirect costs
of a construction, by establishing a relationship between investment budget and operating
budget, etc.
Page 12
GLOSSARY
Background Reports
•
The pole of project carry-through / Le pôle de réalisation / der Ausführungsbereich
•
Industrialists and distributors / industriels et distributeurs / Hersteller und Händler
The industrialists and distributors manufacture and/or deliver building products and fittings.
•
Contractors / réalisateurs / Auftragnehmer
The contractors are the builders and installers working on the building site (e.g. general
and trade-specific contractors, artisans, etc.)
•
Control offices / bureaux de contrôle / Prüfingenieure
The control offices are in a broad sense the engineers and technicians commissioned to
control the quality and check the safety (conformity controls, project documentation
checking and on-site construction checking).
•
The pole of use / Le pôle d'utilisation / Gruppe der Nutzer
•
Service providers / prestataires de services / Dienstleister
The service providers intervene to insure the normal operation of the building during its
use phase (e.g. the heating operating companies, the maintenance firms, the electricity, water
and gas providers, etc.).
•
Building managers / gestionnaires / Gebäudebetrieber
The building managers manage their own assets (e.g. the public sector housing) or the
assets of others (e.g. condominiums).
•
Users of residential buildings / usagers des bâtiments résidentiels /
Gebäudebewohner
The users of residential buildings are considered only as occupiers, either as owners
or as tenants.
•
Users of service-providing buildings / usagers des bâtiments tertiaires /
Gebäudenutzer
The users of service-providing buildings are only considered as occupiers.
•
Insurers / assureurs / Versicherungsgesellschaften
The insurers insure the whole building, including during its use phase (ten-year guarantee
in particular).
Page 13
Background Reports
GLOSSARY
TERMS SPECIFIC TO ENERGY
Embodied energy / Contenu énergétique /
vergegenständlichte Energie (G), graue Energie (CH)
The sum of the energy used to manufacture a product from cradle to the input gate of the use
site and of its feedstock.
Feedstock energy / Energie d'alimentation / vergegend-ständlichter
Heizwert (bei nichtenergetischer Nutzung)
Feedstock energy quantifies the potential of raw material inputs, such as wood or plastic
materials, to deliver energy if they were used as fuel for heating.
Final energy use / Consommation d'énergie finale / Aufwand an Endenergie
Energy consumption measured at the final or end use level. For a building, this would be the
energy inflow measured at the gate of the building, excluding passive solar gains and heat
recovery from human beings.The end use energy is opposed to the primary energy use.
Precombustion energy / Energie de précombustion /energetische Vorstufen
The total energy used to produce, transport and store a fuel during its whole life cycle
upstream of the burner.
Primary energy use / Consommation d'énergie primaire / Aufwand an
Primärenergie
The energy consumption measured at the natural resource level. For electricity, the primary
energy used to produce 1 kWhel may be a mix of several primary energies :
• fossil fuels (crude oil, natural gas, uranium),
• geothermal,
• renewable fuels (biofuels, wood)
• and renewable forces (hydropower, solar, wind, tidal).
This mix is typically a characteristic shared within a grid at the regional or national scale, and
can vary significantly.The conversion from final use electricity to primary energy inputs requires
assumptions about the structure of the electricity production and about the conversion
efficiency of electrical power plants. For example, the IEA expresses primary energy use
in toe (tons of oil equivalent) units and uses a conversion factor of :
• 0.086 toe/TWhel for hydro, solar, wind and tidal energies,
• 0.258 toe/TWhel for nuclear energy
• 0.86 toe/TWhel for geothermy [IEA].
The French Ministry of Industry uses a mean conversion factor reflecting the French electricity
mix of 0.222 toe/TWhel [SESSI 92].
Page 14
GLOSSARY
Background Reports
SELECTED TERMINOLOGY: ENGLISH TERMS
TO JAPANESE
Page 15
Background Reports
Page 16
GLOSSARY
GLOSSARY
Background Reports
Page 17
Background Reports
Page 18
GLOSSARY
GLOSSARY
Background Reports
Page 19
Background Reports
GLOSSARY
SELECTED TERMINOLOGY: ENGLISH, FRENCH,
GERMAN, DUTCH AND SWEDISH
ENGLISH FRENCH
abiotic
GERMAN
abiotique, minéral abiotisch
DUTCH
SWEDISH
abiotsch
abiotisk
acceptable noise Confort
level
acoustique (m)
akzeptabler Geräuschpegel acceptabel geluidsniveau acceptabel ljudnivå
(m)
acceptance test Essai (m) de
réception (f)
Abnahmeprüfung (f)
acceptans test
administration
Administration (f) Verwaltung, Regierung (f) overheid
ageing,
weathering
Vieillissement (m) Alterung (f)
aggregation
Agrégation (f)
air change rate
Taux (m) de
renouvellement
(m) d'air
administration
veroudering
Luftwechselrate (f)
luchtversingssnelheid
luftomsättning
air conditioning Air conditionné
(m)
Klimaanlage (f)
klimaatregeling
klimatisering
air tightness
Etanchéité (f) à
l'air (m)
Luftundurchlässigkiet (f),
Luftdichtheit (f)
lufttäthet
allocation
Affectation (f)
Allokation, Zuordnung (f) toewijzing
allokering
allotment,
cluster,
development
Lotissement (m) Parzellierung (f)
toewijzing
kluster
ambiance
Ambiance (f)
omgeving
omgivning
Umgebung, Ambiente (f)
Taux apparent
apparent
recycling
Rezyklier-/
recycling/ reuse (m) de recyclage/ Wiederverwertungsanteil/ réemploi (m)
rate
rate (f)
återvinningtakt
assembling,
joining
Assemblage (m) Zusammenbau (m),
(mise en oeuvre) Montage (n)
assemblage
sammanfoga
assembly
Assemblage (m)
(résultat)
Zusammenbau (m)
het geassembleerde,
gemonteerde
sammansättning/
montering
assessment
Evaluation (f)
(Ab-,Ein)schätzung,
Beurteilung (f)
beoordeling
värdering
association for
environmental
protection
Association (f) de Umweltschutzorganisation organisatie van
protection (f) de (f)
milieubeheer
l'environnement
(m)
miljöskyddsförening
assumption
Hypothèse (f)
Annahme (f)
aanname/hypothese
hypotes/antagande
average
Moyenne (f)
Durchschnitt (n)
gemiddelde
genomsnittlig
Page 20
GLOSSARY
Background Reports
ENGLISH
FRENCH
GERMAN
backer
Financeur,
investisseur (m)
Finanzierer (m), Geldgeber bankier
bzw. Investor (m)
finanicär, investerare
basement
Fondation (f)
Grundmauer (f)
grondbewerking
grund
basement
Cave (f)
Keller (m)
kelder
källare
bearing wall
Mur porteur (m)
tragender Mauer (f)
dragende muur
bärande vägg
benchmark
Valeur repère (f)
(Fixpunkt) Vorgabewert im standaard
Sinne Grenz-/Zielwert (m)
referensvärde
biotic
biotique,
biologique
biotisch
biotisch
biotisk
boiler
Chaudière (f)
Kessel (m)
ketel
brännare
building element Elément (m) de
construction (f)
Bauelement (n)
bouwelement
byggnadselement
building
envelope
Gebäudehülle (f)
schil van een gebouw
byggnadsskal
building manager Gestionnaire (m) Gebäudebetrieber (m)
gebouwbeheerder
fastighetsförvaltare
building owner
Gebäude-/ besitzer/ eigentümer (m)
gebouweigenaar
fastighetsägare
building site (uk) Chantier de
construction (m)
Bauplatz (m), Baustelle (f)
bouwplaats
byggplats
building stock
Parc (m) de
bâtiments (m)
Gebäudebestand (m)
gebouwvoorraad
fastighetsbestånd
byproduct
Sous-produit (m) Nebenprodukt (n)
bijproduct
biprodukt
calculation
Calcul (m)
berekening
beräkning
calorimeter
Compteur (m) de Wärmemengenzähler (m)
chaleur (f)
warmtemeter
kalorimeter/
värmemätare
capital goods
Biens (m, pl)
d'investissement
(m)
kapitaalgoederen
kapitalvaror
case,
example/case
study
Cas, exemple (m)/ Fallbeispiel (n)/ Fallstudie
étude (f) de cas
(f)
characterisation
Caractérisation (f)
classification
Classification (f)
Enveloppe (f) du
bâtiment (m)
Propriétaire (m)
du bâtiment (m),
Maître (m) de
l'ouvrage (m)
Berechnung (f)
Investitionsgüter (m, pl)
DUTCH
SWEDISH
fallstudie, exempel
karakterisatie
karaktärisering
classificatie
klassificering
closed/open loop Recyclage (m) en (Wieder-/Weiter)
recycling
boucle
verwertung (f)
fermée/ouverte (f)
open-loop- recycling
öppet/ slutet kretslopp
Collection
collectie/ verzameling
samling
Collecte (f)
Klassifizierung (f)
Sammlung (f)
Page 21
Background Reports
GLOSSARY
GERMAN
ENGLISH
FRENCH
comparability
Comparabilité (f) Vergleichbarkeit (f)
DUTCH
SWEDISH
vergelijkbaarheid
jämförbarhet
bouwopzichter
mängdberäknare
construction
surveyor
Economiste (m)
de la construction
(f)
consumers
association
Association (f) de Verbraucherorganisation (f) consumentenorganisatie
consommateurs
(m)
konsumentförening
contractor
Réalisateur (m)
Auftragnehmer (m)
opdrachtnemer
entreprenör
control office
Bureau (m) de
contrôle (m)
Prüfeinrichtung (m)
controlebureau
kontrollant
coproduct
Coproduit (m)
Kuppelprodukt,
Koppelprodukt (n)
co-product
samprodukt
coverage
(building -)
Couverture (d'un Dachwerk (n), Bedachung
bâtiment) (f)
(f)
bereik
taktäckning
critical review
Revue critique (f) kritische Begleitung (f)
kritisch overzicht
kritisk granskning
cut-off criterion, - Critère (m) de
ria
négligeabilité (f),
de coupure (f)
Abschneidekriterium, -rien criteria om te stoppen
(n)
avgränsningskrterier
daily intake
Dose quotidienne tägliche Dosis (f)
(f)
dagelijke dosis
dagligtintag
data
données (f, pl)
Daten (n, pl)
data
data
daylight factor
Facteur de
Lumière du Jour
(FLJ) (m)
Tageslichtquotient (m)
daglichtfactor
dagsljusfaktor
degree days
Degrés-jours (m,
pl)
Heizgradtage (m, pl)
graaddagen
graddagar
design
Conception (f)
Entwurf (m)
ontwerp
design
detached house
Maison isolée (f)
Einzelhaus (n)
vrijstaand huis
småhus
development
company
Société (f)
d'aménagement
(m)
Projektentwicklungsgesellschaft (f)
projectontwikkelaar
utvecklingsföretag
distributor
Distributeur (m)
Händler (m)
distributeur
distributör
district heating
Chauffage urbain
(m)
Fernwärme (f)
warmtenet
fjärrvärme
disturbance
Perturbation (f)
Störung (f)
storing
störning
documentation
Documentation (f) Gebäudepass (m)
sur le bâtiment
byggnadsbeskrivning
documentation
Descriptif (m)
Objektbeschreibung (f)
beskrivning
domestic waste
Déchets
ménagers (m)
Kehricht, Hausmüll (n)
Page 22
huishoudelijk afval
hushållsavfall
GLOSSARY
Background Reports
ENGLISH
FRENCH
GERMAN
DUTCH
SWEDISH
dominance
analysis
Analyse (f) de
dominance (f)
Dominanzanalyse (f)
dominantie analyse
dominansanalys
ecobalance
Ecobilan (m)
Ökobilanz (f)
ecolabel
Umweltzeichen (n)
Marque
environnementale
(f), écolabel (m)
eco-balans
miljömärkning
ecological
scarcity
Ecorareté (f)
ökologische Knappheit (f)
oecologische schaarste
ekoknapphet
eco-profile
Ecoprofil (m)
Ökoprofil (n)
milieuprofiel
miljöprofil
ecotoxicity/
ecotoxicology
Ecotoxicité/
Ökotoxizität/
écotoxicologie (f) Ökotoxikologie (f)
ecotoxicologie
ekotoxisk/
ekotoxikologi
efficiency
Wirkungsgrad (m)
Rendement
(chaudière) (m),
efficacité (pompe
à chaleur) (f)
efficiëntie
effektivitet
effluent
Effluent (m)
Ausfluss (m)
effluent
utflöde
elected
representative
Elu (m)
gewählte Repräsentent (m) gekozen
vertegenwoordiger
utvald
elementary flow
Flux élémentaire
(m)
Elementarfluss (m)
elementenstroom
grundflöde
ELU,
Environmental
Loading Unit
Umweltbelastungseinheit
Unité de charge
environnementale (f)
(f)
milieubelastingseenheid
miljöbelastningsenhet
embodied energy Contenu
énergétique (m)
vergegenständlichte, graue energie- inhoud
Energie (f)
inbyggd energi
emergency
response
Mesure (f)
d'urgence (f)
Notfallmassnahme (f)
noodmaatregel
kritiskt värde
emission
Emission (f)
Emission (f)
emissie
emission/utsläpp
energetic
analysis
Analyse
énergétique (f)
Energieanalyse (f)
energie-analyse
energianalys
Energy passport
Passeport
Energieausweis (m)
énergétique ? (m)
energy carrier
Vecteur
énergétique (m)
Energieträger (m)
energiedrager
energibärare
energy
consumption,
energy use
Consommation,
utilisation
d'énergie (f)
Energieverbrauch (m),
Endenergie (f)
energieconsumptie
energianvändning
Abwärmenutzung (f)
hergebruik van energie
energiåtervinning
energy recovery Récupération
d'énergie (f)
energipass
Page 23
Background Reports
GLOSSARY
ENGLISH FRENCH
GERMAN
DUTCH
SWEDISH
energibehov
energy
requirement
Besoins
énergétiques (m,
pl)
Energiebedarf (m),
Nutzenergie (f)
benodigde energie
energy
signature
Signature
énergétique (f)
Energiekennzahl (m)
milieu
energisignatur
environment
Environnement
(m)
Umwelt (f)
omgeving, milieu
miljö
environment
Milieu (m)
Umgebung (f),
Wirkungskreis (m), Milieu
omgeving, milieu
omgivning
environmental
audit
Eco-audit (m)
Öko-Audit
milieu-audit
miljöredovisning
environmental
effect
Effet (m) sur
l'environnement
(m)
Umwelt(ein-/aus) wirkung
(f)
milieu-effect
miljöeffekt
environmental
loading
Umweltbelastung (f)
Charge
environnementale
(f)
milieubelasting
miljöbelastning
environmental
management
Management
environnemental
(m)
Umweltmanagement
milieubeheer
miljöledning
environmental
profile
Profil
environnemental
(m)
Umweltbelastungsprofil (n) milieuprofiel
miljöprofil
evaluation
Evaluation (f)
Bewertung, Auswertung (f) evaluatie
utvärdering
exhaust air
Air extrait (m)
Abluft (f)
afvoerlucht
frånluft
feedstock
Energie
d'alimentation (f)
vergegendständlichter
Heizwert (bei
nichtenergetischer
Nutzung) (m)
voedingsenergie
värmevärde
final residual
Déchets ultimes
(m, pl)
Reststoffe (m, pl)
reststoffen
restprodukter
financial terms
Termes
monétaires (m)
monetäre Grösse,
Wertgrösse (n)
financi‘le termen
finansiella termer
flow chart
Diagramme (m)
des flux (m)
Prozesskette (f)
procesdiagram
flödesschema
flow diagram
Diagramme (m)
des flux (m)
Flussdiagramm
stofstroomdiagram
flödesdiagram
fossil fuel
Combustibles
fossiles (m)
fossiler Energieträger (m)
fossiele brandstoffen
fossilt bränsle
from cradle to
gate
du berceau à la
sortie de l'usine
von der Wiege bis zum
Fabriktor
van wieg tot poort
från vaggan till grinden
Page 24
GLOSSARY
DUTCH
SWEDISH
von der Wiege bis zum
Grab
van wieg tot graf
från vaggan till graven
Brennstoff (m)
brandstof
fastbränsle
fuel
Carburant (usage Brennstoff (m)
mobile) (m)
brandstof
flytande bränsle
functional unit
Unité
fonctionnelle (f)
funktionelle/funktionale
functionele eenheid
Einheit, Funktionseinheit (f)
funtionell enhet
global energetic
content
Contenu
énergétique
global (m)
globaler Energiegehalt (m)
globale energie - inhoud
övre värmevärde
global warming
Réchauffement
global (m)
globale Erwärmung (f)
warmer worden van de
aarde
global uppvärmning
goal definition
Définition (f) des
objectifs (m)
Zieldefinition
doelbepaling
måldefinition
governmental
agency
Agence (f)
staatliche Stelle (f), Amt (n) overheidsinstelling
greenhouse
effect
Effet (m) de serre Treibhauseffekt
(f)
broeikaseffect
växthuseffekt
gross energy
Energie primaire
(f)
primaire energie
primärenergi
guideline
Recommandation Leitfaden
(f)
ENGLISH
FRENCH
from cradle to
grave
du berceau à la
tombe
fuel
Combustible
(usage fixe) (m)
GERMAN
Background Reports
Primärenergie
Bruttoenergie (f) (von
ETHZ)
hazardous waste Déchets spéciaux Sonderabfall (m)
(m)
statligt verk/ myndighet
rekomendation
schadelijk afval
farligtavfall
heat gain
Gain thermique
(m)
Wärmegewinn (m)
värmetillskott
heat loss
Perte thermique
(f)
Wärmeverlust (m)
värmeförlust
heating
Chauffage (m)
Heizung (f)
verwarming
uppvärmning
heating capacity
Capacité
calorifique (f)
Heizleistung (f)
verwarmingscapaciteit
värmekapacitet
heating load
Charge (f) de
chauffage
Heizleistung (f)
heating period
Saison (f) de
chauffe (f)
Heizperiode (f)
verwarmingsperiode
uppvärmningperiod
heating value
Pouvoir
calorifique (m)
Heizwert (m)
verwarmingswaarde
värmevärde
home-job traffic
Trafic pendulaire
(m)
Pendlerverkehr,
Berufsverkehr (m)
woon-werk-verkeer
pendeltrafik
värmelast
Page 25
Background Reports
GLOSSARY
ENGLISH
FRENCH
GERMAN
DUTCH
SWEDISH
illumination
Eclairement (m)
Beleuchtung (f)
verlichting
belsyning
immission
Immission (f)
Immission (f)
immissie
immision
impact
Impact (m)
Wirkung (f)
impact
påverkan
imperviousness
Etanchéité (f)
Dichtigkeit (f)
ondoorlatendheid
genomsläpplighet
in-/outflows of a Intrants/sortants input/output
system
d'un système (m)
in-en uitvoer van een
systeem
in-/utflöde
incineration plant Unité
d'Incinération (f)
Verbrennungsanlage (f)
verbrandingsinstallatie
förbränningsanläggning
industrialist
Industriel (m)
Hersteller (m)
fabrikant
industriell
inert chemical
Substance inerte
(f)
Inertstoff (m)
inerte stof
inert ämne
inert waste
Déchets inertes
(m, pl)
Inertabfall (m)
inert afval
inert avfall
insulation
(thermal -)
Isolation
thermique (f)
Isolierung (f),
Wärmedämmung (f)
isolatie
värmeisoloering
insurer,
insurance
company
Assureur (m),
compagnie (f)
d'assurance (f)
Versicherungsgesellschaft
(f)
verzekeringsmaatschappij försäkringsbolag
intended
audience
public visé (m)
angesprochene Zielgruppe doelgroep
(f)
målgrupp
interior climate
Climat (m),
ambiance
intérieure (f)
Innenklima (n)
binnenklimaat
inneklimat
intermediary
product
Demi-produit (m) Zwischenprodukt (m)
tussenproduct
mellanprodukt
issue
question (f), sujet Sachverhalten (m)
(m), problème (m)
onderwerp
fråga, problem
job site (us)
Chantier (m) de
construction (f)
Bauplatz (m), Baustelle (f)
bouwplaats
byggplats
joinery
Menuiserie (f)
Schreinerei, Tischlerei (f)
timmerwerkplaats
snickeri
label
Label (m),
étiquette (f)
Label
landfill/to
Décharge (f)/
mettre en
Deponie (f)/ deponieren
stortplaats/ storten
deponi, avfallsplats
landscape
engineer
Paysagiste (m)
Landschaftsplaner,
Raumplaner (m)
planoloog
lanskapsplanerare
legal requirement Exigence légale,
réglementaire (f)
gesetzliche Forderung (f)
wettelijke eisen
normkrav
life cycle
Lebensweg (m),
Lebenszyklus
levenscyclus
livscykel
Page 26
Cycle (m) de vie
(f)
märkning
GLOSSARY
Background Reports
ENGLISH
FRENCH
GERMAN
DUTCH
SWEDISH
life cycle
assessment,
LCA
Analyse (f) du
Cycle de Vie,
ACV
Ökobilanz (f)
levenscyclusanalyse
livscykelanalys, LCA
life cycle impact
assessment
Evaluation (f) des
impacts (m) du
cycle de vie
Wirkungsabschätzung (f)
levenscyclusassessment
värdering av
miljöpåverkan
life cycle
inventory
analysis
Inventaire (m) du Sachbilanz (f)
cycle de vie
levenscyclusinventarisatie livscykelinventering
life cycle stage/
step
Période/ étape (f) Lebens(abschnitt (m)/ du cycle de vie
zyklusphase)
stap in de levenscyclus
livscykeletapp
light
Lumière (f)
Licht (n)
licht
ljus
light efficiency
Efficacité
lumineuse (f)
Lichtausbeute (f)
effici‘nte verlichting
ljusutbyte
lighting
Eclairage (m)
Beleuchtung (f)
verlichting
belysning
limit value
Valeur limite (f)
Grenzwert (m)
grenswaarde
gränsvärde
limitation
Limitation (f)
Einschränkung (f)/
Begrenzung (f)
grens, limiet
begränsning
link
Relation (f),
liaison (f), lien (f)
Verknüpfung (f)
verbinding
samband
loading, load
Charge (f)/ Fret
(m)
Last, Belastung (f)/ Fracht
(f)
belasting
belastning
local authority
Collectivité locale lokale Behörde (f)
(f)
lokale overheid
lokal församling/
myndighet
loss
Perte, déperdition Verlust (m)
(f)
verlies
förlust
main product
Produit principal
(m)
Hauptprodukt (m)
belangrijkste product
huvudprodukt
maintenance
Entretien (m),
maintenance (f)
Instandhaltung (f)
onderhoud
underhåll
managing
building owner
Maître d'ouvrage
gestionnaire (m)
Gebäudebesitzer
Hausverwalter (m)
gebouwbeheerder/ eigenaar
förvaltare
mandator
mandant (m)
Auftraggeber (m)
opdrachtgever
uppdragsgivare
masonry
Travaux (m, pl) de Maurerarbeiten (n),
Mauerarbeit (f)
maçonnerie (f),
gros-oeuvre (m)
metselwerk
murverk
master
Maître (m) de
l'ouvrage (m)
Bauherr (m), Baubesitzer
(m)
bouwopzichter
byggledare
master builder
Maître d'oeuvre,
architecte (m)
Baumeister, Polier (m)
bouwheer
byggmästare
material
Matière (f),
Stoff (m)
materiaal
material
Page 27
Background Reports
GLOSSARY
ENGLISH
FRENCH
GERMAN
DUTCH
SWEDISH
mean value
Moyenne (f)
Durchschnitt (n)
gemiddelde waarde
medelvärde
measurement
Mesurage (m),
mesure (f)
Messung (f)
meting
mätvärde
mechanical
ventilation
mechanische Lüftung (f)
Ventilation
mécanique (VMC)
(f)
mechanische ventilatie
mekanisk ventilation
monitoring
Surveillance (f),
contrôle (m)
Überwachung (f)
monitoring
övervakning, mätning
multicriteria
analysis, MCA
Analyse
multicritères (f)
Multikriterienanalyse,
mehrkriterielle Analyse (f)
woongebouw, flat
multikriteriaanlys
multi-storey
dwelling
Habitation
collective (f)
Mehrfamilienhaus (n)
multi-criteria-analyse
flerfamiljshus
natural
ventilation
Ventilation
naturelle (f)
freie/natürliche Lüftung (f)
natuurlijke ventilatie
naturlig ventilation
need,
requirement
Besoin (m)
Bedarf (m)
vereiste
behov
noise
Bruit (m)
Geräusch (n)
geluid
buller
non elementary
flow
Flux non
élémentaire (m)
Nicht elementarer Fluss
(m)
niet-elementaire stroom
sekundärflöde
nuisance
Nuisance (f)
Schaden (m), Belästigung
(f)
geluidhinder
besvär
nutrification
Eutrophisation (f) Überdüngung,
Eutrophierung (f)
eutrofi‘ring
övergödning
occupational
disease
Maladie
Berufskrankheit (f)
professionnelle (f)
beroepsziekte
yrkesskada
occupational
health
Hygiène (f) du
travail (m)
Arbeits- und
Gesundheitsschutz (m)
arbeidshygi‘ne
arbetshygien
one-family house Habitation
individuelle (f)
Einfamiliehaus (n)
eengezinswoning
enfamiljhus, småhus
operating costs
Coûts (m, pl)
d'utilisation (f)
Betriebkosten (f, pl)
bedrijfskosten
driftskostnad
operational
decision-making
Décision
opérationnelle (f) Entscheidungsfindung (f)
operationele
besluitvorming
driftsbeslut
outdoor climate Climat extérieur
(m)
Aussenklima (n)
buitenklimaat
utomhusklimat
overall score
Note, évaluation
globale (f)
Rangfolge (f)
totaalscore
slutomdöme
planning
Urbanisme (m)
Stadtbebauungsplan (m)
ruimtelijke ordening
stadsplanering
planning
Aménagement
(m)
Planung (f)
planning
byggnadsplanering
Page 28
GLOSSARY
Background Reports
ENGLISH
FRENCH
GERMAN
DUTCH
SWEDISH
pollution (air,
water, soil -)
Pollution (f) de
l'air (m), de l'eau
(f), du sol (m)
Luft-, Wasser,
Bodenverschmutzung (f)
vervuiling, verontreiniging luft-, vatten,
markförorening
primary energetic Consommation
Primärenergieverbrauch
consumption
d'énergie primaire (m)
(f)
primaire energieverbruik primärenergiförbrukning
prime contractor Maître d'oeuvre
(m)
Hauptauftragnehmer (m)
hoofdaannemer
huvudentreprenör
process
Procédé (m)
Verfahren (n)
proces
process
process tree
Arbre des
procédés (m)
Prozessbaum (m)
procesboom
processträd
product
Produit (m)
Produkt (m)
product
produkt
product
information
Information (f) sur Produktdeklaration (f)
le produit
project carrythrough
Réalisation (f)
quantity surveyor Métreurvérificateur (m)
Ausführung (f)
produktinformation
uitvoering
Mengen-/Kostenkalkulator inspecteur
(m)
genomförande
mängdberäknare
radiation
Rayonnement (m) Strahlung (f)
straling
strålning
rain
Pluie (f)
regen
regn
raw material
Matière première Rohstoff, Rohmaterial (m)
(f)
ruwe materialen/
grondstoffen
råmaterial
rebuilding
Reconstruction (f) Wiederaufbau, Umbau (m) renovatie
Regen (m)
ombyggnad
Empfehlungs/
recommendation/ Critères de
exclusion criteria recommandation/ Ausschlußkriterien
d'exclusion (m)
rekommenderade-/
gränsvärden
recommendation/ Liste de
Positiv-/Negativliste (f)
exclusion list
recommandation/
d'exclusion (f)
rekommendations-/
begränsningslista
recycling
Recyclage (m)
Recyclierung (f)/ Recycling
reference sample Echantillon témoin Prüfmuster (n)
(m)
recycling
återbruk, återvinning
referentie
referensprov
regional and
departmental (f)/
county (uk)
authorities
Collectivités
régionales et
départementales
(f)
regionale Behörde (f)
provinciale overheid
länsstyrelse
rehabilitation
Restauration (f)
Wiederinstandsetzung (f)
renovatie/restauratie
restaturering
Feuchtigkeitsgrad (m)
relatieve luchtvochtigheid fuktighet, relativ
fuktighet
relative humidity Degré
hygrométrique
(m), humidité
relative (f)
Page 29
Background Reports
GLOSSARY
ENGLISH
FRENCH
GERMAN
DUTCH
SWEDISH
release
Rejet (m)
Freisetzung (f)
oplevering
avge
reliability
Fiabilité (f)
Zuverlässigkeit (f),
betrouwbaarheid
hållbarhet
renewable
renouvelable
erneuerbar
vernieuwbaar
förnybar
renovation
Réhabilitation,
rénovation (f)
Wiederherstellung (f),
Renovierung (f)
renovatie
renovering
representant of
the collective
interests
Représentant (m) Vertreter (m) der
de l'intérêt
Öffentlichkeit (f)
collectif (m)
vertegenwoordiger van
collectieve belangen
allmännytta
reproductibility
Reproductibilité (f) Nachvollziehbarkeit (f)
reproduceerbaarheid
reproduktionsförmåga
research
institution
Organisme (m) de Forschungseinrichtung (f)
recherche (f)
onderzoeksinstituut
forskningsinstitution
reuse
Réutilisation (f)
hergebruik
återbruk,
återanvändning
room
Pièce (f), local (m) Zimmer (n), Raum (m)
kamer
rum
safety
Sécurité (f)
Sicherheit (f)
veiligheid
säkerhet
scope
Domaine (m)
d'application (f)
Untersuchungsrahmen (m) diepgang
tillämpningsområde
secondary
energy
Energie
secondaire (f)
Sekundärenergie (f)
secundaire energie
sekundärenergi
sensitivity
analysis
Analyse (f) de
sensibilité (f)
Sensitivitätanalyse (f)
gevoeligheidsanalyse
känslighetsanalys
service provider Prestataire (m) de Dienstleister (m)
services (m)
dienstverlener
tjänsteföretag
sewage
Egout (m)
Abwasser (n)
rioolwater
avlopp
sewing plant
Station (f)
d'épuration (f)
(STEP)
Abwasserreinigungsanlage, rioolwaterzuiveringsKläranlage (f)
installatie
simplified/
streamlined
method
Méthode
simplifiée (f)
vereinfachte Methode (f),
Kurzverfahren (n)
vereenvoudigde methode förenklad metod
site equipement
Matériel (m) de
chantier (m)
Baustelleneinrichtung (f)
bouwplaatsmateriaal
byggplatsutrustning
smell
Odeur (f)
Geruch (m)
geur
lukt
solvent
Solvant (m)
Lösungsmittel (n)
oplosmiddel
lösningsmedel
specific
consumption
Consommation
spécifique (f)
spezifischer Verbrauch (m) specifieke consumptie
specifik förbrukning
specific gravity
Densité (f)
spezifische Dichte (f)
dichtheid
densitet, täthet
specific weight
Poids volumique
(m)
spezifisches Gewicht (n)
soortelijk gewicht
specifik vikt
standardisation
Normalisation (f) Normung (f)
standaardisatie
normering
Page 30
Wiederverwendung (f)
avloppsanläggning
GLOSSARY
DUTCH
SWEDISH
standards control Contrôle (m)
Güteprüfung (f)
d'homologation (f)
ijking
kontrollmätning
storage
Stockage,
réservoir (m)
voorraad
lager
stratospheric
ozone layer
depletion
Destruction (f) de Ozonschichtabbau in der
la couche d'ozone Stratosphäre (m)
stratosphérique (f)
aantasting van de
ozonlaag
uttunning av
stratosfäriska
ozonlagret
suite, flat,
apartment
Appartement (m) Wohnung (f)
appartement
lägenhet
surface
Surface (f)
Fläche (f)
oppervlak
yta
surface area
Superficie (f)
Oberfläche (f)
oppervlakte
yta
Sustainability
checking
Contrôle (m) de
soutenabilité
Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung (f)
ENGLISH
FRENCH
GERMAN
Background Reports
Speicher (f)
bedömning av
uthållighet, miljökonsekvensbeskrivning
(MKB)
system boundary Frontière (f) du
système (m)
Systemgrenze (f)
systeemgrens
systemgräns
system definition Définition (f) du
système (m)
Systemdefinition
systeemdefinitie
systemdefinition
target
Objectif (m)
Einzelziel (n)
doel
mål
technical center
Centre technique Technisches Zentrum (n)
(m)
technisch centrum
tekniskt centrum
technical
consultant
Bureau (m)
d'études
techniques (f)
technisch adviseur
teknisk konsult
tender
Soumission, offre Submission (f),
(f)
Ausschreibung (f)
tender
avtal, upphandling
test
Essai (m)
Prüfung (f), Versuch (m)
test
test, prövning
Wärmekomfort (m),
thermische Behaglichkeit
(f)
thermisch comfort
termisk komfort
thermal comfort Confort
thermique (m)
beratende Ingenieur (m)
thermal inertia
Inertie thermique thermische Trägheit (f)
(f)
thermische traagheid
värmetröghet
thermal
insulation
Isolation
thermique (f)
Wärmedämmung (f)
warmteisolatie
värmeisolering
threshold
Seuil (m)
Schwelle (f)
drempel
tröskel
tightness
Etanchéité (f)
Dichtigkeit (f)
vastheid
täthet
total embodied
energy
Contenu
énergétique total
(m)
graue Energie - gesamt (f)
totale energie - inhoud
inbyggd energi
town planner
Urbaniste (m)
Stadtplaner (m)
stedenbouwkundige
statsplanerare
Page 31
Background Reports
GLOSSARY
ENGLISH
FRENCH
GERMAN
DUTCH
SWEDISH
town refuse
Déchets, résidus
urbains (m,pl),
ordures
ménagères (f, pl)
Siedlungsabfälle (m, pl),
Stadtmüll (m)
afvalinzameling
hushållsavfall
toxicity
Toxicité (f)
Giftigkeit (f), Toxizität
toxiciteit
toxicitet, giftighet
uncertainty
analysis
Analyse (f)
d'incertitude (f)
Fehlerabschätzung (f)
onzekerheidsanalyse
osäkerhetsanalys
upstream/
downstream
Amont/aval
Vorstufen/ Folgestufen
stroomopwaarts/
stroomafwaarts
upströms/ nedströms
urban waste
Déchets, résidus
urbains (m,pl),
ordures
ménagères (f, pl)
Siedlungsabfälle (m, pl),
Stadtmüll (m)
huishoudelijk afval
hushållsavfall
use
Utilisation (f)
Verwendung (f)
gebruik
användning
user of
residential
building
Usager (m) de
bâtiment
résidentiel (m)
Gebäudebewohner (m),
Nutzer (m)
bewoner
hyresgäst
user of serviceproviding
building
Gebäudenutzer (m)
Usager (m) de
bâtiment tertiaire
(m)
bewoner
hyresgäst
valuation
pondération (f)
Bewertung (f)
waardering
bedömning, värdering
ventilation
Ventilation (f)
Lüftung (f)
ventilatie
ventilation,
luftomsättning
vertical analysis
Analyse
séquentielle (f)
Stufenanalyse (f)
stofstroomanalyse
stegvis analys
virgin/recycled
(raw) material
Matière première (Primär-/Sekundär)
rohstoff (m)
(f)
vierge/secondaire
ruw materiaal
råvara, återvunnen vara
vocational
training
institution
Organisme (m) de Berufsausbildungsformation (f)
einrichtung (f)
beroepsopleidingsinstituut
utbildningsorganisation
vluchtige organische stof
flyktig organisk
förening, VOC
volatile organic Composé
compound, VOC organique volatil,
COV (m)
flüchtige organische
Verbindung (f)
wall, partition
Mur (m), paroi (f) Wand (f)
muur, scheidingsmuur
yttervägg, mellanvägg
waste
Déchet (m)
Abfall (m)
afval
avfall
waste disposal
Traitement (m)
des déchets (m,
pl)
Abfallbeseitigung (f)
afvalplaats
avfallshantering
afvalverwijdering
avfallseliminering
waste elimination Elimination (f) des Abfallentsorgung (f)
déchets (m,pl)
Page 32
GLOSSARY
Background Reports
ENGLISH
FRENCH
GERMAN
DUTCH
SWEDISH
waste
management
Gestion (f) des
déchets (m, pl)
Abfallverwaltung (f)
afvalmanagement
avfallshantering
weighing factor,
wheight
Facteur/coefficient Gewichtungsfaktor (m)
(m) de
pondération (f),
poids (m)
wegen
viktningsfaktor
weighting
Pondération (f)
Gewichtung, Wertung (f)
weegfactor, gewicht
viktning
well-being
Bien-être (m)
Wohlsein (n)
welzijn
välbefinnande
work contract
Contrat (m)
d'entreprise (f)
Werkvertrag (m)
arbeidsovereenkomst
arbetsavtal
works
Ouvrage (m)
Werk (n)
bouwwerk
arbete
Page 33
Background Reports
GLOSSARY
REFERENCES
[AFNOR 93]
Système de management environnemental, AFNOR, F, Avril 93.
[AFNOR 94]
L'analyse du cycle de vie - Définition - Déontologie - Méthodologie, Norme
NF X 30-300, AFNOR, F, Mars 94.
[ATEQUE 01]
Identification des acteurs concernés par la qualité environnementale des bâtiments,
Doc.Technique DT01, ATEQUE GT01, F, Déc. 94.
[ATEQUE 02]
Identification des impacts environnementaux liés aux bâtiments, Doc.
Technique DT02, ATEQUE GT01, F, Mars 95, 38p.
[ATEQUE 03]
Inventaire des typologies fonctionelles, structurelles et temporelles, Doc.
Technique DT03, ATEQUE GT05, F, Juillet 95, 55p.
[CAN 94]
LCA. Environmental technology, Z760-94 standard, Canadian Standard
Association, Can., Feb. 94.
[CML 95]
Beginning LCA : a guide into Environmental Life Cycle Assessment,
CML, NL, 1995.
[DNI 97]
Dutch Normalisation Institute (translated by Marjo Knapen, 1997)
[ETH 96]
Amstahl & Walthert, Proposal for an evaluation procedure.
Input for the discussion in Weimar, Swiss Project Group IEA Annex 31,
ETH /Econcept/Intep, 96/11/29.
[FORBES 88]
Forbes J.R., Architecture & construction. Dictionnaire Anglais-Français
/French-English dictionary, Ed. by Lavoisier Tec & Doc, Paris, 1988.
[IEA]
Key world energy statistics from the IEA, Paris, 1997, 75 p.
[ISO 40]
Environmental management - LCA - Principles and framework, final draft
ISO/FDIS 14040:1997(E), 12 p.
[ISO 41]
Environmental management - LCA - Goal and scope definition and inventory
analysis, final draft ISO/FDIS 14041:1998(E), 22 p.
[ISO 42.2]
Environmental management - LCA - Life cycle impact assessment, second
committee draft ISO/CD 14042.2, ISO/TC 207/SC 5 N 186, 1997-07-18, 30 p.
[ISO 42.3]
Environmental management - LCA - Life cycle impact assessment, third
[ISO 43]
Environmental management - LCA - Life cycle interpretation, second
[ISO 50]
Environmental management - Vocabulary, ISO 14050:1998(E/F), 5+9 p.
[ISO 97a]
Comments and proposals regarding definition of terms used by ISO/TC 207/SC 5,
ISO/TC 207/SC 6 N105, 1997-02-27, 34 p.
Page 34
GLOSSARY
Background Reports
[ISO 97b]
Terms and definitions for possible use by ISO/TC 207/SC 5/WG 4, ISO/TC
207/SC 6 N121, 1997-04-23, 6 p.
[ISO 97c]
French comments on document ISO/TC 207/SC 6 N121, AFNOR X30B doc
192,1997-07-22, 3 p.
[ISO 98]
Comments and proposals regarding definition of terms used by ISO/TC 207/SC 5,
ISO/TC 207/SC 6 N151, 1998-06-20, 10 p.
[LE TENO 96]
Le Téno J.F., Développement d'un modèle d'aide à l'évaluation de la qualité
environnementale des produits de construction, CSTB Grenoble,Thesis,
Univ. de Savoie, Déc. 96, 212p.
[LE TENO 97]
Le Teno J.F., Participation des produits à la qualité environnementale des bâtiments.
Grille flux produits/flux Bâtiment, ATEQUE GT06 2nd meeting minutes, F,
03/03/97.
[LCANET 96]
Frischknecht R., Goal and scope definition and inventory analysis, LCANET
draft theme report, ETH Zürich, Oct. 96.
[NIBEL 97]
Chatagnon N. and Dr Nibel S., Environmental assessment method adapted
to the iterative process of building design : presentation of the methodology,
CSTB Marne-la-Vallée, to be published in 2nd CIB Int. Conf. "Buildings
& the Environment" June 9-12, 1997, Paris.
[NORDIC 95]
Lindfors L.-G. et al., Nordic guidelines on LCA, Copenhagen, DK, 1995.
[OLIVE 95]
Olive G., Duchêne-Marullaz Ph., Nibel S., "Presentation of the ISEP method :
Identifying what is Environmentally Specific to a building Project", EcoBuild’
95 (Green Buildings : European Developments), December 14 &15, 1995 Sophia-Antipolis, France.
[OLIVE 97]
Olive G., Typologies des produits de construction, doc. ATEQUE,
Paris, 1997, 5 p.
[OXFORD]
Oxford's concise dictionary.
[SESSI 92]
Les consommations d'énergie dans l'industrie en 1992, SESSI Statistiques,
ministère de l'Industrie, Paris, 1993.
[SPOLD 93]
The LCA Sourcebook. A European business guide to LCA, SPOLD, UK, 1993.
[SPOLD 96]
Singhofen A et al. : Introduction into a common format for life cycle inventory data.
SPOLD Status report, 1996
[TRINIUS 96]
Trinius W., Compilation of methods and systems for environmental assessment
of buildings & the choice of building materials, KTH- Built Envir., Dec. 96.
[UNEP 96]
Heijungs R., van den Berg N. et al., LCA : what it is and how to do it, CML,
UNEP/IE, F, 1996.
Page 35
Background Reports
GLOSSARY
ABBREVIATIONS
AFNOR
Association Française de Normalisation (French standard Organisation), F
ATEQUE
Atelier d'Evaluation de la Qualité Environnementale des Bâtiments
(French Working group for Assessment of the Environmental Quality of Buildings), F
CML
Centre for Environmental Science, univ. of Leiden, NL
CIB
Conseil International du Bâtiment pour la Recherche, l'Etude et la Documentation
CSTB
Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (French Building Research Centre)
KTH
Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm)
LCA
Life Cycle Assessment
LCIA
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
ISO
International Standard Organisation
ETH
Swiss Federal Technical School of Zürich, CH
SPOLD
Society for the Promotion of LCA Development
Toe
tons of oil equivalent
UNEP/IE
United Nation Environmental Program/Industry & Environment
Page 36

glossary

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