·≈–‡»√…∞°`®¢Õß À√—∞œ ªï2551

❯❯
US Housing and Economic Reform : °“√ªÆ‘√Ÿª∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬ ·≈–‡»√…∞°‘®¢Õß À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“
‚¥¬... æ—≈≈¿ °ƒμ¬“π«—™
(√∫., π∫., M.Sc. - Land & Housing) ∏𓧓√Õ“§“√ ߇§√“–Àå
°ÆÀ¡“¬«à“¥â«¬°“√øóôπøŸ∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬
·≈–‡»√…∞°‘®¢Õß À√—∞œ ªï 2551
(Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008)
ªí≠À“«‘°ƒμ‘μ≈“¥∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬ «‘°ƒμ‘°“√ª≈àÕ¬ ‘π‡™◊ËÕ¥âÕ¬§ÿ≥¿“æ∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“´—∫‰æ√å¡
·≈–«‘ ° ƒμ‘ μ √“ “√Àπ’È ® “°°“√∑”∏ÿ √ °√√¡‡´Á ° ‡§’ ¬ «√‘ ‰ ∑‡´™—Ë π ·≈–°“√ÕÕ°μ√“ “√Õπÿ æ— π ∏å
√Ÿª·∫∫·ª≈°„À¡àμà“ßÊ ∑’Ë¡’ ‘π‡™◊ËÕ∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬ÀπÿπÀ≈—ßÕ¬Ÿà „π™à«ßÀ≈“¬ªï∑’˺à“π¡“ ‰¥â°àÕ§«“¡
‡ ’¬À“¬Õ¬à“ßÀπ—°·°à ∂“∫—π°“√‡ß‘π π—°≈ß∑ÿπ·≈–ºŸâ°Ÿâ‡ß‘π´◊ÈÕ∫â“π ®π𔉪 Ÿà«‘°ƒμ‘°“√‡ß‘π„π
À√—∞œ ·≈–≈ÿ°≈“¡‰ª Ÿà«‘°ƒμ‘°“√‡ß‘π‚≈°„πªï 2008 °√–∑—Ëß àߺ≈°√–∑∫μàÕ‡»√…∞°‘®
μ°μË”„π À√—∞œ ·≈–∑—Ë«‚≈°„πªí®®ÿ∫—πªï 2009 ¥â«¬‡Àμÿπ’È ∑“ß°“√ À√—∞œ ®÷߉¥âÀ“·π«∑“ß
‡¬’¬«¬“·°â ‰¢ ‚¥¬°“√ÕÕ°°ÆÀ¡“¬„À¡à ‡æ◊ËÕ°“√ªØ‘√Ÿª√–∫∫°“√°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈°“√∑”∏ÿ√°√√¡
‘π‡™◊ËÕ∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬ ·≈–°“√øóôπøŸ§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬‡¥◊Õ¥√âÕπ¢Õß ∂“∫—π°“√‡ß‘π·≈–ª√–™“™π
ºŸâ‡ªìπ≈Ÿ°Àπ’ȇߑπ°Ÿâ∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬
°ÆÀ¡“¬π’¡È ™’ Õ◊Ë «à“ ç°ÆÀ¡“¬«à“¥â«¬°“√øóπô øŸ∑Õ’Ë ¬ŸÕà “»—¬·≈–‡»√…∞°‘®¢Õß À√—∞œ æ.». 2551é
(Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008) ´÷Ë߉¥âºà“𧫓¡‡ÀÁπ™Õ∫®“° ¿“ºŸâ·∑π√“…Æ√
À√—∞œ ‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 23 °√°Æ“§¡ 2551 ·≈–ºà“𧫓¡‡ÀÁπ™Õ∫®“°«ÿ≤‘ ¿“ ‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 26 °√°Æ“§¡ 2551 ·≈–
ª√–∏“π“∏‘∫¥’®Õ√å® ∫ÿ™ ≈ßπ“¡‡ªìπ°ÆÀ¡“¬„™â∫—ߧ—∫‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 30 °√°Æ“§¡ 2551
º¡‡ÀÁπ«à“°ÆÀ¡“¬∑’ÕË Õ°¡“„À¡à¥ß— °≈à“«π’È π—∫‡ªìπ°“√ªØ‘√ªŸ ‚§√ß √â“ß°“√°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈√–∫∫°“√‡ß‘π
∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬§√—Èß„À≠à·≈– ”§—≠∑’Ë ÿ¥§√—ÈßÀπ÷Ëß ∑’Ë®– àߺ≈°√–∑∫Õ¬à“߬‘ËßμàÕºŸâ´◊ÈÕ∫â“π ≈Ÿ°Àπ’ȇߑπ°Ÿâ∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬
·≈–μàÕ°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß∑—Èß„πμ≈“¥∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬·≈–√–∫∫°“√‡ß‘π∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬¢Õß À√—∞œ„πÕπ“§μ ´÷Ëß
π—°π‚¬∫“¬‡»√…∞°‘®·≈–∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬¢Õ߉∑¬ ¡§«√»÷°…“μ‘¥μ“¡ ‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπ§μ‘Õÿ∑“À√≥åÀ√◊Õ·ß৑¥„π°“√
54
¥”‡π‘ π π‚¬∫“¬°“√‡ß‘ π ∑’Ë Õ ¬Ÿà Õ “»— ¬ ∑’Ë ‡ À¡“– ¡ ”À√— ∫
ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬μàÕ‰ª ®÷߉¥â √ÿª “√– ”§—≠μàÕ‰ªπ’È
¢ Õ∫¢à“¬¢Õß°ÆÀ¡“¬
°ÆÀ¡“¬«à“¥â«¬°“√øóôπøŸ∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬·≈–‡»√…∞°‘®
¢Õß À√—∞œ ªï 2551 À√◊Õ Housing and Economic Recovery
Act of 2008 π—∫«à“‡ªìπ°ÆÀ¡“¬∑’Ë¡ÿàß·°âªí≠À“«‘°ƒμ‘μ≈“¥
∑’ÕË ¬ŸÕà “»—¬·≈–«‘°ƒμ‘ π‘ ‡™◊ÕË ∑’ÕË ¬ŸÕà “»—¬ ·≈–À“∑“ߙ૬‡À≈◊Õ
ºŸâ´◊ÈÕ∫â“π∑’Ë¡’§«“¡‡¥◊Õ¥√âÕπ®“°ªí≠À“¥—ß°≈à“« °ÆÀ¡“¬π’È
®÷ߧ√Õ∫§≈ÿ¡ª√–‡¥Áπ‡π◊ÈÕÀ“∑’Ë°«â“ߢ«“ß ‚¥¬°ÆÀ¡“¬
©∫—∫π’È ¡’À¡«¥À¡ŸàÀ√◊Õ à«π∑’ˇªìπ°ÆÀ¡“¬¬àÕ¬À≈“¬¥â“π
∑—Èß∑’ˇ°’ˬ«°—∫°“√ªØ‘√ŸªÕߧå°√¥â“π°“√°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈ ∂“∫—π
°“√‡ß‘π ¥â“π°“√ª√—∫√–∫∫¿“…’Õ“°√ ∑’ˇ√’¬°™◊ËÕμà“ßÊ °—π
䴉ᡈ Federal Housing Finance Regulatory Reform Act of
2008, FHA Modernization Provision Act of 2008, HOPE for
Homeowners Act of 2008, Housing Tax Credit Coordination
Act of 2008, ·≈– Secure and Fair Enforcement for Mortgage
Licensing Act of 2008 ‡ªìπμâπ ´÷Ëß®–‰¥â √ÿª “√–∑’Ëπà“ π„®
∫“ߪ√–°“√ ¥—ßπ’È
“√– ”§—≠¢Õß°ÆÀ¡“¬
2.1 °ÆÀ¡“¬ªØ‘√Ÿª°“√°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈ ‘π‡™◊ËÕ∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà
Õ“»—¬¢Õß√—∞ (Federal Housing Finance Regulatory
Reform Act of 2008)
°ÆÀ¡“¬„π à«ππ’¡ÿÈ ßà ∑”°“√ªØ‘√ªŸ √–∫∫°“√°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈
Õߧå°√ ‘π‡™◊ËÕ∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬∑’Ë√—∞‡°◊ÈÕÀπÿπ (Reform of the
Government - Sponsored Enterprises - GSE) ´÷ßË ¡’ “√– ”§—≠§◊Õ
❑ ®—¥μ—ÈßÀπà«¬ß“π°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈«‘ “À°‘® ‘π‡™◊ËÕ
∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬¢Õß√—∞„À¡à™◊ËÕ Federal Housing Finance
Agency (FHFA) : ‡ªìπÕߧå°√Õ‘ √– ∑”Àπâ“∑’ÕË Õ°°Æ‡°≥±å
¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫ §” —Ëß ·≈–°“√°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈«‘ “À°‘®¥â“π ‘π‡™◊ËÕ
∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬¢Õß√—∞ 3 Õߧå°√ (´÷Ë߇√’¬°«à“ Housing GSEs) ‰¥â·°à
Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac ·≈– Federal Home Loan Bank
System ·∑π∑’ÕË ß§å°√°”°—∫‡¥‘¡§◊Õ Office of Federal Housing
Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO) ·≈– Federal Housing Finance
Board (FHFB) ´÷Ëß®–¬ÿ∫‡≈‘°‰ª ‚¥¬μâÕß‚ÕπÕ”π“®Àπâ“∑’Ë
∫ÿ§≈“°√·≈–∑√—æ¬å ‘π‰ª¬—ß FHFA ¿“¬„π 1 ªï À—«Àπâ“
Ÿß ÿ¥¢Õß FHFA §◊ÕºŸâÕ”π«¬°“√ (Director) ∑’Ë·μàßμ—Èß‚¥¬
ª√–∏“π“∏‘∫¥’ ‚¥¬°“√‡ÀÁπ™Õ∫¢Õß ¿“´’‡πμ
❑
®—¥μ—ßÈ Federal Housing Finance Oversight
Board (FHFOB) :∑”Àπâ“∑’„Ë À⧔ª√÷°…“·π–π”ºŸÕâ ”π«¬°“√
¢Õß FHFA „π‡√◊ËÕß°“√°”Àπ¥¬ÿ∑∏»“ μ√å·≈–π‚¬∫“¬
°“√¥”‡π‘πß“π∑—Ë«‰ª
❑ ∫∑∫“∑À≈—°¢Õß FHFA : §◊Õ°“√°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈
«‘ “À°‘®¥â“π ‘π‡™◊ÕË ∑’ÕË ¬ŸÕà “»—¬¢Õß√—∞ 3 Õߧå°√ ‚¥¬¡’Õ”π“®
Àπâ“∑’Ë ”§—≠μà“ßÊ ‡™àπ °“√°”Àπ¥‡ß‘π°Õß∑ÿπμàÕ ‘π∑√—æ¬å
‡ ’Ë¬ß (Capital Requirements) °“√°”Àπ¥ª√‘¡“≥ ‘π∑√—æ¬å
Ÿß ÿ¥∑’®Ë –∂◊Õ§√Õ߉¥â (Portfolio limits) °“√°”Àπ¥¡“μ√∞“π
°“√∫√‘À“√ß“π∑’Ë¥’ (Prudential Management Standards)
´÷Ë ß√«¡∂÷ß°“√§«∫§ÿ¡¿“¬„π °“√μ√«® Õ∫ °“√∫√‘À“√
§«“¡‡ ’¬Ë ß ·≈–°“√∫√‘À“√ ‘π∑√—æ¬å∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿà„π§√Õ∫§√Õß
❑ ∫∑∫“∑ ”§—≠‡æ‘Ë¡‡μ‘¡¢Õß FHFA : ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ
FHFA ∑”Àπâ“∑’ˉ¥âÕ¬à“߇¢â¡·¢Áß¡“°¢÷Èπ °ÆÀ¡“¬‰¥â‡æ‘Ë¡
Õ”π“®Àπâ“∑’„Ë Àâ FHFA Õ’°À≈“¬ª√–°“√ Õ“∑‘‡™àπ °“√Õπÿ¡μ— ‘
º≈‘μ¿—≥±å ‘π‡™◊ËÕ√Ÿª·∫∫„À¡à (New Product Approval)
°“√°”Àπ¥·≈–μ‘¥μ“¡‡ªÑ“À¡“¬ ‘π‡™◊ËÕ∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬
(Housing Goals) ”À√—∫ª√–™“°√°≈ÿ¡à √“¬‰¥âμ“à ßÊ °“√°”Àπ¥
«ß‡ß‘π°Ÿâ Ÿß ÿ¥ ”À√—∫ºŸâ°Ÿâ√“¬¬àÕ¬ (Conforming Loan Limit)
´÷Ëßμ“¡°Æ‡°≥±å¢Õß GSEs „Àâ‡æ‘Ë¡®“°«ß‡ß‘πª°μ‘∑’ˉ¡à‡°‘π
417,000 ¥Õ≈≈“√å ‡ªìπ Ÿß ÿ¥ 625,500 ¥Õ≈≈“√å (À√◊Õ‰¡à‡°‘π
115% ¢Õß√“§“°≈“ß„π‡¢μæ◊Èππ—ÈπÊ À√◊Õ 150% ¢Õß
«ß‡ß‘π„Àâ°Ÿâ Ÿß ÿ¥·°àºŸâ°Ÿâ√“¬¬àÕ¬∑—Ë«‰ª∑’Ë°”À𥉫â) ”À√—∫
‡¢μæ◊Èπ∑’Ë´÷Ëß¡’√“§“∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬ Ÿß (Loan Limits in High Cost
Areas) °“√®—¥μ—Èß Housing Trust Fund ‡æ◊Ëՙ૬‡À≈◊ÕºŸâ¡’
√“¬‰¥âπâÕ¬¡“°„Àâ¡’‚Õ°“ ¡’∫â“π‡ªìπ¢Õßμπ‡Õß ‚¥¬°“√
™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ„Àâ‡ß‘π‚¥¬μ√ß (Grants) μ“¡À≈—°°“√∑’Ë°”Àπ¥
2.2 °ÆÀ¡“¬™à«¬‡À≈◊ÕºŸâ°Ÿâ‡ß‘π∑’Ë¡’ªí≠À“ ‘π‡™◊ËÕ
∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬ (HOPE for Homeowners Act of 2008)
°ÆÀ¡“¬„π à«ππ’È¡ÿàߙ૬‡À≈◊ÕºŸâ´◊ÈÕ∫â“π·≈–°Ÿâ‡ß‘π
∑’¡Ë ª’ ≠
í À“°“√™”√–Àπ’∑È ÕË’ ¬ŸÕà “»—¬°—∫ ∂“∫—π°“√‡ß‘πμà“ßÊ „Àâ
“¡“√∂‰∂à∂Õπ®”πÕß (Refinance) ¡“¬—ßÕߧå°√Õ◊ËπÊ ∑’Ë
Federal Housing Administration - FHA §È”ª√–°—π ‘π‡™◊ÕË (FHAInsured Mortgages) ‚¥¬‚§√ß°“√π’È ‡ªì𧫓¡ ¡—§√„®¢Õß
ºŸâ°Ÿâ·≈– ∂“∫—π°“√‡ß‘π∑’Ë„Àâ°Ÿâ ·≈–¿“¬„μâ‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢∑’Ë°”Àπ¥
À≈“¬ª√–°“√ Õ“∑‘‡™àπ μâÕ߇ªìπ ‘π‡™◊ËÕ∑’Ë¡’ —¥ à«πÀπ’ȇߑπ°Ÿâ
μàÕ√“¬‰¥â ‡°‘π°«à“ 31% μâÕ߇ªìπ∫â“π‡¥’Ë¬«∑’ˇ®â“¢ÕßÕ¬Ÿà‡Õß
‡ªìπÀ≈—° ∂“∫—π°“√‡ß‘πμâÕß®à“¬§à“∏√√¡‡π’¬¡§È”ª√–°—π
§√—È߇¥’¬«®”π«π 3% ·°à FHA ‡ªìπμâπ ∑—Èßπ’È °”Àπ¥„Àâ
°√–∑√«ß°“√§≈—ß®—¥ √√‡ß‘π‚¥¬°“√ÕÕ°æ—π∏∫—μ√¡Ÿ≈§à“
55
300,000 ≈â“π¥Õ≈≈“√å ‡æ◊ÕË °“√π’È ·≈–Õπÿ≠“μ„Àâ Fannie Mae
∑”∏ÿ√°√√¡·ª≈ß ‘π∑√—æ¬åπ‡’È ªìπÀ≈—°∑√—æ¬å¢“¬„πμ≈“¥√Õ߉¥â
2.3 °ÆÀ¡“¬°“√ÕÕ°„∫Õπÿ≠“μ·≈–≈ß∑–‡∫’¬π
ºŸªâ ≈àÕ¬ ‘π‡™◊ÕË ∑’ÕË ¬ŸÕà “»—¬ (Secure and Fair Enforcement
for Mortgage Licensing Act of 2008)
°”Àπ¥„Àâ∑ÿ°√—∞ μâÕß®—¥„Àâ¡’√–∫∫ÕÕ°„∫Õπÿ≠“μ
·≈–≈ß∑–‡∫’¬πºŸâª≈àÕ¬ ‘π‡™◊ËÕ∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬ (Mortgage Loan
Originator) ∑ÿ°√“¬ ∑—Èß∑’ˇªìπ ∂“∫—π°“√‡ß‘πÀ√◊Õ∫√‘…—∑
„π‡§√◊Õ∑’˪≈àÕ¬ ‘π‡™◊ËÕ∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬
2.4 °ÆÀ¡“¬ √â“ߧ«“¡∑—π ¡—¬·°à Federal
Housing Administration (FHA Modernization
Provision Act of 2008)
¡ÿßà ªØ‘√ªŸ ·≈–‡ √‘¡ √â“ß∫∑∫“∑¢Õß Federal Housing
Administration „Àâ¡’§«“¡‡¢â¡·¢Áß¡“°¢÷Èπ∑—Èߥâ“π√–∫∫ß“π
‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ ·≈–º≈ª√–°Õ∫°“√ ‚¥¬√—∞®—¥ √√‡ß‘π π—∫ πÿπ
∑ÿ°ªï ‡ªìπ‡ß‘π 25,000 ≈â“π¥Õ≈≈“√å μ—Èß·μàªï 2009 - 2013
°“√ªØ‘√Ÿª FHA ∑’Ë ”§—≠ ‰¥â·°à °“√‡æ‘Ë¡‡æ¥“π
‡ß‘π°Ÿ∑â ª’Ë √–°—π‚¥¬ FHA ®“° 417,000 ¥Õ≈≈“√å ‡ªìπ 625,500
¥Õ≈≈“√å (À√◊Õ 150% ¢Õß¡Ÿ≈§à“ ‘π‡™◊ËÕ√“¬¬àÕ¬ Ÿß ÿ¥∑’Ë
Freddie Mac ®–„À≥â) æ√âÕ¡°—ππ’È°Á®–¡’°“√ªØ‘√Ÿª„Àâ FHA
“¡“√∂‡√’¬°‡°Á∫§à“ Upfront Mortgage Insurance Premium
‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ®“° 2.5% ‡ªìπ 3% ¢Õ߫߇ߑπ°Ÿâ‰¥â à«πºŸâ°Ÿâ∑’˺à“π
‚§√ß°“√„À⧔ª√÷°…“·π–π”°“√¡’°√√¡ ‘∑∏‘Ï„π∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà
Õ“»—¬ (Homeownership Counseling) “¡“√∂‡√’¬°‡°Á∫§à“
Upfront Mortgage Insurance Premium ®“° 2% ‡ªìπ 2.75%
¢Õß«ß‡ß‘π°Ÿ‰â ¥â ∑—ßÈ π’È ºŸ°â μŸâ Õâ ß¡’‡ß‘𠥇ªìπ§à“‡ß‘𥓫πå∫“â π
Õ¬à“ßπâÕ¬ 3.5% (®“°‡¥‘¡ 3%)
2.5 °“√™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ∑À“√ºà“π»÷°¥â“π∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬
(Assistance for Service Members)
°ÆÀ¡“¬°”Àπ¥„ÀâÕߧ尓√∑À“√ºà“π»÷° (Department
of Veterans Affairs) “¡“√∂‡æ‘Ë¡«ß‡ß‘πª√–°—π ‘π‡™◊ËÕ
∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬·°à∑À“√ºà“π»÷°‰¥âμ“¡À≈—°‡°≥±å∑’Ë°”Àπ¥ ·≈–
°√–∑√«ß°≈“‚À¡ À√—∞œ ¡’Àπâ“∑’Ë„À⧔ª√÷°…“·π–π”∑À“√
ºà“π»÷°∑’Ë°≈—∫®“°μà“ߪ√–‡∑»„π°“√„À⧔ª√÷°…“·π–π”
‡√◊ÕË ß‡°’¬Ë «°—∫°“√∫—ߧ—∫®”πÕߢ“¬∑Õ¥μ≈“¥∫â“π (Mortgage
Foreclosure Counseling) „Àâ∑À“√‡¢â“„®¥â«¬ ∑—ßÈ π’È °ÆÀ¡“¬π’È
Àâ“¡¡‘„Àâ ∂“∫—π°“√‡ß‘πºŸâ„Àâ°Ÿâ∫—ߧ—∫®”πÕß∫â“π¢Õß∑À“√
ºà“π»÷°¿“¬„π 9 ‡¥◊ÕπÀ≈—ß®“°æâπ√“™°“√∑À“√
56
Õπ÷ßË ∑À“√ºà“π»÷°∑’∑Ë æÿ æ≈¿“殓° ߧ√“¡ ®–‰¥â√∫—
‡ß‘π™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ„π°“√ √â“ß∫â“π∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡°—∫ ¿“槫“¡
æ‘°“√‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ®“°‡¥‘¡‰¡à‡°‘π 50,000 ¥Õ≈≈“√å ‡ªìπ‰¡à‡°‘π
60,000 ¥Õ≈≈“√å
2.6 °“√™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ‡√àߥà«π‡æ◊ÕË °“√ª√—∫ª√ÿß∫â“π
∑’Ë∂Ÿ°∑‘Èß√â“ßÀ√◊Õ∂Ÿ°¢“¬∑Õ¥μ≈“¥ (Emergency Assistance for Redevelopment of Abandoned and
Foreclosed Homes)
°ÆÀ¡“¬π’È®—¥ √√‡ß‘π 4,000 ≈â“π¥Õ≈≈“√å „Àâ°—∫√—∞
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πâÕ¬ 20 ≈â“π¥Õ≈≈“√å (0.5% ¢Õ߇ߑπ 4,000 ≈â“π¥Õ≈≈“√å)
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Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation ‡æ◊ËÕ°“√¥”‡π‘π
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Tax Credit Coordination Act of 2008)
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