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SECTION XIII
SUGGESTIONS FOR PERSONNEL WORKING WITH THE JARAI
Every action of the Jarat tribesman has specific significance in
terms of his culture. One must be careful to realize that the Jarai will
not react as Westerners do. The outsider should rem~mber that a relatively simple course of action may. for the tribesman, require not only
divination but also a sacrifice.
A few suggestions for U ,8, personnel working with the Jarai are
listed below.
Official Activities
1.
Initial contact with a Jaral village should be formal. A
visitor should speak first to the village chief and elders,
who will then introduce him to other principal village
figures.
2.
U.S. personnel living and working with the Jarai and Vietnamese should remain strictly impartial. Establishing
Borne degree of mutual Jarai- Vietnamese respect and cooperation is necessary for the attainment of any joint Vietnamese-Jarai- United States objective.
3.
Sincerity, honesty, and truthfulness are essential in dealing
with the Jarai. Promises and predictions should not be
made unless the result is assured. The tribespeopleusually expect a new group of personnel to fulfill the promises
of the previous group.
4.
Outsiders cannot gain the confidence of Jarai tribesmen
quickly. Developing a sense of trust is a slow process
requiring great understanding, tact, patience, and personal
integrity.
5.
An attitude of good-natured willingness and limitless
patience must be maintained, even when confronted with
resentment or apathy.
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6.
Whenever possible avoid pr~J~cts or operations which give
the tribesmen the irnpre'sslon they are being forced to
change their ways.
7.
Items 'shoun1 fiot be given away without some form of payment. Something useful to the village, i. e. I a drainage
ditch in return for the loan of a set of shovels, should be
obtained.
8.
No immediate, important decision should be asked of a
Jarai. An opportunity for family consultation should
always be provided; If not, a flat refusal to cooperate may
result.
9.
Tribal elders and the appointed village ~hief should also
receive credit for projects and for improved administration. American efforts should never undermine or discredit the position or influence of the local leaders.
Social Relationships
1.
The Jarai should be treated with respect and courtesy.
It is better to' speak in a quiet voice than in a loud one
because the Jaral consider a quiet voice more respectful
and dignified.
2.
The term moi should not be used because it means savage,
and Is offep.sive to the tribesmen.
3.
OUtside personnel should not refuse a Jaral offer of food
or drink, especially at a religious ceremony. Once
involved 11;1 a ceremony ,ODe must eat or drink whatever
is offered.
4.
A gift or invitation to' a ceremony O'r to' enter a Jara! house
may 'be refused by an outsider, as lon&. as consistency and
impartiality are shown. However, receiving gifts, participating in ·ceremonies, aDd visiting houses will serve to
es~ablish good relations with the JaraL
G.
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Outsiders must request permission to attend a Jarai ceremony, festival, cir'meetin'g from the village elders or
other -responsible persons.
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6.
An outsider should never entcl~ a Jarai house, unless
accompanied by a member of that house; this is a matter of
good taste ,and cautious behavior. If anything is later missing from the house, unpleasant and unnecessary complications may arise.
7.
OUtsiders should not photograph the tribesmen until sure
such action will not offend them or until permission has
been given.
8.
Outsiders should not get involved with Jarai women. This
could create distrust and dissension.
9.
Generally, Jarai are eager to learn;_ however, teachers
should be careful to avo-id seriously disrupting traditional
c.ultural patterns.
Religious Beliefs and Practices
1.
Do not touch or otherwise tamper with Jarai tombs.
2.
Do not enter a village where a religious ceremony is
taking place or religious taboo is" in effect. Watch for
the warning signs placed at the village entrances; when
in doubt,_ do not enter.
3.
As soon as possible identify any sacred trees, stones, or
other sacred objects in the village ~ do not touch or tamper
with them. The Jarai believe sacred objects house powerful spirits. For- example, if a sacred rock is touched
without due ceremony, the village may have to be moved
or expensive sacrifices may have to be mad.e.
4.
Do not mock Jarai religious beliefs in any way; these
beliefs are-the co:rnerstone of Jarai life.
&.
Do not kill or trap the animals taboo to the clan with which
you are staying. The taboos have deep rl'!Hgious significance, and violation requires sacrifices. Study the animal
taboos for each clan given in the secti-on on taboos.
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Living Standards and .Routitie~
1.
Outsiders should treat all Jarai property anc;l village animals With respect. Any damage to property or fields
should be promptly repaired and/or paid for.o An outsider should avoid ·borrowing from the tribesmen. Animals should not be treated brutally or ,taken without the
owner1s permission. Outsiders _should never kill animals
in Jarai villages.
2.
When trading with the Jarai, outsiders, should always allow
time f.or family -co~ferences., as the individual Jarai is
obliged, by traditi-on, to consult his family before selling
anything.
3.
Difficult, rigorous work should 'be done early in the morning, from dawn to 10:30 or 11:00 a;m. A nap during the
middle of the day is customaryt and Ught work is done in
the afternoon.
4.
Learn simple phrases in the Jarai language. A desire to
learn and .speak their language makes a favorable impression on the Jarai.
5.
The Jarai prefer to live in long houses with their entire
extended family. Whenever possible, housing projects
should take this preference into -consideratiQn. The style
of the house should not _be -changed; it is an integral part
of Jarai environment.
Health and Welfare
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1.
The Jarai are be_coming aware of the benefits of medical
care and will request medi-cal assistance. OUtSide groups
in Jaral areas should try to provide medical assistance
whenever possible.
2.
Medical t-eams should be prepared to handle and should
have adequate supplies for eXtensive treatment of malaria,
dysentery, y,aws, trachoma, venereal disea~8, intestinal
parasHes, and various skin diseases.
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In remote Jarai villages, it might be useful for U,S.
medical people to work with the Jarai shaman or sorcerer.
Frequently, the shaman welcomes cooperation, because
his reputation improves as his healing average "rises. II
4.
Medical persollllel must be discreet in treating tribal
women, as they are extremely shy and modest.
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FOOTNOTES
I.
INTRODUCTION
lM. H. Besnard, !'Les Populations moi du Darlac," Bulletin
de PEcoie Franq,aise d'Extreme-Orient, \,11 (1907), p. 61; ~
Pierre-Bernard Lafont, Tolo! Djuat: Coutumier de la tribu Jarai
(Paris: l'Ecole Franqaise d'ExtrSme-Orient, 1963), p. 11.
2Lafont, op. cit., p. 11.
3Ibid.
4H. C. Darby (ed.), Indochina (Cambridge: Geographical
Handbook Series, 1943), pp. 19-21.
5Ibid., pp. 83-88.
II.
TRIBAL BACKGROUND
1 Frank
M. Lebar, Gerald C. Hickey. and John K. Musgrave,
Etlmic Groups of Mainland Southeast Asia (New Haven: Human
Relations Area Files Press, 1964), pp. 150, 245.
2Charles E. Long, Transcription of interview (Fort Bragg,
N.C.: U.S. Army Special Warfare School, June 5, 1964).
3
Ibid.
4Ibid.
5Ibid.
6Captain Corns, Returnee Interview (Fort Bragg, N,C.: U.S.
Army Special Warfare School, 1964).
7Long,
OPe
cit.
8Bernard Bourotte, "Essai drhistoire des populations montagnards du Sud-Indochinois," Bulletin de la Soci~h! des Etudes
Indochinoises, XXX (1955), 47.
9Thid., p. 57.
lOIbid., pp. 72-73.
lllbid., p. 21.
12Long,
OPe
cit.
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13 Lafont, op. cit., p. 156.
14Lafont, ope .cit., p. 156; Henri Maitre, Les Regions mois
du Sud Indo-ChtnoI8(Paris: Llbrairie PIon, 1909), pp. 31-32; and
Jacques Dournes Dam Bo, "Les Populations montagnards du SudIndochinois,1I France-Asle (Special Number, Spring 1950), p. 1093.
ill.
INDMDUAL CIIARACTEIUSTICS
l.United States Army Special Warfare School, Montagnard
Tribal Groups of the Republic of South Viet-Nam (Fort Bragg.
N.C.: U.S. Army Special Wal'fiire School. July 1964). p. 89.
2
Corns, op. cit.
3Irving Kopf, Personal Communication (Ph. D. candidate,
Columbia; extensive U.S. Government service in tribal areas in
Vietnam). July 1965.
4Lafont,
OPe
cit., p. 12.
5Special Warfare School,
6Corns,
OPe
OPe
oit., p. 90.
cit.
'l'Bourotte, OPe cit., p. 15.
8Kopf,
OPe
cit.
9Long, op. cit.
lOLafont, Ope cit., pp. 156-57.
IV.
SOCIAL STRUCTURE
loam. Bo, OPe cit., p. 1086.
"IbId.
3Lafont,
OPe
cit., p. 149.
·Ibid •• pp. 153-56.
5A. Maurice and G. Proux, ltL'am,e. du riz,lt Bulletin de la
Societe des Etudes Indochlnoises, XXIX (Special Issue, 1954), 83j
and Dam Bo, op. cit., p. 1086.
6Lafont, op. cit., p. 160; and Dam Bo, op. cit., pp. 1086-
87.
7Lafont, op. cit., pp. 153, 160-69; and Lebar, op. cit.,
p.250.
--
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COPY
cit., pp. 160-62.
9Paul Po GuUleminet, Coutumier de In tribu_.Bahnar des Sedang et des Jarat (de Ia province de Kontum) (Paris: 1'Ecole
Frangaise d'Extreme-Orient, 1952), pp. 338 ... 39.
lOLafont,
OPe
cit., pp. 180-87.
llGuilleminet,
OPe
cit.
12Lafont, OPe cit., pp. 162-63.
13Guilleminet,
OPe
cit.
14Henri Maspero, 1!Moeurs et coutumes des populations sauvages," in George Maspero (ed.). Un Empire colonial fl'an(,nik:
L'Indochine, (Paris: G. Van Oest, 1929), p. 254,
15Dam Bo, OPe cit., p. 1088.
16lbid.
17L afont, OPe cit., p. 149.
18Maspero, OPe cit., p. 254.
19Guilleminet, OPe cit., pp. 232-33.
20 A. Maurice, "A Propos des mutilations dentaire chez les
Moi," Institut Indochinois pour 11 Etude de l'Homme, IV (1941),
135, 137-38.
21Gullieminet, Ope cit., pp. 367-68.
22Lafont, op. cit., pp. 156-57.
23Ibid.,_p. 157.
V.
CUSTOMS AND TABOOS
lNorman Lewis, A Dragon Apparent: Travels in Indo-China
(London: Jonathan Cape, 1951), p. 139.
2Lafont, OPe
cit~"
p. 155.
3Ibid •.
4R. P. Kemlin, "Au Pays Jarai,'l Missions Catholiques,
XXXIX (1909), 246 •
. 6Evelyn Mangham, "SuperstitIons," Jungle Frontiers, XI
(Summer 1960), 10.
6Kemlin, OPe cit.. , p. 246.
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7~., p. 247.
8Bernard Jouin, !lHistoire legendaire'du Sadat du Feu,lI
Bulletin de la BocMt. des Etudes Indochinolaea, XXVI (1951),
79-80.
9Kemliu,
VI.
OPe
cit., p. 247.
RELIGION
lLafont,
OPe
cit., pp. 158-59.
2J. Kerrest, "La Consultation du Baton (chez les Mol Rhade
et Jarai)," Bulletin de L'Instit~te Indochtnois pour l'Etude de
l'Homm-e, IV (1941), 215:"'17.
SLong,
4
OPe
~it.
Ibid.
5Richard Phillips, "'Here Are the Tribes, '! J\U1gle Frontiers,
XIV (Winter 1961), 13.
SLong,
VII.
Ope
cit.
ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION
lLafont,
SLong,
OPe
cit.,p. 11.
OPe cit~·
3Lafont,
OPe
clt., p. 12.
4Ibld.
6Lo~g,
OPe
cit.
6Ibld.
7Ibld.
8Ibld •.
9Laforit,
VIII.
OPe
cit .. p. 156..-
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
lLafont,.op. cit., pp. 12, il8 t 157.
"Ibid •• pp. 156-59.
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SLang.,. OPt cit.; Lafont, OPt .cit., p. 157.
'!!!!<:j.
6Lafont,
OPt
cit., pp. 14-15.
6Ibid., pp. 123-25.
'Long, OPt cit.
Ibid.
8
9Gerald C. Hickey, uComrnents on Recent GVN Legislation Concerning Montagnard Common Law Courts in the Central
Vietnamese Highlands " (Santa Monica: The Rand Corporation
Memorandum, June 8, 1965), y. 3.
lOIbid., p. 1.
11 Ibid.
12Ibid.
13Thid., p. 2.
14Ibid.
16Ibid.; and Lafont"
OPt
cit., p. 12.
16Long, OPt cit.
17Gerald C. Hickey, "Comments on YBham's Address15 March 1965 11 (Santa Monica: The Rand Corporation Memorandum, March 24, 1965).
IX.
SUBVERSION
No footnotes.
x.
PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS CONSIDERATIONS
i
Long, OPt cit.
"Ibid.
3
Ibid.
'Ibid.
XI.
CIVIC ACTION CONSIDERATIONS
No footnotes.
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PARAMILITARY CAPABILITIES
lLong,
~
XIII.
OPe
Long, OPe cit.
j
-
'
"
and Lafont, ope cit., pp. 103-04.
SUGGESTIONS FOR PERSONNEL WORKING WITH THE JARAI
No footnotes.
54
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ade, Mildred. I1The Leprosarium: Not Disrupted,11 Jungle Frontiers,
XVII (Summer 1963), 1.
Bertrand, Gabrielle. Le Peuple de Ia jungle.
Paris: S.C.E.L., 1952.
de Berval, Rene. "Les Populations montagnards du Sud-Indochinois,"
France-Asic, 1950, 49-50, 939-1203.
Besnard, M. H. nLes Populations moi du Darlac,1! Bulletin de l'f:cole
Franqaise dIExtreme-Orient, VII (1907), 61-86.
Bourotte, Bernard. 1!Essai d ' histoire des populations montagnards
du Sud-Indochinois," Bulletin de Ia Societe des Etudes Indochinoises, XXX (1955), 1-133.
Burchett, Wilfred G. The Furtive War: The United States in VietnalU
and Laos. New York: International Publishers, 1963.
Condominas, Georges. 1!Observations sociolo'giques sur deux chants
epiques Rhades," Bulletin de PEcole Franqaise d'Extreme-Orient,
XLVII (1953), 555-66.
Corns, Captain. Returnee Interview. Fort Bragg, N.C.: U.S. Army
Special Warfare School, 1964.
Dam Bo, Jacques Dournes. IlLes Populations montagnards du SudIndochinois," France-Asie, Special Number, Spring 1950.
Darby, H. C. (ed.) Indochina. Cambridge: Geographical Handbook
Series, 1943.
Ezzaoui, J. "Une Version de la legende de deux Sadets," Bulletin de
l'Institut fudochinois pour l'Etude de l'Homme, ill (1940),169 74.
Farinaud, M. E. "La Repartition des groupes sanguins chez les
Bahnars, les Djarais, et les Sedangs, Populations primitives de
l'Indochine meridionale," Comptes Rendus des Seances et
Memoires de la Soctete de Biologie et de ses Filiales et
Associees. Paris, 1939, 1236 38.
Guilleminet, Paul P. Coutumier de la tribu Bahnar des Sedang et
des Jarai (de la province de Kontum). Paris: PEcoie Franqaise
d'Ext~me-Orient, 1952.
_ _ _ _ • liLa Tribu Balmar du Kontum,1l Bulletin de I 'Ecole Franqaise
d'Extreme.Orlent, XLV (1952), 393-561.
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Hickey, 'Gerald C. "Comments on Y Bham's Address-15, Maroh 1965.
Santa Monica: The Rand Corporation Memorandum, March 24,
1965.
'I
_ _ _,,-' "Comments on Recent GVN Legislation Concerning Montagnard Common Law Courts in the Central Vietnamese Highlands. "
santa Monica: The Rand Corporation Memorandum, June 8, 1965.
Jouin, Bernard. La Mort et la tombe: L'Abandon de la tombe.
Institut d 'Ethnologie, 1949.
_.. _._-
Paris:
____ . "Histoire legendaire du Sadet du Feu," Bulletin de la Societe
~es Etudes In~chinoises, XXVI (1951), 73-84.
Kemlin, R. P.
"Au Pays Jaral," Missions Catholiques, XXXIX (1909),
225-27; 238-39; 246-48.
Kerrest, J. "La Consultation du Baton (chez les Moi Rhade et Jarai)."
Bulletin de l'Institut :rlldochinols pour l'Etude de l'Homme, IV
(1941), 215-23.
Kopf, Irving. Personal Communication. Ph. D. candidate, Columbia;
extensive U. S. Government servioe in tribal areas in Vietnam,
July 1965.
Lafont, Pierre-Bernard. Toloi'Djuat: Coutumier de Ia tribu JaraL
Paris: 1 'Ecole Franqaise d'Extr~ine-Orient, 1963.
Landes, A. "Legende djarai sur I 'origine du sabre sacre par Ie roi du
feu," Revue Indochinoise (1904), 336-69.
Lebar, Frank M., Hickey, Gerald C,' and Musgrave, John K. Ethnic
Groups of Mainland Southeast Asia. New Haven: Human Relations
Area Files Press,"Tg"if4:--Lewh;, Norman.
A Dragon Apparent: Travels in Indo-China,
Jonathan Cape, 195-1-.- _ ..__ ......-
Long, Charles E.
London:
"The Jarai," Jungle Frontiers, XVI (Winter 1962),
4-G.
___ ._ .. __ " Transcription of Interview, Fort Bragg, N. C.: U. S, Army
Special Warfare School, June 5, 1964.
Maitre, Henri. Les Region~__ mois d!1 Sud Indo-Chinois,
hrairie PIon, 1909.
Paris: Li-
Maileret, LouJs. Groupes ethniques de l'Indochine francaise.
Saigon:
3
Publications de Ia Societe des Etudes Indochlnoise s, 1937,
Mangham, Evelyn.
1960), 10.
!l6
"SUperstitions," Jungle Frontiers, XI (Summer
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Maspero, Henri. "Moeurs et couturnes des populations sauvages," in
George Maspero (ed.). Un Empire colonial franC;als: L'Indochine.
Paris: G. Van Dest, 1929.
Maurice, A. !fA Propos des mutilations dentaire chez les Moi,lI Institut
Indochinois pour l'Etude de l'Homme, IV (1941), 135-39.
Maurlc~, A. , and Proux, G. 1tL 'Arne du riz, If Bulletin de Ia Societe' des
Etudes Indochinoises, XXIX (Special Issue. 1954), 5-134.
Morechand, Guy. "Folklore musical Jarai et Bahnar. II Bulletin de Ia
Societe des Etudes Indoch!noises, XXVI (1951), 357-83. ~Phillips, Richard. "Here Are the Tribes," Jungle Frontiers, XIV
(Winter 1961), 13.
Roux (Cdt.). "Les Tombeaux chez les Mol Jarai,11 Bulletin de 11Ecole
Francaise
d 'Extreme-Orient, XXIX (1929), 346-48.
,
Trinquet, C. "Notes sur Ia tri~,des Djarai, partie Sud-Ouest,!! Revue
Indochinoise (December 1906), 1903-31.
-~
United States Army Special Warfare School. Montagnard Tribal Groups
of the Republic of South Viet-Nam. Fort Bragg, N. C.: U. S. Army
Special Warfare School, July 1964.
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INDEX
Adaptability to Change, 38
Administration:
CIvic action projects, 38-40
Local, vlllage, 30-31
Adultery, 17
Agriculture:
Agricultural cy.cle, 28
Ceremonies relating to. 25
Civic action projects, 39
Division of labor, 28
Major cr{)ps and activities. 28
Animals, 9
Arapi see Tribal-Subgroups"
Attitudes, 13
~ahnar.
Frontispiece
.
'.
, Beliefs': 24, see als~).Religion, 'CustOms, and
'.f'an6os
Birth, Customs Relation to, 18-19
Burial, 20
~- ~-,
Ceremonies:
Agricultural, 25
Birth, 19
Death and burial, 20
Marriage, 26
Puberty rite, 20
!telig!ous, 25
"Cham, Frontispiece
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Cheo Reo; see Tribal Subgroups
Children:
Ac-tivities of, 19
Informal education. 19
Naming of ~ 19
Puherty rite. 20
Treatment of, 19
Chu Ty-; ~ Tribal ffU~~.ouPS
Civic Action:
Guidelines, 38-,39
Projects. 39-40
Clan:
Importance" 14
Names, 15
Reglonal nature, 15-
Class Structure, 21
,/
Climate, 2
Closing-of-the-Tomb c.eremony, 18, 20·
CommunIst;
~
Viet Cong
Customs, 22-24; see also Religion and Taboos
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Death~
Burial customs, 20-21
Restrictions of mourning. 20
Deities. 25; see also Religion
Diseaae:
Medical aid and, n
Principal diseases, 11
Divorce,
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Dress, 22
Eating and Drinking, Folklore about, 22-24
Education:
Civic action projects, 39-40
Formal~ 19 .
Informal, 1-9
Military train-i-l'tg, 42
Endurance, 11-12
Fa-mily:
Authority wjthln, 14
Importanoe of, 14
~olklor",
Habau-;
Tribal ,22-23
~
Tr-ibal-Subgroups
Halang, Frontispiece
Health:
Civlc actioti"projo-cts, 39
:Diseases, 1-1
{]ener-ai conditions, 11
HIstory:
-Factual. recorded, 5-1
Legendary. :5
Ho'ldTlUlgj
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Tribal Subgroups
Houses.:
-Socia1 importance of long house.
-struct-are., 9-"10
:s
Hroi, Frontispiece
Incest, Customs Rel-ating too. 14
Indochina Wllr
(1946-1~54),.s
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Infanticide, 19
Jewelry, 16
Language:
Jarai, 4
Knowledge of other languages, 5
Written, 4
Legal System:
Colonial French, 32:
Republic of Viemam. 3,2
Traditfonal t tribal~ 31
Legends, 5, 22-24
Loca.tIon:Neighboring Idees, 2
or tFibaf .subgroups, FrontispieceOf villages, 8-9Terrain anarysis ~ 2-
Manual Dexterity, 12
Marrfage, 16'-17
Migration_. Patterns of, 7
Missionaries ~
Contacts willi, 27
Medical aid of, 2~
Monsoons-.. 2-3
Name,_ ()rigin of Tribal, I
Neighboring Tribes. Relations with .. · 33
Odend'hal. 7
Origin of Tribe. 1
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Outsiders in Tribal Area:
Customs Relating to. 24
Suggestions for official activities of. 43
Suggestions for promoting good social relationships with, 44
Paramilitary Capabilities, 41-42
Physical Characteristics. 11
Plei Kly;
~
Tribal Subgroups
Political Relations with Government of Republic of Vietnam, 33
Population, 1
PropertiY System, 29
Psychological Characteristics. 12-13'
Psychological Operations:
General guideline for. 37
Means of communication, 37
Puberty Rite. 20
Religion:
Deities, 25
Effect of, 26-27
Feast days of, 25-26
See also Customs and Taboos
Religious Rituals, 26
Rengao, Frontispiece
Rhade, Frontispiece
Rivers, 2
Roads, 2
Sacrifices,
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Ceremonies
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Sadet, 30
Second Marriages, 18
settlement. Tribal:
Location preferences, 9
Patterns, 8-10
Social Structure:
Clan, 14-15
Family-, 14
Village, 14
Spirits, Religious, 25
Standa·rd -of living, 29
SubversIon:
Elements within tribe, 35
Extent of opposition, 36
Methods <If, 35-36
Vulnerability to, 35
Taboos:
Birth, 1.8-19
Burial, 20
Clans and food, 23-24
Epidemic, 24
Hair cutting, 24
Incest, 14
See also Customs and Religion
Terrain Analysis, 2
Th ird Country Influence, 34
Tl'ade, 29
Trihal Subgroups, 1-2
Viet Cong, 35-36
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Vietnamese, Attitude toward Jarai, 33
Vmages, Tribal:
In political organization, 30-31
Physical layout, g
Population, 8
Wealth, Distribution of, 29
Weapons, 41
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