Honeybees

Transcription

Honeybees

62. Jahrestagung
der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Institute
für Bienenforschung e.V.
24., 25. und 26. März 2015
Landwirtschaftskammer Nordrhein-Westfalen
Fachbereich Tierproduktion AG Bienenkunde
Nevinghoff 40, D-48147 Münster
Tagungsort:
Mario Engbers Gastronomie & Service GmbH
Atrium im Speicher 10
An den Speichern 10, D-48157 Münster
Seite 2
Herzlich Willkommen!
62. Jahrestagung der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Institute für Bienenforschung in
Münster/Westfalen, der Stadt des Westfälischen Friedens
Eine Buswerbung der Stadtwerke Münster bringt es auf den Punkt: Seit 1648 Kompetenz
als Tagungsstadt! Da fühlen wir uns doch glatt als Spitze einer alten Tradition.
So ist es uns eine besondere Ehre, nun schon zum dritten Mal Gastgeber aller
Bienenwissenschaftler aus Deutschland und Europa sein zu dürfen. Die ersten von uns
organisierten Münsteraner AG-Tagungen fanden auf Haus Düsse in der Nähe von Soest
statt. In diesem Jahr nun tagen wir in einer alten Speicherstadt der Wehrmacht, in jenen
Räumen, in denen früher Brot für Soldaten gebacken wurde und seit 10 Jahren der
Apisticus-Tag Münster stattfindet.
Wir, die Bienenkunde der Landwirtschaftskammer NRW, sind nur ein kleines Team und
haben uns alle Mühe gegeben, es Ihnen hier in Münster so angenehm wie möglich zu
machen. Da wir leider über keine universitäre Anbindung verfügen, haben wir die
Tagung in Eigenregie und dann natürlich auch mit erheblich größeren Kosten organisiert.
Wir danken an dieser Stelle ganz besonders den zahlreichen und großzügigen
Sponsoren, die es uns ermöglichen, dank Ihrer finanziellen und sachlichen
Unterstützung, die Tagungsgebühren vor allem für die Studentinnen und Studenten so
gering wie möglich zu halten.
Ich wünsche uns allen interessante, erkenntnisreiche und auch kurzweilige Vorträge,
Gespräche und Begegnungen.
Münster, im März 2015
Seite 3
Inhalt
Programm........................................................................................................................................... 5
Posterbeiträge .................................................................................................................................. 13
Abstracts .......................................................................................................................................... 19
Hauptvortrag ............................................................................................................................. 19
Kurzvorträge .............................................................................................................................. 19
1.
Pflanzenschutz und Bestäubung .............................................................................. 19
2.
Bienenprodukte........................................................................................................ 28
3.
Physiologie und Verhalten ....................................................................................... 31
4.
Bienenpathologie ..................................................................................................... 35
5.
Genetik und Zucht .................................................................................................... 44
6.
Ökologie ................................................................................................................... 49
7.
Freie Themen ........................................................................................................... 53
Posterpräsentationen ................................................................................................................ 54
8.
Pflanzenschutz und Bestäubung .............................................................................. 54
9.
Bienenprodukte........................................................................................................ 62
10.
Physiologie und Verhalten ....................................................................................... 64
11.
Bienenpathologie ..................................................................................................... 67
12.
Genetik und Zucht .................................................................................................... 76
13.
Honig- und Wildbienenökologie ............................................................................... 79
14.
Freie Themen ........................................................................................................... 82
Namensliste ...................................................................................................................................... 85
Sponsoren ........................................................................................................................................ 90
Seite 4
Programm
Dienstag, 24. März 2015
Ab
11:00
Anreise und Anmmeldung im Tagungsbüro
Aufhängen der Posterbeiträge
13:00
Begrüßung
Präsident der Landwirtschaftskammer NRW Johannes Frizen
Vertreter der Stadt Münster
Präsident des D.I.B. Peter Maske
Friedhelm Adam
Geschäftsbereichsleiter Tierproduktion der LWK NRW
Die Landwirtschaftskammer NRW, Aufgaben, Struktur und Perspektiven
Werner Mühlen
Organisatorisches
13:15
13:30
Hauptvortrag (Chair: Werner Mühlen)
13:45
„Zukunft Biene“ – an integrative research initiative for honeybee health
„Zukunft Biene“ – eine integrative Forschungsinitiative zur Bienengesundheit
Karl Crailsheim, Ulrike Riessberger-Gallé, Javier Hernández-López, Wolfgang Schuehly, Eslam
Omar, Robert Brodschneider
Inst. f. Zoologie, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010 Graz, Österreich
14:45
Kaffeepause
Session: Pflanzenschutz und Bestäubung (Chair: Klaus Wallner)
15:00
SB
15:15
15:30
SB
Is there an impact on the vitality of honeybees due to chronic feeding of a pesticide mixture in
field realistic concentrations?
Hat die Fütterung eines Pflanzenschutzmittelcocktails in feldrealistischen Konzentrationen einen
Einfluss auf die Vitalität von Honigbienen?
Böhme, Franziska, Gabriela Bischoff, Klaus Wallner
Landesanstalt für Bienenkunde, August-von-Hartmann-Str. 13, D-70599 Stuttgart
Colony-level interactions between insecticides and varroosis
Interaktionen zwischen Insektiziden und Varroosis auf Ebene des Bienenvolkes
Wegener, Jakob1; Haike Ruhnke1, Kathrin Milchreit1, Günter Kamp2, Sebastian Mispagel2, M.
Barth3, Kaspar Bienefeld1
Länderinstitut für Bienenkunde Hohen Neuendorf e.V., D-16540 Hohen Neuendorf1, AMP-Lab
GmbH, Becherweg 9-11, D-55128 Mainz2, BioChem agrar GmbH, Kupferstraße 6, 04827 Machern3
Delayed pesticide influence: spring-applied agro-chemicals affect winter bees parasitized by
Varroa destructor.
Verzögerter Einfluss von Pestiziden: Varroa destructor parasitierte Winterbienen werden im
Frühling stärker durch Pestizidbehandlungen beeinflusst.
Straub, Lars1, Geoffrey Williams1, Kitiphong Khongphinitbunjong4, Gina Retschnig1, Panuwan
Chantawannakul4, Vincent Dietemann2, Peter Neumann1,3
1
Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, 2 Swiss Bee
Research Centre, Agroscope Liebefeld-Posieux Research Station ALP, 3 Department of Zoology and
Entomology, University of Pretoria, South Africa, 4 Bee Protection Center, Chiang Mai University,
Thailand
Seite 5
15:45
16:00
SB
16:15
Cyantraniliprole: Low risk for bees resulting from seed treatment use in oilseed rape
Cyantraniliprole: Geringes Risiko für Bienen als Saatgutbeizmittel für Raps
Dinter, Axel; Alan Samel
DuPont de Nemours (Deutschland) GmbH, Hugenottenallee 175, D-63263 Neu-Isenburg,
Deutschland
Comparison of chronic and acute thiacloprid application on the walking behavior of bees
Vergleich von chronischer und akuter Thiaclopridgabe auf das Laufverhalten von Bienen
Fischer, Johannes, Marie Heß, Bernd Grünewald
Institut für Bienenkunde, Karl von Frisch Weg 2, D-61440 Oberursel
Large-scale field study of seasonal effects of clothianidin-dressed oilseed rape on honeybees
(Apis mellifera) in Northern Germany
Ergebnisse einer großangelegten Feldstudie zu möglichen Langzeitwirkungen Clothianidingebeizten Rapssaatguts auf Honigbienen (Apis mellifera) in Norddeutschland
Rolke, Daniel1; Bernd Grünewald1 and Wolfgang Blenau1,2
Institut für Bienenkunde Oberursel, Polytechnische Gesellschaft, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am
Main, Oberursel, Germany1, Zoological Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany2
16:30
Kaffeepause
17:00
The ABO project, part one – Apis: effects of oilseed rape grown from clothianidin-treated seeds
on honeybees
Das ABO-Projekt, Teil 1 – Apis: Auswirkungen von mit Clothianidin saatgutbehandeltem Raps auf
Honigbienen
Kunz, Nadine1; Anke Christiane Dietzsch1, Malte Frommberger1, Ina Patrizia Wirtz1, Matthias
Stähler2, Eva Frey3, Ingrid Illies4, Winfried Dyrba5, Abdulrahim Alkassab6, Jens Pistorius1
Julius Kühn-Institute, Institute for Plant Protection in Field Crops and Grassland2, Julius KühnInstitute, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection3,
Apicultural State Institute, University Hohenheim4, Bavarian State Institute for Viniculture and
Horticulture, Department of Honey Bee Research & Beekeeping5, Beekeeping State Association
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Beekeeping Centre Bantin6 Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Department for
Biology and Biotechnology, Bochum
The ABO project, part two – Non-Apis: effects of oilseed rape grown from clothianidin-treated
seeds on bumblebees and mason bees
Das ABO-Projekt, Teil 2 – Non-Apis: Auswirkungen von mit Clothianidin saatgutbehandeltem Raps
auf Hummeln und Mauerbienen
Dietzsch, Anke Christiane1; Nadine Kunz1, Malte Frommberger1, Ina Patrizia Wirtz1, Matthias
Stähler2, Klaus Wallner3, Ingrid Illies4, Winfried Dyrba5, Abdulrahim Alkassab6, Jens Pistorius1
Julius Kühn-Institute, Institute for Plant Protection in Field Crops and Grassland1, Julius KühnInstitute, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection2,
Apicultural State Institute, University Hohenheim3, Bavarian State Institute for Viniculture and
Horticulture, Department of Honey Bee Research & Beekeeping4, Beekeeping State Association
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Beekeeping Centre Bantin5, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Department for
Biology and Biotechnology, Bochum6
Performance of Honeybee Colonies after Long-term Exposure to Clothianidin-treated Food
Leistungsfähigkeit von Honigbienenvölkern nach Langzeitfütterung mit Clothianidin –behandelter
Nahrung
Siede, R., Meixner, M., Almanza, M. T., Büchler, R.
Bieneninstitut Kirchhain, LLH, Erlenstr. 9, D-35274 Kirchhain
SB
17:15
17:30
SB
Seite 6
17:45
18:00
SB
The impact of thiacloprid, imidacloprid and clothianidin on individual honey bee immunity
Der Einfluss von Thiacloprid, Imidacloprid und Clothianidin auf die Immunkompetenz von
Honigbienen
Brandt, A.; Siede, R., Meixner, M., Büchler, R.
Not enough royal jelly? The effect of the neonicotinoid clothianidin on hypopharyngeal
gland size and larval development in honey bee
Nicht genug Futtersaft? Der Effekt des Neonicotinoids Clothianidin auf die Futtersaftdrüse
und Brutentwicklung in Honigbienen
Sandmann, M, Schott, M, Düring, R.-A., Büchler, R., Brandt, A.
Session: Bienenprodukte Teil I (Chair: Annette Schroeder)
18:15
18:30
18:45
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Honey
Pyrrolizidinalkaloide in Honig
Keuth, Oliver
Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Münsterland-Emscher-Lippe-AöR,
Joseph-König-Str. 40, D-48147 Münster
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Swiss Pollen
Pyrrolizidin Alkaloide im Schweizer Pollen
Kast, Christina1; Matteo Lucchetti1, Verena Kilchenmann1, Arne Dübecke2, Gudrun Beckh2, Hans
Reinhard3, Otmar Zoller3
Swiss Bee Research Centre, Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Berne, Switzerland1,
Quality Services International GmbH, 28199 Bremen, Germany2, Federal Food Safety and
Veterinary Office, Risk Assessment, Schwarzenburgstrasse 165, 3003 Berne, Switzerland3
Ende der Vortragssession
Mittwoch, 25. März 2015
Session: Bienenprodukte Teil II (Chair: Annette Schroeder)
08:00
08:15
SB
Melezitose Content of Honeydew from different Hemipterans on Fir (Abies alba) and Spruce
(Picea abies)
Melezitosegehalt im Honigtau verschiedener Schnabelkerfen auf Tanne (Abies alba) und Fichte
(Picea abies)
Annette Schroeder1, Steffen Tippmann1, Gertrud Lohaus2
Apicultural State Institute, University of Hohenheim, D-70599 Stuttgart1, Molecular Plant
Research/ Plantbiochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, D-42119 Wuppertal2
Determination of the amount of monofloral honey in honey mixtures (cornflower-lime)
Bestimmung des Sortenhoniganteils in Mischhonigen (Kornblume-Linde)
Beitlich, N.; A. Böswetter, S. Bergmann, K. Speer
Professur für Spezielle Lebensmittelchemie und Lebensmittelproduktion, Technische Universität
Dresden, Bergstraße 66, D-01069 Dresden
Session: Physiologie und Verhalten (Chair: N.N.)
08:30
Trehalose content in the alimentary tract of honeybees after inverted sugar syrup feeding
Trehalose-Gehalt im Verdauungstrakt der Biene nach fütterung mit Invertzuckerlösung.
Titěra, Dalibor; Hana Vinšová
Bee Research Institute at Dol, Máslovice – Dol 94, 252 66 Libčice nad Vltavou, Czech Republic
Seite 7
08:45
SB
09:00
SB
09:15
SB
09:30
SB
09:45
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10:00
Documentation of the collection of Propolis by honeybees (Apis mellifera L.)
Dokumentation über das Sammeln von Propolis bei Honigbienen (Apis mellifera L.)
Kretschmer Lea; Schroeder Annette
Apicultural State Institute, University of Hohenheim, D-70599 Stuttgart
Using Diagnostic Radioentomology to trace honey cell filling and ripening processes in honey bee
colonies, Apis mellifera
Untersuchungen mit Diagnostischer Radioentomologie zu Honigreifungs- und
Einlagerungsprozessen in Honigbienenvölkern, Apis mellifera
Eyer, Michael 1,2; Peter Neumann2, 3, Vincent Dietemann1, 3
Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Center, CH-3003 Bern, Switzerland1, Institute of Bee Health,
Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3003 Bern, Switzerland2, Zoology and Entomology
Department, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa3
Foraging effectivity of Apis mellifera is not driven by dance communication but by resource
diversity
Die Sammeleffektivität von Apis mellifera wird nicht von Tanzkommunikation sondern von
Ressourcendiversität bestimmt
Nürnberger, Fabian; Stephan Härtel & Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter
Lehrstuhl für Tierökologie und Tropenbiologie, Biozentrum Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland,
D-97074 Würzburg
Differential olfactory conditioning of in vitro reared honey bees
Differentielle olfaktorische Konditionierung von in vitro gezüchteten Honigbienen
Steijven, Karin; Johannes Spaethe, Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter, Stephan Härtel
Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am
Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg
Automated tracking of honeybee behaviors
Automatisches Tracking von Verhaltensweisen in Honigbienen
Blut, Christina
Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Institut für Evolutionsgenetik, Universitätsstr. 1, 26.03
U1.72, D-40225 Düsseldorf
Kaffeepause
Session: Ökologie, Wildbienen und freie Themen (Chair: Ingrid Illies)
10:30
10:45
Seite 8
The complete mitochondrial genome of Rediviva intermixta (Hymenoptera: Melittidae) with a
comparison to other bee mitogenomes
Das komplette mitochondriale Mitogenom von Rediviva intermixta (Hymenoptera: Melittidae) im
Vergleich zu anderen Bienen Mitogenomen
Husemann, Martin; Belinda Kahnt, Christoph Bleidorn, Michael Gerth, Robert Paxton
Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, D-06120 Halle (Saale)
Scent of attraction: Formation of drone aggregations at orphan colonies of the Brazilian stingless
bee Scaptotrigona depilis
Unwiderstehliche Düfte: Die Bildung von Männchenansammlungen vor weisellosen Nestern der
brasilianischen stachellosen Biene Scaptotrigona depilis
Böttinger, Lea ¹; Stefan Jarau², Till Tolasch³, Fabio Nascimento4, Lucas van Zuben4, Wolf Engels¹
Universität Tübingen, Institut für Evolution und Ökologie, Evolutionsbiologie der Invertebraten, Auf
der Morgenstelle 28E, 72076 Tübingen¹, Universität Ulm, Institut für Neurobiologie,
Helmholtzstraße 10/1, 89081 Ulm², Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Zoologie, Fachgebiet
Tierökologie 220c, Garbenstr. 30, 70593 Stuttgart³, Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de
Biologia, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900 Ribeirão Preto, Brazil4
11:00
SB
11:15
11:30
SB
11:45
12:00
How group size affects gene expression in bumblebees
Wie beeinflusst Gruppengröße die Genexpression in Hummeln
Helbing, Sophie; Claus Weinholdt, Ivo Grosse, H. Michael, G. Lattorff
Institut für Biologie, Molekulare Ökologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg
4, D-06099 Halle (Saale)
Highlights of four years FitBee Module 5
Besonderheiten aus vier Jahren FitBee Modul 5
Lüken, Dorothee J.
LAVES Institut für Bienenkunde, Herzogin-Eleonore-Allee 5, D-29221 Celle
The importance of medicinal fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Apiaceae) for the colony
development of the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.)
Die Bedeutung des Arzneifenchels (Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Apiaceae) für die Volksentwicklung
der Honigbiene (Apis mellifera L.)
Rosenau, Thomas; Ralf Pude, Andreé Hamm
Universität Bonn, Institut für Nutzpflanzen und Ressourcenschutz, Fachbereich Ökologie der
Kulturlandschaft, Abteilung Tierökologie, Melbweg 42, D-53127 Bonn
A new „Bee portal“? ZB MED presents idea
Ein neues „Bienenportal“? ZB MED stellt Idee vor
Zängl, Ursula; Ulrich Ch. Blortz
ZB MED – Leibniz-Informationszentrum Lebenswissenschaften, Gleueler Str. 60, D-50931 Köln
The learning portal 'die Honigmacher‘
Das Lernportal 'Die Honigmacher'
Joachim Eberhardt
Agentur lernsite, von-Esmarch-Str. 24, D-48149 Münster
Session: Genetik und Zucht Teil I (Chair: N.N.)
12:15
SB
12:30
SB
Time memory, dance activity and recruitment rates enhance the foraging performance of
genetically diverse honey bee colonies
Zeitgedächtnis, Tanzaktivität und Rekrutierungsraten steigern den Sammelerfolg von genetisch
diversen Honigbienenvölkern
Dietzel, Simon1; Stephan Härtel2, Alexandra-Maria Klein3, Ingolf Steffan Dewenter2
University of Freiburg, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources1; Department of Animal
Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg2; University
of Freiburg, Department of Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology3
Genetic diversity within honey bee colonies affects pollen foraging, dance activity and foraging
distances in landscapes with different resource availability
Genetische Diversität innerhalb von Völkern beeinflusst Pollensammelverhalten, Rekrutierung und
Sammeldistanzen in Landschaften mit unterschiedlichem Nahrungsangebot
Molitor, Anna Maria, Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter, Stephan Härtel
Lehrstuhl für Tierökologie und Tropenbiologie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland,
D-97074 Würzburg
12:45
Mittagspause
13:30
14:00
15:30
Postersession 2 Std
Abfahrt Kerzenmanufaktur, begrenzte Teilnehmerzahl
Soziales Programm, Stadtführungen, Allwetterzoo, LUFA
19:00
23:30
Westfälisches Buffet mit Einlage in der Backhalle, Einlass ab 18:30 Uhr
Voraussichtliches Ende der Veranstaltung,
Wir bieten Shuttle zu den Hotels bei Voranmeldung
Seite 9
Donnerstag, 26. März 2015
Session: Genetik und Zucht Teil II (Chair: N.N.)
08:15
08:30
08:45
SB
09:00
09:15
Gene evolution of major royal jelly proteins in the honeybee
Genevolution von ‚major royal jelly protein Genen in der Honigbiene
Buttstedt, Anja; Susanne Boteck, Eduard Schwarz & Robin F. A. Moritz
Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institut für Biologie, Zoologie – Molekulare Ökologie,
Hoher Weg 4, D-06120 Halle
A selective sweep in a honeybee population selected for resistance to Varroa destructor
Ein selective sweep in einer Population von Honigbienen selektiert für Resistenz gegen Varroa
destructor
Lattorff, H.M.G.1,2; J. Buchholz3, I. Fries4, R.F.A. Moritz2,3
Institut für Biologie, Tierphysiologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Domplatz 4,
D-06099 Halle (Saale)1, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-JenaLeipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, D-04103 Leipzig2, Institut für Biologie, Molekulare Ökologie, MartinLuther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 4, D-06099 Halle (Saale)3, Department of Ecology,
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box S-7044, Uppsala 750-05, Sweden4
Changes in DNA methylation under infestation with Varroa destructor
Änderungen in der DNA-Methylierung bei Befall mit Varroa destructor
Milchreit, Kathrin; Haike Ruhnke, Jakob Wegener, Kaspar Bienefeld
Länderinstitut für Bienenkunde Hohen Neuendorf e.V., Friedrich-Engel-Straße 32, D-16540 Hohen
Neuendorf
Selection for reduced Varroa reproduction in a local Carnica population
Auslese auf reduzierte Varroa Reproduktion in einer lokalen Carnica-Population
Büchler, R.
Landesbetrieb Landwirtschaft Hessen, Bieneninstitut, Erlenstrasse 9, D-35274 Kirchhain
Selection for resistance to Varroa destructor under commercial beekeeping conditions
Selektion auf Resistenz gegen Varroa destructor unter professionellen Imkereibedingungen
Kefuss, John; Jacques Vanpoucke, Maria Bolt and Cyril Kefuss
Le Rucher D'Oc, 49 Rue Jonas, F-31200 Toulouse, France
Session: Bienenpathologie (Chair: Christoph Otten)
09:30
SB
09:45
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10:00
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Seite 10
How formulation, environmental and hive-internal factors affect evaporation and in-hive gas
phase concentration of formic acid
Abhängigkeit der Verdunstung und der Stockluftkonzentration von Ameisensäure von der
Formulierung und externen und stockinternen Faktoren
Beinert, P.1; von der Ohe, W.2, Aumeier, P.1, Kirchner, W.H.1
Ruhr-University Bochum, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology1, LAVES Bee Institute Celle2
Norwegian honey bee colonies surviving Varroa destructor and viruses without mite treatments
Norwegische Honigbienenvölker überleben Varroa destructor und Virusinfektionen ohne
Milbenbekämpfung
Lanz, Sandra; Bjørn Dahle, Fenella Davies, Orlando Yañez, Peter Neumann
Institut für Bienengesundheit, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, CH–3003 Bern
Visualization of oxalic acid distribution in the honeybee colony by MacroCT scanning
Visualisierung der Verteilung von Oxalsäure im Bienenvolk durch Makro-Computertomographie
Schneider, Saskia; Eva Rademacher
Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology/Neurobiology, Königin-Luise-Str. 28-30, D-14165 Berlin
10:15
Effects of subliminal dosages of formic acid on reproduction, mating behavior and mortality of
the honey bee mite Varroa destructor
Effekte von unterschwellig dosierter Ameisensäure auf Reproduktion, Begattungsverhalten und
Mortalität der Bienenmilbe Varroa destructor
Ziegelmann, Bettina; Jasmin Fidyka, Peter Rosenkranz
10:30
Kaffeepause
11:00
Are reproductive parameters of female Varroa destructor mites linked to Varroa-tolerance of
honey bee colonies in Argentina?
Können Reproduktionsparameter von weiblichen Varroa destructor Milben mit der VarroaToleranz von Bienenvölkern in Argentinien in Zusammenhang gebracht werden?
Häußermann, Claudia1; Agostina Giacobino2, Julieta Merke2, Marina Basualdo3, Alejandra
Palacio4, Peter Rosenkranz1
Landesanstalt für Bienenkunde, August-von-Hartmann-Str. 13, D-70599 Stuttgart1, Instituto
Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria EEA Rafaela, Ruta 34 Km 227,Rafaela, C.P. 2300, Provincia de
Santa Fe, Argentina2, Area de Producción Apícola, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad
Nacional de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Pinto 399-7000-Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina3, Unidad
Integrada INTA – Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC
276,7600 Balcarce, Argentina4
Honey bee health and feed: Survival of Nosema ceranae infected workers with or without
protein diet
Honigbienengesundheit und Ernährung: Überleben von Nosema ceranae infizierten Arbeiterinnen
mit und ohne Proteinfütterung
Tritschler, Manuel1; Jutta Vollmann2, Anton Stabentheiner2, Peter Neumann1,3, Karl Crailsheim2
Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland1, Institute for
Zoology, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Austria2, Department of Zoology and Entomology,
University of Pretoria, South Africa3
Biogeography of Melissococcus plutonius, the causative agent of European foulbrood, in
Switzerland
Die geographische Verbreitung von Melissococcus plutonius, dem Erreger der europäischen
Faulbrut, in der Schweiz
Grossar, Daniela1,2; Laurent Gauthier1, Michel Chapuisat2, Vincent Dietemann 1 2, Jean-Daniel
Charrière1
Agroscope, Zentrum für Bienenforschung ZBF, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland1,
Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, Quartier Sorge, University of Lausanne, CH-1015
Lausanne, Switzerland2
The use of bacteriophages to fight against American Foulbrood
Einsatz von Bakteriophagen im Kampf gegen die Amerikanische Faulbrut
Beims, Hannes; Johannes Wittmann, Boyke Bunk, Cathrin Spröer, Christine Rohde, Manfred
Rohde, Werner von der Ohe, Michael Steinert
LAVES – Institut für Bienenkunde Celle, Herzogin-Eleonore-Allee 5, D-29221 Celle
Plasticity of behavioural modulation in honey bee workers (Apis mellifera)
infected with Nosema ceranae (Microsporida)
Plastizität der Verhaltensmodulationen von Honigbienen (Apis mellifera) bei Infektion mit Nosema
ceranae (Mikrosporidia)
Müller, Matthias; Sarah Biganski, Robin FA Moritz
Martin-Luther Universität Halle Wittenberg, Inst. für Zoologie, Hoher Weg 4, 06120 Halle (Saale)
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Pathogen spill-over among communities of bee species
Übertragung von Krankheitserregern zwischen Gesellschaften von Wild- und Honigbienen
Paxton, Robert J.; Martin Husemann, Aigul Zhusupbaeva, Giorgi Kirkitadze, George Japoshvili
MAQS thoroughly tested – A 4-years-study of different application forms of formic acid
MAQS im Praxistest – Eine 4-jährige Studie zum Einsatz von Ameisensäure in unterschiedlichen
Applikationsformen
Aumeier, P.; Beinert P., Kirchner W.H.
Ruhr-University Bochum, Faculty of biology and biotechnology
Implication of target site modification in the resistance to acaricides in European populations of
Varroa destructor
González-Cabrera, Joel; Sonia Rodríguez-Vargas, T. G. Emyr Davies, Linda M. Field, Klemens
Krieger, Martin S. Williamson
Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5
2JH, UK
Honey bee colony (Apis mellifera carnica) development with Nosema sp. and/or Varroa
destructor load
Die Entwicklung von Bienenvölkern (Apis mellifera carnica) unter dem Einfluss von Nosema sp.
und/oder Varroa destructor Infektionen
Kezic, Nikola1; Marina Meixner2, Janja Filipi3, Maja Drazic4, Yves Leconte5, Ralph Büchler2
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia1,
Landesbetrieb Landwirtschaft Hessen, Bee institute, Erlenstrasse 9, D-35274 Kirchhain2, University
of Zadar, Department of Ecology, Agronomy and Aquaculture, Trg kneza Višeslava 9, 23000 Zadar,
Croatia3, Croatian Agricultural Agency, Ilica 101, Zagreb, Croatia4, INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et
Environnement, Laboratoire Biologie et Protection de l'abeille, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon,
France5
Specific interaction between different honey types and brood disease bacteria of the honeybee
Spezifische Interaktion zwischen verschiedenen Honigen und Bakterien von Brutkrankheiten der
Honigbiene
Erler, Silvio; Andreas Denner, Otilia Bobiş, Eva Forsgren, Robin F. A. Moritz
Institut für Biologie, Molekulare Ökologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher
Weg 4, D-06099 Halle (Saale)
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Evenius-Preisverleihung
13:45
Mittagspause
14:30
Mitgliederversammlung (nicht öffentlich)
Atrium Speicher 10
Ende der Tagung
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Posterbeiträge
P&B
Pflanzenschutz und Bestäubung
P&B
01
Effects of pesticides on the brood care of honeybees
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Auswirkungen von Pflanzenschutzmitteln auf das Brutverhalten von Honigbienen
Siefert,P.; B. Grünewald
Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Institut für Bienenkunde, Karl-von-Frisch-Weg 2, D-61440 Oberursel
P&B
02
Chronic Feeding of Honey Bee Colonies with Thiacloprid: Flight
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Behavior and Residue Analysis
Chronische Fütterung von Bienenvölkern mit Thiacloprid: Flugverhalten und Rückstandsanalysen
Faust, Lena
Institut für Bienenkunde Oberursel, Karl-von-Frisch-Weg 2, D-61440 Oberursel
P&B
03
Effects of neonicotinoid insecticides on the spike activity of the
muscle M17 in the honeybee
Einflüsse von Neonikotinoiden auf die Aktivität des Muskels M17 der Honigbiene
Kabrede, Martina, Bernd Grünewald
Institut für Bienenkunde, Polytechnische Gesellschaft Frankfurt am Main, Goethe-Universität
Frankfurt am Main, Karl-von-Frisch-Weg 2, D-61440 Oberursel, Germany
P&B
04
In search for sensitive, colony-level indicators of insecticide-induced stress in bee colonies
Auf der Suche nach sensitiven Indikatoren für Insektizid-induzierten Stress bei Honigbienen
Wegener J.; H, Ruhnke, K. Milchreit, M. Barth, G. Kamp, S. Mispagel, K. Bienefeld
Länderinstitut für Bienenkunde, 16540 Hohen Neuendorf, AMP-Lab GmbH, Becherweg 9-11, 55128
Mainz, BioChem agrar GmbH, Kupferstr. 6, D-04827 Machern
Pollination experiments on Jatropha curcas
Bestäubungsversuche bei Jatropha curcas
Fröschle, Melanie
Landesanstalt für Bienenkunde, Universität Hohenheim, August-von-Hartmannstr. 13, D-70599
Stuttgart
P&B
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06
Effects of a neonicotinoid seed treatment in winter oilseed rape
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(active substance Clothianidin) on colony development and longevity of
honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) in field, semi-field and cage tests
Effekte einer neonikotinoiden Beizung im Winterraps (aktive Substanz Clothianidin) auf die
Volksentwicklung und Lebensdauer der Honigbiene (Apis mellifera L.) im Freiland, Halbfreiland und
Käfigversuchen
Blum, Eva1,2; Ingrid Illies2, Stephan Härtel1, Jens Pistorius3
Department of Animal Ecology & Tropical Biology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg,
Germany1, Bavarian State Institute for Viniculture and Horticulture, Department of Honey Bee
Research & Beekeeping, 97209 Veitshöchheim, Germany2, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI) Federal
Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for crop protection in Field Crops & Grassland, 38104
Braunschweig, Germany3
P&B
07
Utilization of video-tracking to assess clothianidin sublethal effects on
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locomotor activity of honeybees
Nutzung von Video-Tracking zur Erfassung subletaler Effekte von Clothianidin auf die
Bewegungsaktivität der Honigbienen
Abdulrahim T.; Alkassab, Wolfgang H. Kirchner
Ruhr Universität Bochum, AG Verhaltensbiologie und Didaktik der Biologie, Gebäude NCDF 06/492,
Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum
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08
Fly or die? The influence of sub-chronic exposure to different pesticides
on the flight performance in honeybees
Einfluss verschiedener Pestizide auf die Flugleistung von Honigbienen.
Strobl, Verena; Ulrike Riessberger-Gallé, Javier Hernández-López, Wolfgang Schuehly, Karl
Crailsheim
Karl Franzens Universität, Institut für Zoologie, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010 Graz
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09
Silphium perfoliatum L. – A flowering energy crop
Silphium perfoliatum L. – Eine blühende Energiepflanze
Mayr J., L. Morawetz, B. Pachinger, R. Moosbeckhofer, M. Gansberger, A. Ribarits
Institut für Saat- und Pflanzgut, Pflanzenschutzdienst und Bienen Abteilung für Bienenkunde und
Bienenschutz, AGES GmbH, Spargelfeldstraße 191, A-1220 Wien
P&B
10
PEffects of a pesticide cocktail on food consumption, learning and food discrimination in honeybees
Wirkung von Pestizidcocktails auf die Futteraufnahme und das Lern- und Futter-Unterscheidungsverhalten bei Honigbienen
Auer, Alexander; Karl Crailsheim, Javier Hernández-López, Wolfgang Schuehly, Ulrike RiessbergerGallé
BPr
Bienenprodukte
BPr
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TLC screening method for cornflower honey
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DC Screeningmethode für Kornblumenhonig
N. Beitlich, A. Böswetter, K. Speer
Professur für Spezielle Lebensmittelchemie und Lebensmittelproduktion, Technische Universität
Dresden, Bergstraße 66, D-01069 Dresden
P&V
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Characterization of raspberry honey
Charakterisierung des Himbeerblütenhonigs
Schlafke, J.; K. Speer
Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, D-01069 Dresden
P&V
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Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of different varieties of German honey
Polyphenolgehalte und antioxidative Kapazität deutscher Sortenhonige
Schroeder, Annette; Peter Jung
P&V
Physiologie & Verhalten
P&V
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Formation of honey and aquaporins
Honigbereitung und Aquaporine
Eberhardt, Joachim
Agentur lernsite, von-Esmarch-Str. 24, 48149 Münster
P&V
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The neglected gender - drone production in naturally nesting and
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beekeeper-managed honeybee colonies (Apis mellifera L.)
Das vernachlässigte Geschlecht - Drohnenproduktion in natürlich nistenden und imkerlich
gehaltenen Völkern der Honigbiene (Apis mellifera L.)
Kohl, Patrick Laurenz1, Florian Grziwotz1, Arndt Telschow1, Joachim Kurtz1, Werner Mühlen2
Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Evolution und Biodiversität, Hüfferstraße 1,
D-48149 Münster1, Landwirtschaftskammer Nordrhein-Westfalen, Fachbereich Tierproduktion,
Bienenkunde, Nevinghoff 40, D-48147 Münster2
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Field study on effect of feeding honey bee workers different
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monofloral pollen on their longevity
Einfluss der Fütterung verschiedener monofloraler Pollen auf die Langlebigkeit der Honigbienen in
einer Feldstudie
Keller, Stefan; Helmut Horn
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Magnetic bee-catch system (MBcS): a new and simple method to
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investigate the homing performance of honeybees
Magnetic bee-catch system (MBcS): eine neue und einfache Methode zur Untersuchung des
Heimkehrverhaltens von Honigbienen
Alkassab, Abdulrahim T.; Wolfgang H. Kirchner
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Small group sizes elicit stress responses in worker honey bees
Kleine Gruppen lösen Stressreaktionen in Arbeiterinnen von Apis mellifera aus
Heinze, Anne; Hans-Hinrich Kaatz
Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 4, D-06099 Halle/Saale
BP
Bienenpathologie
BP
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The German bee monitoring (DeBiMo): Report 2013/ 2014
Das Deutsche Bienenmonitoring (DeBiMo): Ergebnisse 2013/ 2014
Schroeder, Annette; Werner von der Ohe, Elke Genersch, Marina Meixner, Christoph Otten,
Stefan Berg, Marc Schäfer, Dieter Martens
Projektkoordinator: Annette Schroeder, Apicultural State Institute, University of Hohenheim,
D-70599 Stuttgart
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Evaluation of the Varroa treatment as recommended in Baden-Württemberg: Results of the year
2014/ 2015
Bewertung der Varroabehandlung nach dem Varroose-Bekämpfungskonzept Baden-Württemberg:
Ergebnisse von 2014/ 2015
Frey,Eva; Raphael Buck, Stefan Keller, Bernd Gieler, Doris de Craigher, Raghdan Alkattea, Daniel
Pfauth, Verena Hampf, Peter Rosenkranz
Universität Hohenheim, Landesanstalt für Bienenkunde, August-von-Hartmann-Str. 13,
D-70599 Stuttgart
BP
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Evaluation of diagnostic methods for the quantification of the Varroa infestation level in honey
bee colonies
Beurteilung von Diagnosemethoden zur Bestimmung des Varroabefalls in Bienenvölkern
de Craigher, Doris; Raghdan Alkattea, Raphael Buck, Eva Frey, Bernd Gieler, Stefan Keller, Daniel
Landesanstalt für Bienenkunde, August-von-Hartmann-Straße 13, D-70599 Stuttgart
The Effect of Formic Acid Treatment on the Mortality of Varroa destrcutor
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and its Progeny inside Sealed Honey Bee Brood Cells
Alkattea, Raghdan; Patrick Frunder, Susanne Frunder, Peter Rosenkranz
Landesanstalt für Bienenkunde, Uni Hohenheim, August-von-Hartmannstr. 13, D-70599 Stuttgart
BP
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Mating disruption of Varroa destructor: a potential tool for a biological spring treatment?
Störung der Paarung von Varroa destructor: Eine Möglichkeit für eine biologische
Frühjahrsbehandlung?
Ziegelmann,Bettina; Peter Rosenkranz
Landesanstalt für Bienenkunde, Universität Hohenheim, August-von-Hartmann-Str. 13,
D-70599 Stuttgart
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Detection of infectious diseases in honey bee (Apis mellifera) tissues
Detektion von Infektionskrankheiten in Honigbienen- (Apis mellifera) Geweben
Poppinga,L.; H. Aupperle, E. Genersch
Länderinstitut für Bienenkunde Hohen Neuendorf e.V., Friedrich-Engels-Str. 32, D-16540 Hohen
Neuendorf
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Einfluss der Bruttemperatur auf das Ausräumen Varroa-parasitierter Brut
Bauer, Daniel, Kaspar Bienefeld
Länderinstitut für Bienenkunde Hohen Neuendorf e.V., Friedrich-Engels-Str. 32,
D-16540 Hohen Neuendorf
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Diagnostic investigations of DWV
Diagnostik für DWV
Möckel, N.; L. Poppinga, E. Genersch
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Developing novel treatment strategies against P. larvae
Entwicklung neuer Behandlungsmethoden gegen P. larvae
Fünfhaus, Anne; Elke Genersch
BP
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The secondary metabolites Bacillibactin, Sevadicin, and Paenilamicin of the
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honeybee pathogen Paenibacillus larvae
Die Sekundärmetabolite Bacillibactin, Sevadicin und Paenilamicin des Bienenpathogens Paenibacillus
larvae
Hertlein, Gillian1; Eva Garcia-Gonzelez1, Sebastian Müller2, Nina C. Heid1, Roderich D. Süssmuth2,
Elke Genersch1,
Länderinstitut für Bienenkunde Hohen Neuendorf e.V., Friedrich-Engels-Straße 32, D-16540 Hohen
Neuendorf1, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, D-10623 Berlin2, Institute of
Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, D-14163 Berlin3
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Is there virus dependent host choice behaviour in Varroa destructor?
Gibt es virusabhängiges Wirtswahlverhalten bei Varroa destructor?
Schindler, Juliane; Ellen A. Schlüns, Helge Schlüns
Behavioural Biology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 11, D-49076 Osnabrück
BP
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Deformed wing virus from Apis mellifera in Osmia bicornis: are solitary bees
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tougher than social ones?
Deformed wing virus - von Apis mellifera in Osmia bicornis: sind solitäre Bienen weniger anfällig als
soziale Bienen?
Bianco, Nadia; Orlando Yañez, Matthias Albrecht, Peter Neumann
Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161,
CH-3003, Bern, Switzerland
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Cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of larvae from two Apis mellifera subspecies and
their influence to host-finding behavior of Varroa destructor
Kutikuläre Kohlenwasserstoffprofile von Larven zweier Unterarten von Apis mellifera und deren
Auswirkungen auf das Wirtsfindeverhalten von Varroa destructor
Bosch, Christoph; Wolfgang H. Kirchner
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, AG Verhaltensbiologie und Didaktik der Biologie, Universitätsstr. 150,
Gebäude NCDF 06/494, D-44780 Bochum
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BP
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Survival time analysis of Varroa destructor treated with entomopathogenic fungi
Überlebenszeitanalyse bei Varroa destructor nach Behandlung mit entomopathogenen Pilzen
Bosch, Christoph; Valentina Ljujic, Wolfgang H. Kirchner
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, AG Verhaltensbiologie und Didaktik der Biologie, Universitätsstr. 150,
Gebäude NCDF 06/494, D-44780 Bochum
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G&Z
Genetik und Zucht
G&Z
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Genetic analysis of Swiss honey bee populations using whole-genome sequencing
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Genetische Analyse der Schweizer Honigbienenpopulationen mittels Genomsequenzierung
Parejo, Melanie1,2; David Wragg3, Peter Neumann1,2, Laurent Gauthier1, Markus Neuditschko1
Agroscope, Zentrum für Bienenforschung, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Bern, Schweiz1, Institut
für Bienengesundheit, Universität Bern, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, CH-3003 Bern2, Institut National
de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France3
G&Z
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New method for genetic relationship calculation in the honey bee
Eine neue Methode zur Verwandschaftsberechnung in der Honigbiene
Schlesinger, F.; K. Ehrhardt, K. Bienefeld
G&Z
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The fertility control of the non-laying queens collected at the mating station after the mating
period
Kontrolle der Fruchtbarkeit nichtlegender Belegstellen-Königinnen nach Abschluss der
Paarungsphase
Damir, Sekulja, Vukovic Mateo
Polytechnic of Rijeka, Trpimirova 2/V, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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H&W Honig- und Wildbienenökologie
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The medicinal fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Apiaceae) as an usable
plant of the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.)
Der Arzneifenchel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Apiaceae) als Trachtquelle der Honigbiene (Apis
mellifera L.)
Universität Bonn, Institut für Nutzpflanzen und Ressourcenschutz, Fachbereich Ökologie der
Kulturlandschaft, Abteilung Tierökologie, Melbweg 42, 53127 Bonn
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Einfluss des Rapsflächenanteils auf die Reproduktion von Honigbienenvölkern
Effects of oilseed rape cropping area on the reproduction of honey bee colonies
Daniel Beck, Susanne Schiele, Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter, Stephan Härtel
Lehrstuhl für Tierökologie und Tropenbiologie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland,
D-97074 Würzburg
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Late flowering energy plants: A benefit for honey bee colonies and beekeepers?
Spätblühende Energiepflanzen: Ein Plus für Honigbienen und Imker?
Heidinger,Ina; Ingrid Illies, Stefan Berg
Bavarian State Institute for Viticulture and Horticulture, Bee Research Center, An der Steige 15,
D 97206 Veitshöchheim
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Freie Themen
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The Bee Portal “geobee“: Exchange of information between Beekeepers, Farmers and
Conservationists (Model region Brandenburg)
Das Bienenportal “geobee”: Informationsaustausch für Imker, Landwirte und Naturschützer
(Modellregion Brandenburg)
Golla, B.1, Lichtenberg-Kraag, B.3, Kühne, S.3, Kummerlöwe, J.5, Saure, Chr.4, ChristI.2
Julius Kühn-Institut, Institut für Strategien und Folgenabschätzung, Kleinmachnow1, GisEO,
Ingenieurbüro Leschke, Ludwigsfelde2, Länderinstitut für Bienenkunde Hohen Neuendorf e.V.,
Hohen Neuendorf3, Büro für tierökologische Studien, Berlin4, DELPHI IMM GmbH, Potsdam5
FT
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Asiatic honey bee Apis cerana: the decline of a valuable species
Die Asiatische Honigbiene Apis cerana: der Rückgang einer wertvollen Bienenart
Jones, Holly; Kaspar Bienefeld
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Suitability of LED lightening for honey bee flight rooms
Eignung von LED Lichtquellen zur Beleuchtung von Bienenflugräumen
Büchler, R.
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Apisculpture in Modern Art
Apiskulptur in der Gegenwartskunst
Brückne,r Dorothea
Forschungsstelle für Bienenkunde, Universität Bremen, FB 2, Hochschulring 16, D-28334 Bremen
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Abstracts
Hauptvortrag
„Zukunft Biene“ – an integrative research initiative for honeybee health
„Zukunft Biene“ – eine integrative Forschungsinitiative zur Bienengesundheit
Crailsheim, Karl; Ulrike Riessberger-Gallé, Javier Hernández-López, Wolfgang Schuehly, Eslam
Omar, Robert Brodschneider
Inst. f. Zoologie, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010 Graz
The apparent aggravation of the health status of honeybees has prompted the European Union in
2013 to launch a two-year moratorium for the application of certain neonicotinoid pesticides in
the field. At the same time and as a proactive measure, the Austrian life ministery and Austrian
beekeeper association have issued a three-year grant for a comprehensive research initiative with
a focus on honeybee health. The strategy of this project is to combine basic and applied research
to shed light on apparent honeybee health issues, such as colony losses, but also to closely
interact with beekeepers in order to translate new insights into an improvement of the honeybee
health status in Austria. In an assessment of epidemiological data, one major part of the project
thrives at disclosing relationships between land-use and climate factors and weather conditions,
respectively, that are affecting honeybee winter colony losses in Austria. Besides, in a large-scale
monitoring program, the diversity of pollen sources and the influence of an unbalanced pollen diet
on certain physiological parameters is evaluated. Another subproject within “Zukunft Biene” deals
with strategies of the honeybee to combat diseases. During the first year of the project, pathfinding experiments in the fields of cumulative effects of sublethal pesticide exposure on
honeybee survival, flight performance measured in a roundabout, as well as on learning behavior
were carried out. The results of these experiments will be discussed in a broader context that
includes insights from immunological experiments with honeybees and related fitness cost
considerations attained at the Institute of Zoology in Graz over the past several years.
E-Mail des korrespondierenden Autors: [email protected]
Keywords Zukunft Biene, colony loss, bee health, nutrition
Kurzvorträge
Abstracts innerhalb der Kapitel in alphabetischer Reihenfolge nach dem Erst-Autor.
1. Pflanzenschutz und Bestäubung
Is there an impact on the vitality of honeybees due to chronic feeding of a
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pesticide mixture in field realistic concentrations?
Hat die Fütterung eines Pflanzenschutzmittelcocktails in feldrealistischen Konzentrationen einen
Einfluss auf die Vitalität von Honigbienen?
Böhme, Franziska; Gabriela Bischoff, Klaus Wallner
Residue analyses of the beebread give an impression of which active ingredients honeybee
colonies are confronted with. However these data do not consider that part of the pollen that is
consumed before storage. Furthermore there is a mixture of contaminated and non-contaminated
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pollen loads as there is no homogenization inside the hive. These problems can be overcome by
the use of pollen traps allowing a residue analysis in daily time intervals.
To simulate a worst case situation for the intake of active ingredients we used daily samples from
pollen traps of a beekeeper near Ertingen, a region of intensive agriculture in BadenWürttemberg. The samples were analyzed with highly sensitive chromatographic methods.
Mixtures of different pesticides in various concentrations at different times have been found.
However, most of the concentrations were below the LD50 (oral) for honeybees.
To analyze possible synergistic or additive effects of this pesticide cocktail we designed a feeding
experiment with free flying colonies based on the residue analyses of the pollen trap samples.
Mini-Plus hives with sister queens and about 3000 bees were used. One treatment group and two
control groups with each four colonies were established. Every colony received a honey-pollenpastry, enriched with either a pesticide cocktail, a reference substance (control 1) or no additives
(control 2). Feeding started when the queens started egg laying and continued once the bees had
hatched in order to simulate a chronic exposure to pesticides in subliminal concentrations. A
certain number of freshly hatched worker bees from each colony were individually marked and
several physiological parameters were analyzed. First results indicate significant differences of
larval weight, acini diameter of the hypopharyngeal glands and lifespan among treated and control
colonies.
Keywords pollen, pesticides, mixture, fieldrealistic concentrations
The impact of thiacloprid, imidacloprid and clothianidin on individual honey bee immunity
Der Einfluss von Thiacloprid, Imidacloprid und Clothianidin auf die Immunkompetenz von
Honigbienen
Brandt, A.; Siede, R., Meixner, M., Büchler, R.
For successful beekeeping we need healthy and resilient honey bee colonies. In recent years
however, extensive colony losses occurred. The main cause of colony death is assumed to be the
parasitic varroa mite that not only feeds on the bees but also transmits a number of harmful
diseases. For the health of honey bees, it is crucial to have strong defence mechanisms against
those parasitic infections and diseases. This defence can be weakened by environmental factors
that may leave the bees more vulnerable for parasites and pathogens.
We study the impact of agricultural chemicals on honey bee health. In detail, we investigated
sublethal effects of neonicotinoids on individual immunity. We studied the effects of thiacloprid,
imidacloprid, and clothianidin on hemocyte number, fat body mass, and wound healing ability of
individual worker bees. In laboratory experiments, thiacloprid had a significant effect on total
hemocyte count (control: n = 37; 0,2 mg/l thiacloprid: n = 45; 2 mg/l thiacloprid n = 34; Kruskal–
Wallis test, p < 0,0001; control vs. 0,2 mg/l thiacloprid: Mann-Whitney U; p = 0,003; control vs. 2
mg/l thiacloprid: Mann-Whitney U, p < 0,0001;). Imidacloprid reduced the total hemocyte count
compared to control bees (control: n = 34; 1 µg/l imidacloprid: n = 35; 10 µg/l imidacloprid;
Kruskal-Wallis, p = 0,049; control vs. 1 µg/l imidacloprid: Mann-Whitney U, p = 0,035; control vs.
10 µg/l imidacloprid Mann-Whitney U, p = 0,032. Only high concentrations of clothianidin had a
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significant effect on hemocyte density (Kruskal-Wallis, p = 0,029; control vs. 200µg/l clothianidin:
Mann-Whitney U, p = 0,002).
Our data will contribute to a better understanding of the complex and multi-causal colony losses
and may help to establish indicators for the health status in order to avoid bee damage in practice.
Keywords neonicotinoids, immunsystem, hemocyte count, fat body mass, wound healing
The ABO project, part two – Non-Apis: effects of oilseed rape grown from clothianidin-treated
seeds on bumblebees and mason bees
Das ABO-Projekt, Teil 2 – Non-Apis: Auswirkungen von mit Clothianidin saatgutbehandeltem Raps
auf Hummeln und Mauerbienen
1
1
1
1
Dietzsch, Anke Christiane ; Nadine Kunz , Malte Frommberger , Ina Patrizia Wirtz , Matthias
2
3
4
5
6
1
Stähler , Klaus Wallner , Ingrid Illies , Winfried Dyrba , Abdulrahim Alkassab , Jens Pistorius
Julius Kühn-Institute, Institute for Plant Protection in Field Crops and Grassland1, Julius Kühn-Institute, Institute
for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection2, Apicultural State Institute, University
Hohenheim3, Bavarian State Institute for Viniculture and Horticulture, Department of Honey Bee Research &
Beekeeping4, Beekeeping State Association Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Beekeeping Centre Bantin5, RuhrUniversität Bochum, Department for Biology and Biotechnology, Bochum6
In recent years neonicotinoids have been considered to impact health and performance of crop
pollinators. The aim of this project was to assess potential risks of rape (Brassica napus) grown
from clothianidin-treated seeds to commercial pollinators. In this paper we present results for
“Non-Apis” bees.
Field and semi-field experiments were carried out in Germany in 2014. Study sites were spatially
replicated and contained flowering rape fields, which was grown from seeds coated either with or
without clothianidin (treatment versus control). Commercially sourced bumblebee colonies
(Bombus terrestris) and red mason bees (Osmia bicornis) in trap nests were set up along field
margins and in tents. Bees were allowed to forage for 25 days on average; multiple variables were
recorded during and after exposure.
Flight activity of bumblebees did not differ between treatment and control sites, neither in the
field nor in the semi-field. Adult bumblebees did not die more frequently at treatment sites. The
number of cells containing bumblebee eggs, larvae and pupae increased with time but did not
differ between treatment and control; neither did we detect a significant difference in the number
of offspring queens. Clothianidin residues in nectar and pollen taken from treatment colonies did
not exceed 3.0 and 1.3 µg/kg respectively. For the red mason bee, flight activity, numbers of
produced cells per female and weights of cocoons did not significantly differ between treatment
and control. At treatment sites we measured a maximum of 5.9 and 7.2 µg/kg clothianidin in
pollen and cell walls respectively.
Although bees were directly exposed to the pesticide, clothianidin concentrations were low and
did not cause any detectable detrimental effect on activity and reproduction of the investigated
species. However, overwintering success has yet to be analysed.
Keywords: Bombus terrestris; Osmia bicornis; neonicotinoid; pesticides; seed coating
Seite 21
Cyantraniliprole: Low risk for bees resulting from seed treatment use in oilseed rape
Cyantraniliprole: Geringes Risiko für Bienen als Saatgutbeizmittel für Raps
Dinter, Axel; Alan Samel
DuPont de Nemours (Deutschland) GmbH, Hugenottenallee 175, D-63263 Neu-Isenburg
Cyantraniliprole is an anthranilic diamide insecticide to control a cross-spectrum of chewing and
sucking pests. Cyantraniliprole is a systemic insecticide and mobile via xylem. Oilseed rape seed
treatment with Cyantraniliprole 625 g/L FS (DuPontTM Lumiposa®) at 50 µg a.s./seed provides
excellent pest control in young emerging rape. Cyantraniliprole 625 g/L FS is registered for use in
rape in USA and Canada.
No increased honeybee and bumblebee mortality was determined in the oral acute toxicity test at
maximum water solubility level of cyantraniliprole (about 0.01 g/L) indicating a low risk potential
for bees via systemic plant exposure routes. Cyantraniliprole shows rapid decline in soil with DT50
values ranging between 13-87 days with no potential for accumulation in soil from repeated uses
according to cyantraniliprole labels. Cyantraniliprole residue can be found in guttation droplets of
young emerging rape plants, but the cyantraniliprole concentrations in guttation droplets show a
rapid decline. No residues of cyantraniliprole metabolites were detected in any rape guttation
liquid samples. Oral risk assessments indicate low risk for bees resulting from the potential
cyantraniliprole uptake via guttation liquid. Cyantraniliprole residues or residues of plant
metabolites were not detected in pollen or nectar of flowering summer or winter rape or in bee
matrices like honey or wax. Honeybee colonies exposed next to flowering winter oilseed rape
seed-treated with cyantraniliprole and honeybee colonies exposed to control field in Germany and
France confirmed the safe use of cyantraniliprole.
Based on available data it is unlikely that the intended use of cyantraniliprole as oilseed rape seed
treatment will have any unacceptable effects on bees resulting from systemic exposure (guttation
droplets, nectar or pollen) or from dust drift during drilling.
Keywords Cyantraniliprole, insecticide, seed treatment, rape, honeybee
Comparison of chronic and acute thiacloprid application on the walking behavior of bees
Vergleich von chronischer und akuter Thiaclopridgabe auf das Laufverhalten von Bienen
Fischer, Johannes; Marie Heß, Bernd Grünewald
Institut für Bienenkunde, Karl von Frisch Weg 2, D-61440 Oberursel
Neonicotinoids are a class of insecticides that is widely used to control pest insects. They act on
the nervous system of insects and thereby affect the individual behavior and activity of honey
bees. Honey bees encounter these substances during foraging and it has been shown that
neonicotinoids can influence flight activity and orientation as well as muscle activity after acute
feeding. To further analyze these effects, we studied the impact of the neonicotinoid thiacloprid
on walking activity in the laboratory. For this a circular glass arena was used as a controlled
environment, illuminated with red light and with enough space to allow walking but not flying. We
compared the walked distances before and after feeding thiacloprid (or sucrose solution as a
control). Young bees caught from the comb were individually placed into the arena and the
walking traces were acquired by a video camera to measure the walked distance for a period of
Seite 22
two minutes. The bees were derived from small hives (MiniPlus) located under flight tents which
were fed with Apiinvert (control) or Apiinvert with 5,000 ppb thiacloprid for more than six weeks.
The young bees were first collected after three weeks to ensure that they developed under a
chronic thiacloprid influence. All bees (from control or treated hives) received a single oral
administration of thiacloprid (1/20 of the LD50: 0.73 µg in 10 µl sugar water). Our data showed
that bees from chronically fed hives walked shorter distances as compared to bees from untreated
hives. In addition, acute thiacloprid feeding significantly reduced the walking distance of bees from
control hives but not from chronically fed hives. Thus, we show a similar influence of a chronic
treatment with thiacloprid as compared to a single application of the neonicotinoid.
Keywords neonicotinoids, thiacloprid, movement
The ABO project, part one – Apis: effects of oilseed rape grown from clothianidin-treated seeds
on honeybees
Das ABO-Projekt, Teil 1 – Apis: Auswirkungen von mit Clothianidin saatgutbehandeltem Raps auf
Honigbienen
1
1
1
1
Kunz, Nadine ; Anke Christiane Dietzsch , Malte Frommberger , Ina Patrizia Wirtz , Matthias
2
3
4
5
6
1
Stähler , Eva Frey , Ingrid Illies , Winfried Dyrba , Abdulrahim Alkassab , Jens Pistorius
Julius Kühn-Institute, Institute for Plant Protection in Field Crops and Grassland2, Julius Kühn-Institute, Institute
for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection3, Apicultural State Institute, University
Hohenheim4, Bavarian State Institute for Viniculture and Horticulture, Department of Honey Bee Research &
Beekeeping5, Beekeeping State Association Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Beekeeping Centre Bantin6, RuhrUniversität Bochum, Department for Biology and Biotechnology, Bochum
This project aims to evaluate potential risks of oilseed rape grown from clothianidin-treated seed
to honeybees as well as other pollinators (bumblebees, solitary bees). Field trials and semi-field
trials were conducted in five German federal states in spring 2014. Effects on the mortality,
development and reproduction of the bees were investigated and evaluated for both “Apis” and
“Non-Apis” bees. In this paper, we show first results for “Apis” bees.
Four strong honeybees colonies (Apis mellifera) were placed adjacent to flowering oilseed rape
(Brassica napus variety SHERPA® or AVATAR®), with small bumblebee colonies and solitary bees in
their next vicinity. This setup was repeated at five treated fields (seed coating included
clothianidin, ELADO ®) and five control fields (seed coating without clothianidin). In addition four
tents were set up in each field, each tent containing one small honeybee colony, two small
bumblebee colonies and trap nests with solitary bees. The bees were exposed to flowering
oilseed-rape for three weeks. Honeybee mortality, flight activity and brood development were
regularly assessed before, during and after exposure. Overwintering success of honeybee colonies
is going to be assessed in spring 2015. Samples of nectar and honey as well as pollen and bee
bread were regularly collected from foragers and within the hives and analysed. Clothianidin
residues in nectar and pollen did not exceed 2.9/1.0 and 1.8/3.2 µg/kg (field/semi-field)
respectively. First results show no differences between treatment and control hives in any of the
measured parameters.
Keywords Apis mellifera, honeybees, neonicotinoid, pesticides, seed coating
Seite 23
Large-scale field study of seasonal effects of clothianidin-dressed oilseed rape on honeybees
(Apis mellifera) in Northern Germany
Ergebnisse einer großangelegten Feldstudie zu möglichen Langzeitwirkungen Clothianidingebeizten Rapssaatguts auf Honigbienen (Apis mellifera) in Norddeutschland
1
1
Rolke, Daniel ; Bernd Grünewald , Wolfgang Blenau
1,2
Institut für Bienenkunde Oberursel, Polytechnische Gesellschaft, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main,
Oberursel, Germany1, Zoological Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany2
We investigated possible effects of Elado-dressed oilseed rape (OSR) on honeybee colonies in a
large-scale monitoring project in Mecklenburg-West Pomerania in 2014. In this region, OSR is
usually cultivated at 25-33% of the arable land.
A control and a treatment site of ~65 km2 each were selected. For each site, 6 study locations
were selected and 8 honeybee hives were placed at each location. In each site, 3 locations were
directly adjacent to OSR fields, 3 locations were situated 400 m apart from the nearest OSR field.
The distances between control and treatment sites were at least 3 km. Thus, 96 hives were
exposed to fully flowering OSR crops on 22 April 2014. Colony sizes and weights, the amount of
honey harvested and the infection with various diseases and parasites were monitored between
April and September 2014. The percentage of OSR pollen was determined in collected pollen and
harvested honey. Residue analyses were performed for pollen, nectar and honey from each
colony. After OSR blossom, hives were transferred to an extensively used area in Hesse for post
exposure monitoring.
The total numbers of adult bees and brood cells showed typical fluctuations and no differences
between the sites. The honey, which was extracted at the end of the exposure phase, contained
62.0-83.5% OSR pollen. This identifies OSR as the major nectar source during exposure. No
clothianidin residues were detected in samples from colonies of the control site. Clothianidin
concentrations in samples from the treatment site were below the limit of quantification in nectar
and pollen and 1.4±0.5 µg/kg in honey. Varroa destructor infestation was low during most of the
course of the study but increased at the end of the study.
Honeybee colonies foraging in clothianidin-dressed OSR did not show any detrimental symptoms
as compared to colonies foraging in clothianidin-free OSR. Development of colony strengths,
brood success as well as honey yields and pathogen infections were unaffected during this field
study.
Keywords: bee health, colony development, monitoring study, neonicotinoid, risk assessment
Seite 24
Not enough royal jelly? The effect of the neonicotinoid clothianidin on hypopharyngeal gland
size and larval development in honey bee
SB
Nicht genug Futtersaft? Der Effekt des Neonicotinoids Clothianidin auf die Futtersaftdrüse und
Brutentwicklung in Honigbienen
Sandmann, M.; Schott, M, Düring, R.-A., Büchler, R., Brandt, A.
Honey bees are highly social insects, with labor division and intensive brood care. Nurse bees
produce rojal jelly in the hypopharyngeal gland (HPG) to feed larvae, young workers, and the
queen. Neonicotinod pesticides are known to change the behavior and physiology of individual
honey bees. Up to now it is not clear, whether neonicotinoids also effect more complex, social
interactions in the bee hive. In laboratory experiments we found that treatment of nurse bees
with the neonicotinoid clothianidin resulted in reduced HPG size. We wanted to study the effect of
clothianidin on HPG size and brood development in a more field realistic experimental setting. We
choose mating nucs based on the hypothesis that a smaller number of individuals would have
fewer capacities to buffer possible effects of neonicotinoids compared to a whole colony.
Over a period of seven weeks starting in July, 20 colonies were exposed to three different
concentrations of clothianidin and one control under field conditions (Kirchhain, Germany). Each
week the colonies received 400ml of sugar syrup without clothianidin (control), 1µg/l clothianidin,
10µg/l clothianidin, or 100 µg/l clothianidin. Every treatment was replicated five times. Each week
we collected royal jelly, larvae, and adult worker bees. At the beginning of the experiment, we
placed newly hatched and marked worker bees in the hives and collected them for HPG-dissection
after ten days. All samples were immediately placed on ice and stored at -20°C. To assess brood
development, we took pictures of every comb on every side, and sample day. RNA of larvae and
HPGs was isolated and analyzed it with qPCR to check the gene expressions of metabolic and
immune relevant genes. We analyzed the pictures of the combs with the open source software
imageJ (Fiji), that we adapted for specific brood-assessment.
Keywords clothianidin, hypopharyngeal gland, brood development
Performance of Honeybee Colonies after Long-term Exposure
to Clothianidin-treated Food
Leistungsfähigkeit von Honigbienenvölkern nach Langzeitfütterung mit Clothianidin behandelter
Nahrung
Siede, R.; Meixner, M., Almanza, M. T., Büchler, R.
Clothianidin (CLO) is a neonicotinoid with high intrinsic toxicity to adult bees. It is used as seed
dressing for the control of early occurring pests of crops. Bees might get exposed to residues of
the active substance relocated within the xylem to the nectarines and the anthers. Therefore,
depending on the potential residue levels of CLO in plants a chronic exposure of bees cannot be
excluded. The study presented here was undertaken with the goal to test potential effects of two
concentrations of CLO on the performance of bee colonies. In June 2014, 24 colonies were
established from shook swarms which were queened with closely related queens. The colonies
Seite 25
were migrated to an experimental yard in a cropland area entailing natural nectar resource
scarcity. Colonies were divided in two control and two treatment groups consisting of 6 colonies
each. From the beginning of June till the middle of August treatment groups received four times 5 l
syrup spiked with 10 ppb CLO and 50 ppb CLO. Negative control (NC) colonies were fed with sugar
syrup alone. Colonies of the positive control (PC) had 200 ppb CLO in the food. Further 10 l syrup
without CLO was fed per hive to ensure sufficient stores to carry them over winter. Regularly the
colonies were assessed with respect to mortality, colony strength, the number of brood cells, the
weight, and the parazitation with Varroa destructor and Nosema spec.. Colonies were sampled for
analysis of CLO residues. Data were statistically analyzed with the procedure glm repeated in spss.
Each colony was considered as replicate. For the first three assessment dates differences in
number of bees and number of brood cells between treatments and NC were statistically not
significant (p=0.9 and p=0.06 resp.). All PC colonies collapsed within several weeks. Further
assessment after overwintering 2014 / 2015 will be evaluated with the objective to evaluate
possible effects of long-term exposure.
Keywords Clothianidin, colony, neonicotinoid, effect
Delayed pesticide influence: spring-applied agro-chemicals affect
winter bees parasitized by Varroa destructor.
Verzögerter Einfluss von Pestiziden: Varroa destructor parasitierte Winterbienen werden im
Frühling stärker durch Pestizidbehandlungen beeinflusst.
1
1
4
SB
1
Straub, Lars ; Geoffrey Williams , Kitiphong Khongphinitbunjong , Gina Retschnig , Panuwan
4
2
1, 3
Chantawannakul , Vincent Dietemann , Peter Neumann
Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland1, Swiss Bee Research Centre,
Agroscope Liebefeld-Posieux Research Station ALP2, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of
Pretoria, South Africa3, Bee Protection Center, Chiang Mai University, Thailand4
The ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor (=Vd) and agricultural pesticides can have drastic effects
on honey bee, Apis mellifera, health; however, possible combined effect of pesticides and Vd have
so far been unexplored. Here, we evaluate the impact of both thiamethoxam and Vd on individual
workers alone and in combination on sub-lethal (body mass) and lethal (longevity) effects. These
parameters were measured under simultaneous and time-lag exposure / parasitism scenarios,
representing realistic field situations. The fully-crossed experiment was carried out in midsummer and late fall to understand possible seasonal effects. Queenright colonies of similar
strength (N=20) were randomly allocated to one of two treatments (non-pesticide or pesticide).
After 8 (summer) and 16 weeks (fall), emerging workers from all colonies were individually
screened for mite infestations and transferred to cages (N=3 each colony with 10 workers) to test
survival and body weight. In summer, longevity is significantly reduced by Vd, but not by
thiamethoxam. Bees from the combined treatment showed identical mortality rates as seen in the
Vd treatment. However, body mass in summer of Vd and thiamethoxam exposed bees was
significantly lower compared to all other treatments. Pesticide treatments alone had no significant
influence when compared to the controls; however, Vd groups showed reduced body mass
measures significantly lower than control and pesticide but not as severe as in the combined
treatment. In sharp contrast, fall bees exposed to both mites and thiamethoxam showed
significantly reduced longevity when compared to all other treatments from summer and fall.
Seite 26
Furthermore, our body mass results from both Varroa and Varroa-Pesticide treatment are
significantly lower from the same treatments in the summer. Our data suggest serious and
seasonal implications of combined mite-pesticide exposure, which might be relevant to honey bee
colony survival over winter.
Keywords Thiamethoxam, Varroa destructor, seasonal effects
Colony-level interactions between insecticides and varroosis
Interaktionen zwischen Insektiziden und Varroosis auf Ebene des Bienenvolkes
1
1
1
2
2
Wegener, Jakob ; Haike Ruhnke , Kathrin Milchreit , Günter Kamp , Sebastian Mispagel , M.
3
1
Barth , Kaspar Bienefeld
Länderinstitut für Bienenkunde Hohen Neuendorf e.V., D-16540 Hohen Neuendorf1, AMP-Lab GmbH,
Becherweg 9-11, D-55128 Mainz2, BioChem agrar GmbH, Kupferstraße 6, 04827 Machern3
Pesticides and Varroa destructor, together with accompanying viruses, are often suspected of
synergistically damaging honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies. At the level of the individual bee,
several cases of such interactions have been characterized. Here we investigated whether they
also show at the level of the bee colony, and how they physiologically come about. In May-June,
54 colonies were fed for one week with sucrose solution that was pure or contained high
concentrations of either the insect growth regulator fenoxycarb or the neurotoxic insecticide
imidacloprid. At this time, mite infestation level was still low in most colonies (natural mitefall <
2/week). Colony development as well as natural mite fall was monitored until the next spring, and
indicators of immune status, worker jelly composition, and several other physiological functions
were measured from samples taken in June and August (starting 8 days and ending 3 months after
pesticide administration). Results show a significant (P<0.05) effect of Varroa infestation during
autumn and insecticide treatment on the number of bees after overwintering, but no interaction
between these factors. The interaction appears stronger if initial mite infestation (before pesticide
exposure) is considered. Fenoxycarb appears to have retarded the buildup of Varroa-populations
in early summer, possibly because of its effect on honeybee brood quantity. Several of the
physiological/biochemical indicators reacted to pesticide treatments, and some interactions with
Varroosis were detected. We conclude that, at least at the low level of mite pressure prevailing in
our experiment, synergistic interactions between varroosis and temporally limited exposure to
imidacloprid and fenoxycarb have moderate repercussions on colony strength and physiology. In
the case of fenoxycarb, an antagonistic effect even seems more likely.
Keywords Varroa destructor, Apis mellifera, imidacloprid, fenoxycarb, interaction
Seite 27
2. Bienenprodukte
Determination of the amount of monofloral honey in
honey mixtures (cornflower-lime)
Bestimmung des Sortenhoniganteils in Mischhonigen (Kornblume-Linde)
SB
Beitlich, N.; A. Böswetter, S. Bergmann, K. Speer
Professur für Spezielle Lebensmittelchemie und Lebensmittelproduktion, Technische Universität Dresden,
Bergstraße 66, D-01069 Dresden
Monofloral honeys are becoming more and more popular among consumers due to the unique
individuality of their aroma and taste, therefore clearly attaining higher prices than the common
polyfloral honeys. Thus, the purity of monofloral honeys is of major importance. So far, besides
organoleptic properties, the microscopic pollen analysis is the method of choice which, however,
has a number of disadvantages. Hence, the International Honey Commission requested alternative
methods for honey authentication. Recently, the analysis of secondary plant substances has
achieved promising results. Hereby, monofloral honey determination is based on marker
compounds. Our working group has successfully established a UHPLC-PDA-MS/MS method for
nonvolatile compounds and an HS-SPME-GC/MS method for volatiles (Beitlich et al. (2014), J.
Agric. Food Chem., 62: 6435-6444).
In the present study, a mathematical model for the estimation of the amount of monofloral honey
in mixed honey derived from two main botanical origins (cornflower and lime) was developed.
Applying the proposed criteria, samples of cornflower and lime were confirmed according to their
declaration. Among the honeys declared as cornflower-lime mixed honey, only one of six samples
could be proved as mixture whereas the remaining ones were classified as lime honey.
This specific model allowed for obtaining quantitative information of the amount of monofloral
honey in cornflower-lime mixed honeys.
Keywords honey mixtures, UHPLC-PDA-MS/MS, HS-SPME-GC/MS
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Swiss Pollen
Pyrrolizidin Alakloide im Schweizer Pollen
1
1
1
2
2
Kast, Christina ; Matteo Lucchetti , Verena Kilchenmann , Arne Dübecke , Gudrun Beckh , Hans
3
3
Reinhard , Otmar Zoller
Swiss Bee Research Centre, Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Berne, Switzerland1, Quality Services
International GmbH, 28199 Bremen, Germany2, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, Risk Assessment,
Schwarzenburgstrasse 165, 3003 Berne, Switzerland3
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are toxic plant compounds that can be found in bee products. PAs can
be a potential health risk for consumers of pollen. We analyzed the PA content of twenty five
commercially available pollen samples of the production years 2011 or 2014 produced in
Switzerland. The PA concentration was determined by target analysis using an HPLC-MS/MSsystem, allowing the detection of 18 different PAs and PA-N-oxides that have been found for
example in the genera Echium, Eupatorium and Senecio. Twenty eight percent of the pollen
samples contained PAs ranging from 15 mg/kg to 1185 mg/kg dried pollen. We aimed to
Seite 28
determine which plants are responsible for the PA contamination of pollen and when the bees
collect contaminated pollen. Therefore, we collected pollen from April to September of 2012 and
2013 once a week at two locations where Echium vulgare was growing, one location north of the
Alps near Basel and one south of the Alps in the Verzasca valley. Echium-type PAs were detected
in pollen samples during the blooming season of Echium vulgare starting early June till mid of July.
Furthermore, Eupatorium-type PAs were detected in pollen samples collected from mid of July till
August, when Eupatorium cannabinum plants were blooming in the vicinity of the beehives.
Senecio-type PAs were also detected at lower concentrations at various time points. Thus, these
plants may be relevant for PA contamination of bee collected pollen. Beekeepers can avoid
contamination of pollen with Eupatorium-type PAs if they stop collecting pollen before mid of July.
On the other hand, it is more difficult to avoid Echium-type PAs in pollen. Echium plants are
sometimes intentionally planted by beekeepers close to the bee hives as bee forage plants.
Beekeepers may plant other type of forage plants and try to limit Echium plants around the bee
hives in order to minimize PA contamination of pollen and honey. Echium should also be avoided
in seed mixtures for wild flower strips and field margins.
Keywords Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids; pollen; Echium vulgare; Eupatorium cannabinum
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Honey
Pyrrolizidinalkloide in Honig
Keuth, Oliver
Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Münsterland-Emscher-Lippe- AöR, Joseph-König-Str. 40, D-48147
Münster
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) are secondary plant metabolites. They are generated by the plants as
defensive compounds against herbivores. PA are widespread substances in the plant kingdom in
an estimate of 6000 plant species, these are 6 % of the flowering plants worldwide. These plants
generally belong to one of these plant families within the angiopserms: Asteraceae, Boraginaceae
and Fabaceae.
The pathway of PA into food and feed is identical, based on the current stage of knowledge. The
PA end up in the food-chain via parts of PA containing plants. In honey the PA came from the
pollen which is collected by the bees. Based on annex 2 section I of the German regulation about
honey, pollen is a characteristic component of honey, and it is not allowed to remove/withdraw
characteristic components.
Official maximum residue levels (MRL) or other regulations do not exist for foodstuffs. Neither on
European level nor on national level in Germany. Only for pharmaceutical products regulations are
set up since 1992 in Germany. The only lead for honey are given by two scientific opinions from
2011, one by the CONTAM panel of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and one by the
German federal institute for risk assessment (BfR).
More than 600 individual PA are known and relevant for the analysis but only 29 substances can
be purchased commercially as analytical standards. The method of analysis at the CVUA-MEL is LCMS/MS. But currently no standardized or official reference methods exist.
Seite 29
Based on literature and own analyses PA are not a general problem in honey produced by local
bee keepers in Germany. In some cases (depending on e.g. climate, place of the beehive etc.) it
could reach to different levels of PA in honey. But these levels are low compared to levels in honey
from third countries outside the EU.
Email des korrespondierenden Autors: [email protected]
Keywords Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, Honey, LC-MS/MS
Melezitose Content of Honeydew from different Hemipterans on Fir (Abies alba) and Spruce
(Picea abies)
Melezitosegehalt im Honigtau verschiedener Schnabelkerfen auf Tanne (Abies alba) und Fichte
(Picea abies)
1
1
Schroeder, Annette ; Steffen Tippmann , Gertrud Lohaus
2
Apicultural State Institute, University of Hohenheim, D-70599 Stuttgart1, Molecular Plant Research/
Plantbiochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, D-42119 Wuppertal2
Honeydew honey is produced from excretions of various hemipterous insects as they feed on their
respective host plant. In Germany, one of the most valuable honeys is honeydew honey from fir
(Abies alba). Honeydew contains a more complex mixture of sugars than nectar and honeydew
honey has an appreciably higher amount of reducing disaccharides and sugars than floral honey. A
peculiarity of certain honeydew honeys is the presence of the trisaccharide melezitose, which is
not found in floral honeys. Melezitose is known to crystallize very fast, usually already within the
honey comb. It is nearly impossible to extract honey from these crystallized combs and therefore,
honeydew with high melezitose contents represents a serious problem for the beekeeping
practice. So far, a quantification of the melezitose content of different honeydews in relation to
the honeydew producing hemipteran species and the respective host plant is lacking.
We therefore collected 53 honeydew droplets directly from two Coccidae species (Physokermes
piceae and Physokermes hemicryphus) and from three Lachninae species (Cinara pilicornis, Cinara
piceae and Cinara costata) located on spruce (Picea abies) and from one Lachninae species (Cinara
pectinatae) located on fir (Abies alba). These samples were analyzed using a particular HPLC
method for the quantification of low sample sizes.
Honeydew, produced by Cinara pilicornis (N=10) and Cinara piceae (N=6) located on spruce
revealed the highest proportion of melezitose (54.9 % ± 9.7 %), whereas only in two out of 6
samples of Cinara costata (N=6) located on spruce (Picea abies) melezitose was identified.
Honeydew produced by Physokermes piceae (N=4) and Physokermes hemicryphus (N=14) located
on spruce (Picea abies) and by the Lachninae species Cinara pectinatae (N=13) on fir (Abies alba)
showed negligible quantity of melezitose. This clearly shows that the sucking hemipteran and not
the host plant is responsible for the melezitose content in honeydew.
Keywords honeydew honey, hemipterans, melezitose, HPLC
Seite 30
3. Physiologie und Verhalten
Automated tracking of honeybee behaviors
Automatisches Tracking von Verhaltensweisen in Honigbienen
SB
Blut, Christina
Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Institut für Evolutionsgenetik, Universitätsstr. 1, 26.03 U1.72, D-40225
Düsseldorf
In honeybees (Apis mellifera) work is allocated amongst the thousands of worker bees within a
colony. Each worker bee performs multiple tasks within a day. The collective behaviors of these
worker bees produce colony level patterns and outcomes far exceeding the abilities of single
worker bees. We have little knowledge of how these collective behaviors are organized amongst
the colony’s members. To understand the mechanisms underlying regulation of work allocation in
honeybee colonies we must first understand the behavioral rules and social interactions regulating
individual task engagements. With data provided by an automated tracking system my aim is to
automatically identify individual task engagements and social interactions among nest mates
within the hive. To continuously monitor honeybees’ behaviors I use a tracking system originally
implemented for ants by Mersch et al. (2013). Compared to previous bee-monitoring techniques,
this study’s tracking system now allows automated and simultaneous tracking of hundreds of
individually tagged bees. For behavior analysis the tracking data is input to behavior annotating
programs providing further data that I will use to identify the behavioral rules regulating individual
bees’ activities. I will present my first tracking results and will discuss how these and following
tracking results will help to achieve a better understanding of the rules underlying regulation of
work allocation in honeybee colonies.
E-Mail korrespondierende Autorin: [email protected]
Keywords (max. 5) Apis mellifera, honeybees, behavior, tracking, social organisation
Using Diagnostic Radioentomology to trace honey cell filling and
ripening processes in honey bee colonies, Apis mellifera
Untersuchungen mit Diagnostischer Radioentomologie zu Honigreifungs- und
Einlagerungsprozessen in Honigbienenvölkern, Apis mellifera
1, 2
Eyer, Michael ; Peter Neumann
2, 3
SB
1, 3
, Vincent Dietemann
Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Center, CH-3003 Bern, Switzerland1, Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty,
University of Bern, 3003 Bern, Switzerland2, Zoology and Entomology Department, University of Pretoria,
Pretoria, South Africa3
Honey bees collect nectar and store it under the form of honey in cells within their nest. These
carbohydrate reserves are crucial to survive periods without foraging. Despite the importance of
honey for both bees and humans, the processes involved in its ripening and storage are poorly
understood. We used Diagnostic Radioentomology (DR) to measure, over time, the filling status of
individual cells and the density of their content as a proxy for sugar concentration. From the
patterns observed, we deduced the behaviour of workers which stored and ripened the nectar. DR
enables the probing of hundreds of storage cells simultaneously and non-invasively, thereby
providing data at a much higher resolution than available until now and enabling measures over
time. Over 1000 cells were measured in three colonies over 12 days. Visual inspection of density
Seite 31
patterns within individual cells revealed non-homogeneous content, suggesting that workers do
not thoroughly mix nectar during ripening. Although sugar concentration of cell content increased
steadily in most cases (69%), in some cells it fluctuated (21%), decreased (3%) or remained stable
(7%), thereby showing considerable variation between cells of a single frame. Cell filling remained
at low levels in the first 3 days and increased until capping. Our data also show that the final stage
of ripening occurs during capping. Storage rules and nectar ripening during honey production thus
appear to be more complex than previously thought. A better understanding of these processes
might ultimately help beekeepers to increase their harvests and the quality of the harvested
honey.
Keywords honey bees, Apis mellifera, nectar storage, honey ripening, diagnostic radioentomology
Documentation of the collection of Propolis by honeybees (Apis mellifera L.)
Dokumentation über das Sammeln von Propolis bei Honigbienen (Apis mellifera L.)
SB
Kretschmer, Lea; Schroeder Annette
Propolis is an apicultural term for collected plant resins which is used by honey bees for disease
resistance within their hives. Propolis is known for its antimicrobial properties and its potential to
treat human diseases. However, there is only few information available on how bees collect resins
and process it to propolis. The aim of this study was therefore to analyze the behavior of bees
foraging on resins. Furthermore, scanning electron microscope studies were used to analyze the
superfine component structures of the corbiculae of propolis collecting bees.
For the observation of resin foraging a tent (2 x 3 x 9 m) with a beehive and the two tree species
Populus Canadensis ‘Robusta‘ and Populus tremula ‘Erecta‘ was used. Film records were
performed using a reflex camera Canon 7D2 over a four week period and analyzed later on by use
of a video processing program.
The results of the film recordings show for the first time in detail the different steps for the
collection and handling of resin by foraging honey bees. Three steps of the resins forage could be
identified: (i) the pick-up of the resin by the mandibles (ii) followed by the biting and forming with
the mandibles and finally (iii) the sticking of the resin to the corbicula. A total of 55 scanning
electron microscope pictures revealed clear differences between the hairs of the Tibia and the
Tarsus and the structure of the cuticle.
A film sequence showing the behavior during propolis collection will be presented and the possible
function of the hair and cuticle structure for the handling of the sticky propolis will be discussed.
Keywords propolis, resin foragers, physical characteristics
Seite 32
Foraging effectivity of Apis mellifera is not driven by dance
communication but by resource diversity
Die Sammeleffektivität von Apis mellifera wird nicht von Tanzkommunikation sondern von
Ressourcendiversität bestimmt
SB
Nürnberger, Fabian; Stephan Härtel, Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter
Lehrstuhl für Tierökologie und Tropenbiologie, Biozentrum Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland,
D-97074 Würzburg
Dance communication helps foragers in Apis mellifera to optimize exploitation of most rewarding
resources in complex and heterogeneous resource environments and thus provides a fitness
advantage. Until now, this could not yet be shown for temperate zones with a mixture of humanmodified landscapes.
In order to investigate the impact of dance communication and habitat properties on foraging
effectivity in A. mellifera in a temperate zone, 8 landscapes of 2km radius differing in resource
diversity and density were selected around Würzburg, Germany. Habitat composition, flower
diversity and flower cover was determined in each landscape. A total of 24 hives of A. mellifera
that were designed to disrupt waggle dance communication were placed into these landscapes.
Hives were rotated between landscapes every 4 days for a total of 8 times in order to test every
hive in each landscape and to keep foragers naïve in respect of resource locations. On a
randomized basis waggle dance orientation was allowed or disrupted for each of the experimental
hives at a landscape. In each test round hives were weighted on day 1 and 4 to keep track of
changes in nectar storages.
Nectar uptake rates of hives, measured as relative daily weight gain, in which waggle dances were
disrupted (0.089% in mean) was not significantly different from those of hives where dances were
undisturbed (0.172% in mean; F4=1.234, p=0.268). Main driver of resource uptake rates was the
resource diversity within landscapes (F5=14.424, p=0.0002).
In simple agricultural landscapes that provide sufficient forage communicating resource locations
seems not to be a crucial feature for in-hive organization and nectar foraging success in A.
mellifera. The negative effect of resource diversity on foraging effectivity suggests that individual
foragers are challenged by more complex landscapes.
Mail des korrespondierenden Autors: [email protected]
Keywords: landscape ecology, waggle dance, diversity, foraging, honey bee
Differential olfactory conditioning of in vitro reared honey bees
Differentielle olfaktorische Konditionierung von in vitro gezüchteten Honigbienen
SB
Steijven, Karin; Johannes Spaethe, Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter, Stephan Härtel
Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074
Würzburg
In vitro rearing of honey bee larvae is a powerful tool for ecotoxicological studies on individual
bees. It enables to fully standardize the rearing environment and the supplied defined food to the
brood. Moreover, it is possible to apply treatments at very young larval stage; when honey bees
are theoretically most vulnerable. However few studies exist that compare in vitro reared bees
with their in vivo reared counterparts. Here we tested the learning ability of in vitro reared honey
Seite 33
bees in a differential olfactory conditioning experiment. We evaluated whether bees reared with
different amounts of artificial diet showed the same learning performance and memory formation
compared to in vivo reared bees. Additionally we took morphometric measures and reconstructed
brain volumes of all tested groups. Even though in vitro reared honey bees were slightly smaller
than their in hive counterparts in terms of body size and head width, their brains had the same
size. There seems to be a trade off during the development of the honey bee ensuring a fully
developed brain. Moreover, we showed that in vitro reared bees perform as well as, if not better
than, in vivo reared bees in a differential conditioning experiment. The combination of in vitro
rearing and olfactory conditioning enables researchers to design manipulative experiments in the
youngest, most vulnerable development stages of honey bees to investigate potential
downstream effects on learning and memory.
Keywords Differential conditioning, in vitro rearing, Proboscis Extension Respons
Trehalose content in the alimentary tract of honeybees after inverted sugar syrup feeding
Trehalose-Gehalt im Verdauungstrakt der Biene nach fütterung mit Invertzuckerlösung.
Titěra, Dalibor; Hana Vinšová
Bee Research Institute at Dol, Máslovice – Dol 94, 252 66 Libčice nad Vltavou, Czech Republic
Honey in the nutrition of colony during the winter may be particularly supplied by industrial food.
Producers sometimes declare advantage of feeding with inverted syrups. The target of the study
was to contribute to the assessment of the commercial inverted food for winter feeding of bees.
The study was carried out by comparison of commercial syrup based on sucrose, glucose and
fructose (further Syrup), solution of sucrose (further Sucrose) and honey. The experiments were
performed with the colonies of Apis mellifera carnica. Field experiments: the honeybees were fed
during August and September 2013. Bees were kept and wintered in standard wooden double-side
hives. Bees used for the analyses were collected from hives in February 2014 before cleaning
flight. Cage experiments: the group of 100 young bees were used for the cage studies. Bees were
fed with Syrup, honey and Sucrose for 14 days. The experiments were carried out in a thermostat
at 25 ± 1 ºC and relative humidity 55 ± 5 %. Differences in chemical composition of sugar stores,
content of the honey stomach and excrements of trial groups of bees fed with Sucrose and Syrup
show that processing of both feeding solutions did not have the same result. Disaccharides of
maltose and trehalose were surprisingly found in the alimentary tract of bees after feeding with
the commercial inverted Syrup. Maltose was also found in combs in the bee colony. The
excrements of bees fed with Syrup also comprised crystals of trehalose. It has to be further
clarified whether the trehalose crystals found in the excrements of bees are a symptom of
extraordinary burden for the bee or not.
Keywords bee feeding, trehalose, syrup, excrements, alimentary tract
Seite 34
4. Bienenpathologie
MAQS thoroughly tested – A 4-years-study of different application forms of formic acid
MAQS im Praxistest – Eine 4-jährige Studie zum Einsatz von Ameisensäure in unterschiedlichen
Applikationsformen
Aumeier, P.; Beinert P., Kirchner W.H.
Ruhr-University Bochum, Faculty of biology and biotechnology
Effective reduction of the Varroa destructor population just before breeding of winter bees in
September/October is a prerequisite for sustainably healthy Apis mellifera colonies. Formic acid
(FA) is an indispensable component of successful treatment strategies in such breeding colonies.
However, the narrow therapeutic range and the extreme variable efficacy of FA, depending on
ambient microclimatic and within-hive conditions, require a carefully tuned mode of application.
Mite Away Quick StripsTM (MAQSTM), with its new FA short-term delivery method in gel
formulation might open up a new approach in this problem area.
In field trials, we tested MAQS, in comparison to four established types of FA-applicators emitting
60% or 85% FA in a total of 319 colonies. Treatments were carried out once or twice at apiaries in
North Rhine-Westphalia from August till October 2011 to 2014. Effectiveness of FA was assessed
by a control treatment with oxalic acid in broodless colonies. Moreover, to evaluate the
compatibility of different treatments, we assessed bee mortality (by use of death traps in front of
the bee hives), overall colony development (estimated according to the Liebefeld method), loss of
queens, and FA concentrations in food stores, respectively.
In comparison to currently available methods, the MAQSTM, containing 46.7% FA, performed a
consistent and high efficacy. Thus, it attained an effect as high as known from the most reliable
common dispensers using 85% FA and in the majority of cases exceeded any 60%-FA-treatment.
We could neither detect striking queen mortality, nor did occasionally occurring higher worker bee
mortality affect the overall population development or wintering strength of MAQS-treated
colonies. Thus, the use of MAQS could be a promising future tool to control Varroa destructor.
Besides its good efficiency, it is easy to use compared to the common handling of liquid FA.
However, its use should be restricted to special types of hives and seasons.
Email corresponding author: [email protected]
Keywords Varroa destructor, treatment, formic acid, MAQS
The use of bacteriophages to fight against American Foulbrood
Einsatz von Bakteriophagen im Kampf gegen die Amerikanische Faulbrut
SB
Beims, Hannes; Johannes Wittmann, Boyke Bunk, Cathrin Spröer, Christine Rohde, Manfred
Rohde, Werner von der Ohe, Michael Steinert
LAVES – Institut für Bienenkunde Celle, Herzogin-Eleonore-Allee 5, D-29221 Celle
The American Foulbrood (AFB) is caused by spores of the Gram-positive bacterium
Paenibacillus larvae. In order to prevent antibiotic residues in honey it is not allowed to treat
infected bee colonies with antibiotics in Germany. In case of an infection colonies have to be
sanitized by extensive treatments because of the resistance of the spores. A possible alternative to
these treatments might be the phage therapy.
Seite 35
A P. larvae-specific bacteriophage was isolated from environmental samples and thoroughly
characterized. The bacteriolytic activity of the phage was shown in plaque assays. Furthermore,
the growth inhibition was shown against all four genotypes of P. larvae (ERIC I – IV) and 40 field
isolates of the genotypes ERIC I and II in growth experiments. In vivo bioexposure assays showed
that the feeding of bee larvae with this bacteriophage has no negative effect on the development
of the brood. Moreover, the mortality of the bee larvae, infected with P. larvae ERIC I and II was
reduced by the single application of the phage, compared to infected ones. In addition, the course
of disease was slowed down by 24 h.
Taken together results demonstrated the potential of phage therapy as an effective biological
autodosing treatment strategy against AFB.
Keywords Amerikanische Faulbrut, Paenibacillus larvae, Phagentherapie
How formulation, environmental and hive-internal factors
affect evaporation and in-hive gas phase concentration of formic acid
Abhängigkeit der Verdunstung und der Stockluftkonzentration von Ameisensäure von der
Formulierung und externen und stockinternen Faktoren
1
2
1
Beinert, P ; von der Ohe, W. , Aumeier, P. , Kirchner, W.H.
SB
1
Ruhr-University Bochum, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology1, LAVES Bee Institute Celle2
A precondition for healthy honeybee colonies is an effective treatment of Varroa destructor.
Formic acid (FA) is the only acaricide which is effective against both, phoretic and reproductive
mites. Furthermore it does not accumulate in bees wax and occurs naturally in honey. Because of
its extreme variable efficacy we studied the effect of external and in-hive factors as well as FA
formulations and applicator types focusing on evaporation rate and in-hive concentration of FA.
In field trials we tested various FA applicator types and concentrations. External factors
(temperature, humidity) and internal variables (colony strength, amount of brood, food stores,
beehive volume) were recorded. In-hive concentration of FA was recorded throughout the
treatment. Additional measurements were carried out under controlled conditions to assess the
effect of nectar and capped honey. Honey pH was recorded before and after the treatment. In
addition, FA concentrations in honey stores were analyzed in 100 colonies before and after
treatment.
External as well as internal factors affect FA evaporation and concentration in the gas phase.
Especially, the availability of honey has a strong effect on the in-hive concentration of FA.
Measurements of FA concentrations in stored honey under controlled conditions and in the field
confirm that honey absorbs substantial amounts of FA and thus reduces the concentration in the
gas phase and is also a residue problem. Measurements of FA in the gas phase also show that the
in-hive concentration varies spatially within the hive. Peak concentrations of FA in the gas phase
were found to be remarkably similar between different applicator types, indicating that
optimization processes based entirely on effects on mite and bee mortality led to nearly identical
compromises. However, time courses of evaporation as well as sensitivities to environmental
variables vary substantially between applicator types.
Email corresponding author: [email protected]
Keywords Varroa destructor, control, formic acid
Seite 36
Specific interaction between different honey types and brood disease bacteria of the honeybee
Spezifische Interaktion zwischen verschiedenen Honigen und Bakterien von Brutkrankheiten der
Honigbiene
Erler, Silvio; Andreas Denner, Otilia Bobiş, Eva Forsgren, Robin F. A. Moritz
Institut für Biologie, Molekulare Ökologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 4,
D-06099 Halle (Saale)
Bacterial pathogens take advantage of the homeostatic nest conditions and high transmission
rates in honeybee colonies. The most prominent agents are Paenibacillus larvae (American
foulbrood, AFB) and bacteria associated with European foulbrood (EFB). Along with classical innate
immune defence, honeybees use behavioural defence mechanisms to prevent or reduce pathogen
infections. Foraging of antimicrobial plant compounds plays a key role for this ‘social immunity’.
Secondary plant metabolites in nectar are well known for their antimicrobial effects. Yet these
compounds are highly plant specific and the effects on bee health will strongly depend on the
floral origin of the honey produced.
Here we test eight different AFB and EFB associated bacteria strains and the growth inhibitory
activity of three different honey types with four different concentrations. Using a high-throughput
microtiter plate based cell growth assay, we show that all honeys have high antibacterial activity
even in low concentrations. However, the two monofloral honeys (black locust, sunflower)
appeared to be strain specific in their antibacterial activity. This effect did not correlate with any of
the analysed antibiotic physicochemical parameters of each honey. The specificity of the
monofloral honeys, and the strong antimicrobial potential of the polyfloral honey suggests that
qualitative variance in the honey stores of a colony may be highly adaptive for social immunity.
Since worker bees not only feed themselves but also larvae and other colony members, honey is a
prime candidate acting as self-medication agent in honeybee colonies to prevent or decrease
infections.
Keywords honey, antimicrobial activity, bacterial disease, host-parasite interaction
Implication of target site modification in the resistance to acaricides in European populations of
Varroa destructor.
González-Cabrera, Joel; Sonia Rodríguez-Vargas, T. G. Emyr Davies, Linda M. Field, Klemens
Krieger, Martin S. Williamson
Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JH, UK
The ectoparasitic mite, Varroa destructor, plays a prominent role in the annual losses in bee
colony numbers over recent years. The rational use of acaricides like synthetic pyrethroids (taufluvalinate, flumethrin), organophosphates (coumaphos) and amidines (amitraz) is still the most
effective method to remove the mites from hives. However, their intensive use over many years
has led to many reports of resistance.
We have previously investigated the mechanism of resistance to synthetic pyrethroids. A novel
amino acid substitution, L925V, located in a region of the voltage gated sodium channel proposed
to form part of the pyrethroid binding site, showed a strong correlation with the lack of efficacy
detected by beekeepers in their colonies. We designed a high throughput real-time PCR diagnostic
Seite 37
assay, capable of detecting the mutation in individual mites, that confirmed the correlation of
L925V with resistance. Further analyses showed that the mutation is present in samples collected
in several European countries, but only with high frequency in apiaries that were recently treated
with pyrethroids.
With the aim of designing a resistance monitoring program that allows the early detection of
resistant mites in the apiaries, we are now investigating the mechanisms of resistance to
coumaphos and amitraz. A transcriptomic approach was used to identify the sequences of
acetylcholinesterases and octopamine receptors, known to be the target sites for coumaphos and
amitraz, respectively. As in the case of synthetic pyrethroids, the analysis of samples (dead mites)
coming from apiaries reporting therapeutic failures would allow us to assess if there are
modifications in the target sites that might be conferring resistance to these two acaricides.
Our results should be a valuable tool to develop a pro-active monitoring programme aimed to
design a resistance management strategy that, rotating different acaricides, maintains a more
effective control of this highly damaging pest.
Keywords Varroa mite, real-time PCR, acaricides, target-site resistance
Biogeography of Melissococcus plutonius, the causative agent of
European foulbrood, in Switzerland
Die geographische Verbreitung von Melissococcus plutonius, dem Erreger der europäischen
Faulbrut, in der Schweiz
1,2
1
2
Grossar, Daniela ; Laurent Gauthier , Michel Chapuisat , Vincent Dietemann
1
Charrière
SB
12
, Jean-Daniel
Agroscope, Zentrum für Bienenforschung ZBF, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Bern1, Switzerland,
Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, Quartier Sorge, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne,
Switzerland2
European foulbrood (EFB) is a bacterial brood disease of honey bees (Apis mellifera) caused by
Melissococcus plutonius (Lactobacillales, Enterococcaceae). In the last decade, the disease has
taken epidemic proportions in Switzerland, which require the application of expensive surveillance
and control measures, thereby causing massive economic losses. The distribution of EFB cases
shows striking regional differences, potentially due to variations in apiary density or to the
occurrence of strains with different phenotypic attributes. Information on genetic subtypes can
help better understand the epidemiology of this honey bee pathogen and better control it. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is an useful and fast method to analyze genetic variation in
microorganisms. Recently, a MLST scheme based on four genomic loci has been developed for M.
plutonius (Haynes et al. (2013), Environmental Biology Reports 5(4): 525-529) and used to type
148 M. plutonius isolates sampled from EFB cases across the country. We identified 13 different
sequencing types, including six endemic to Switzerland and we showed the occurrence of varying
geographic dispersal patterns between these types.
Keywords Europäische Faulbrut, Sauerbrut, Melissococcus plutonius, EFB, MLST
Seite 38
Are reproductive parameters of female Varroa destructor mites linked to
Varroa-tolerance of honey bee colonies in Argentina?
Können Reproduktionsparameter von weiblichen Varroa destructor Milben mit der VarroaToleranz von Bienenvölkern in Argentinien in Zusammenhang gebracht werden?
1
2
2
SB
3
Häußermann, Claudia ; Agostina Giacobino , Julieta Merke , Marina Basualdo , Alejandra
4
1
Palacio , Peter Rosenkranz
Apicultural State Institute, University of Hohenheim, August-von-Hartmann-Str. 13, 70599 Stuttgart1, Instituto
Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria EEA Rafaela, Ruta 34 Km 227,Rafaela, C.P. 2300, Provincia de Santa Fe,
Argentina2, Area de Producción Apícola, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de la Provincia
de Buenos Aires, Pinto 399-7000-Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina3, Unidad Integrada INTA – Facultad de
Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC 276,7600 Balcarce, Argentina4
In Argentina, as in Germany, Varroa destructor is the most serious threat for apiculture. However,
in several areas there are reports of honey bee populations that have survived V. destructor
infestation for many years even if intensity and frequency of treatments were significantly
reduced. Here we present first results of our cooperation project “SAFEBEE” in order to evaluate
tolerance mechanisms in these Argentinian honey bee populations at two study sites: (i)
Africanized colonies in the Province of Chaco (n = 5) that survived about 7 years without treatment
and (ii) European honey bees in the Province of Santa Fe selected for Varroa-tolerance (n = 4) that
survived 5 years with only one oxalic acid treatment per year. Commercial European colonies of
the local beekeeper served as control. The analysis of Varroa prevalence in the brood revealed a
surprisingly high infestation in the Africanized colonies (x ± SE = 0.06 ± 0.01) and an
extraordinarily low infestation in the selected European colonies (x ± SE = 0.01 ± 0.005). As a
first measure we compared reproductive parameters among tolerant and control colonies. We
could not prove differences in the rate of infertile brood mites (Africanized colonies: x ± SE =
0.08 ± 0.02, control: x ± SE = 0.05 ± 0.02; selected colonies: x ± SE = 0.32 ± 0.05 , control:
x ± SE = 0.38 ± 0.16) and in the estimated reproduction success (Africanized colonies:
x ± SE = 0.63 ± 0.02, control: x ± SE = 0.56 ± 0.04; selected colonies: x ± SE = 0.52 ± 0.09,
control: x ± SE = 0.48 ± 0.17). Likewise, a first analysis of the hygienic behavior (pin test) did not
reveal differences between the tolerant and the control colonies. In conclusion, we assume that
other tolerance mechanisms are responsible for the here identified stable host parasite
relationship.
Supported by the DAAD/ MINCyT scientific exchange program (PROALAR).
Keywords Varroa destructor, reproduction, tolerance mechanisms
Seite 39
Honey bee colony (Apis mellifera carnica) development with Nosema sp. and/or Varroa
destructor load
Die Entwicklung von Bienenvölkern (Apis mellifera carnica) unter dem Einfluss von Nosema sp.
und/oder Varroa destructor Infektionen
1
2
3
4
5
Kezic, Nikola ; Marina Meixner , Janja Filipi , Maja Drazic , Yves Leconte , Ralph Büchler
2
1
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia , Landesbetrieb
Landwirtschaft Hessen, Bee institute, Erlenstrasse 9, 35274 Kirchhain, Germany2, University of Zadar,
Department of Ecology, Agronomy and Aquaculture, Trg kneza Višeslava 9, 23000 Zadar, Croatia3, Croatian
Agricultural Agency, Ilica 101, Zagreb, Croatia4, INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, Laboratoire Biologie
et Protection de l'abeille, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon, France5
The development and survival of honey bee (Apis mellifera carnica) colonies infested with one or
both Nosema sp. and Varroa destructor were compared. Thirty-six colonies were established on
wax foundation with 2 kg of bees and sister queens on isolated island of Unije, Croatia on 16 June
2012. Colonies in groups of 9 were distributed on four apiaries. Colonies were initially treated 24
days later using commercially available drugs (Bayvarol® and Fumagilin-B®), and each apiary
received specific treatment against (1) V. destructor and Nosema sp., (2) V. destructor, (3) Nosema
sp., and (4) untreated. Additional 7 colonies remaining from a previous experiment on the survival
of untreated colonies, selectively treated against V. destructor in late autumn 2012, were present
at the fourth apiary. Colony weight, number of bees and brood, pollen presence, Varroa destructor
infestation on adult bees, and Nosema sp. were measured in spring and autumn. During spring
and/or autumn census, bees were sampled for DWV, CBPV and ABPV presence.
Eight colonies (88.8%) survived for 856 days in the apiary treated against V. destructor, followed
by 5 out of 7 colonies (71.4%) from previous experiment. The same period survived 4 colonies
(44.4%) that were not treated and 3 colonies (33.3%) treated against Nosema sp. None of the
colonies treated against V. destructor and Nosema sp. survived for this period.
Keywords A. m. carnica, survival, colony development, Varroa destructor, Nosema sp.
Norwegian honey bee colonies surviving Varroa destructor and viruses without mite treatments
Norwegische Honigbienenvölker überleben Varroa destructor und Virusinfektionen ohne
Milbenbekämpfung
Lanz, Sandra; Bjørn Dahle, Fenella Davies, Orlando Yañez, Peter Neumann
Institut für Bienengesundheit, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, CH – 3003 Bern
European honey bee colonies, Apis mellifera, can survive Varroa destructor (Vd) and virus
infections without treatments, but the underlying reasons are not fully understood. Here we
investigate Norwegian honey bee colonies surviving Vd since 17 years without treatment (N=32)
and treated ones (N=69). Workers and sealed brood were sampled in Autumn 2013 and Spring and
Summer 2014 to determine mite infestations levels and reproductive parameters (100 cells per
colony opened) as well as virus population dynamics using routine methods. Vd phoretic
infestation rates were significantly higher in treated colonies then in the untreated ones in
Autumn and Spring, but not in Summer. Viruses found in pooled adult workers and phoretic mites
were DWV, BQCV, SBPV, LSV-1, LSV-2 and CBPV. Interestingly, BQCV prevalence and titers were
significantly higher in untreated than in treated colonies. No difference was seen for the other
Seite 40
viruses. However, testing individual workers (N=252) and phoretic mites (N=128) revealed that
untreated colonies had no significantly different DWV viral titers compared to treated ones, but a
significantly lower proportion of DWV infected workers. In the brood (pupae and corresponding
mites) only DWV, SBPV and VDV-1 were detected. DWV showed a higher prevalence and higher
viral loads in pupae and mites from treated colonies. These differences were not seen for SBPV
and VDV-1. No significant differences in mite reproductive parameters were observed between
treated and untreated colonies, except a delayed onset of egg laying, which occurred significantly
more often in the untreated colonies. The data suggest that differences in proportions of DWV
positive workers and DWV titers between treated and untreated colonies can play a role for the
survival of these Norwegian colonies. The delayed onset of egg laying is similar to previous findings
for surviving colonies in Gotland (Sweden).
Keywords Varroa destructor, Viruses, suppressed mite reproduction
Plasticity of behavioural modulation in honey bee workers (Apis mellifera)
SB
infected with Nosema ceranae (Microsporida)
Plastizität der Verhaltensmodulationen von Honigbienen (Apis mellifera) bei Infektion mit Nosema
ceranae (Mikrosporidia)
Müller, Matthias; Sarah Biganski, Robin FA Moritz
Martin-Luther Universität Halle Wittenberg, Inst. für Zoologie, Hoher Weg 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale)
Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian intestinal gut parasite that has been recently discussed as
potential major global threat to the honey bee (Apis mellifera) and other bee pollinators.
Symptoms of infected honey bees include profound behavioural changes. Many studies have
approached Nosema induced alterations in individual workers including orientation and flight
behaviour but also physiological changes, for instance changed nutritional demand due to the
infections. However, less is known about the behaviour of healthy individuals towards infected
workers in a community of honey bees.
Here, we focused on the behaviour among uninfected workers and workers infected with the N.
ceranae. We quantified how conspecifics react to infected nest mates with either an established
Nosema infection or an emerging infection in a group of honey bees.
We found a significantly enhanced interaction level with the single infected honey bee in a group
of uninfected ones. Moreover, some of these infected individuals were attacked and killed by
healthy ones. In contrast, in groups with gradually infected workers the more infected bees were
more frequently avoided rather than attacked by less infected ones. Both mechanisms may be
adaptive to reduce the transmission of N. ceranae in the honey bee colony.
Keywords Nosema ceranae, Apis mellifera, behaviour, transmission reduction, social network
Seite 41
Pathogen spill-over among communities of bee species
Übertragung von Krankheitserregern zwischen Gesellschaften von Wild- und Honigbienen
Paxton, Robert J.; Martin Husemann, Aigul Zhusupbaeva, Giorgi Kirkitadze, George Japoshvili
Recent reports of pathogen spill-over from managed to wild bees are a cause for concern because
of the threat that disease transmission poses for the ecosystem service of pollination. RNA viruses
in particular cause severe pathology in honey bees, and may be transmitted readily between
insects visiting the same flowers. In a VW-Stiftung supported project, we evaluated the viral
pathogens of bee communities in Georgia, Germany and Kyrgyzstan using the molecular genetic
techniques of MLPA and qPCR. We screened honey bees and wild bees for 10 viruses. Deformed
Wing Virus (DWV) was the most prevalent virus in honey bees. Wild bees were also infected by
DWV at the same locations, sometimes at high prevalence. Though our data cannot be used to
demonstrate the directionality of pathogen transmission, they do highlight how viral pathogens
may infect and may be transmitted by multiple members of the guild of flower visitors.
Keywords deformed wing virus, transmission, Apoidea
Visualization of oxalic acid distribution in the honeybee colony by MacroCT scanning
Visualisierung der Verteilung von Oxalsäure im Bienenvolk durch
Makro-Computertomographie
SB
Schneider, Saskia; Eva Rademacher
Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology/Neurobiology, Königin-Luise-Str. 28-30, D-14165 Berlin
The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of oxalic acid in combination with sugar
water (OAS) or glycerol (45%) as a sugar substitute (OAG) on Apis mellifera inside the bee hive
over a time period of 14 days using a MacroCT scanner. In our work group we already depicted the
distribution of these substances in the hive by computed tomography up to 30 min after
application.
Visibility was achieved by adding the contrast agent Unilux (Iopamidol, 370mg Iod/ml, dosage
0.5µl/bee) to the oxalic acid solution, which has been proven nontoxic to bees. We treated two
nucleus colonies with 25ml OAS and OAG respectively combined with 4ml Unilux. 2D images were
taken at a resolution of 2mm; the density of individual bees (n≤633) was measured in Hounsfield
Units (HU). Imaging took place before application (= control) of oxalic acid, 3, 7 and 14 days
afterwards.
The mean density values for the control measurements were -202 HU for the OAS colony and -190
HU for the OAG colony. In both colonies the density was significant higher 3 days after treatment
(p≤0.05, Q≥13.637, Multiple Comparison: Dunn): -133 HU in the OAS treated colony and -110 HU
in the OAG treated colony. The bee’s density in the OAG colony stayed constant and did not differ
significantly over time: -118.5 HU after 3 days and –107.5 HU 14 days after the treatment. The
density values in the OAS colony decreased significantly 7 days after treatment to -154.5 HU
(p≤0.05, Q=4.083, MC: Dunn) and remained at this level also after 14 days (-164.5 HU). However
both measurements were still significantly higher compared to the control measurement (p≤0.05,
Q≥7.978, MC: Dunn).
Seite 42
These results show that both formulations (OAS/OAG) can be detected at least up to 14 days after
a treatment, although oxalic acid in combination with glycerol remained in higher amounts on the
treated bees. To support these results investigations on the contamination level of oxalic acid
(OAS/OAG) on individual bees using an enzymatic reaction for detection are in progress.
Keywords Oxalic acid, glycerol, Apis mellifera, computed tomography, distribution
Honey bee health and feed: Survival of Nosema ceranae infected
SB
workers with or without protein diet
Honigbienengesundheit und Ernährung: Überleben von Nosema ceranae infizierten Arbeiterinnen
mit und ohne Proteinfütterung
1
2
2
1,3
2
Tritschler, Manuel ; Jutta Vollmann , Anton Stabentheiner , Peter Neumann , Karl Crailsheim
1
Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland , Institute for Zoology, Karl
Franzens University, Graz, Austria2, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, South
Africa3
Nutrition can have a significant impact on disease susceptibility, but the role of feed for honey
bee, Apis mellifera, health is poorly understood. Here, we challenged adult honeybee workers fed
with or without proteins with the microsporidian Nosema ceranae to investigate the effects of
protein diet on host survival. In a fully-crossed hoarding cage experiment, bees were provided
irradiated pollen and/or sugar water ad libitum as well as sugar solution and/or freshly prepared
N. ceranae spore solution (4 groups with 24 cages and 50 bees each). Bee mortality was recorded
for 15 days and Nosema ceranae spores were quantified in surviving bees. Bees which were
inoculated with N. ceranae spores had significantly more spores compared to non-inoculated
ones. Non-inoculated bees from both feeding regimes showed no significant differences in spore
loads. Amongst the groups that were inoculated with Nosema ceranae, significantly more spores
were counted in bees provided with pollen. This confirms earlier studies that showed a similar
effect. However, despite lower spore counts, infected bees without pollen diet had a significantly
reduced longevity compared to all other groups. Nosema ceranae infection had no effect on
longevity of pollen-fed bees, whereas bees that were supplied with sugar water only showed
reduced survival compared to the pollen-fed bees.
Our study suggests that a protein diet can significantly extend survival of N. ceranae infected
workers, possibly because pollen positively affects immune response under pathogen challenge.
Future cage experiments should consider providing honey bees with protein sources to reflect
more natural dietary circumstances.
Keywords Nosema ceranae, protein, feeding
Seite 43
Effects of subliminal dosages of formic acid on reproduction, mating
behavior and mortality of the honey bee mite Varroa destructor
Effekte von unterschwellig dosierter Ameisensäure auf Reproduktion, Begattungsverhalten und
Mortalität der Bienenmilbe Varroa destructor
Ziegelmann, Bettina; Jasmin Fidyka, Peter Rosenkranz
The honey bee mite Varroa destructor is still the greatest threat for apiculture and without regular
treatment infested colonies will collapse within 1-3 years. Currently, the application of formic acid
(FA) in late summer is a crucial component of most treatment concepts, because FA represents the
only acaricide which is able to kill both phoretic and brood mites. However, the range of FA
evaporation rates that kill the brood mites without damaging the bee brood is relatively small. To
check whether FA treatments with lower evaporation rates (that presumably cause less brood
damages) have an effect on the mite reproduction we tested subliminal concentrations of formic
acid for their effects on mortality and mating behaviour of Varroa mites. For this purpose
evaporation rates of formic acid 60% were reduced to 10-20 ml per day in a two-story hive by
minimizing the wick of the Liebig Dispenser. After 7 day treatment, combs were examined for
living and dead mite stages and the numbers of spermatozoa in adult daughter mites were
counted. It could be shown that low evaporation rates of FA lead to a higher mortality of the
sensitive nymph stages, whereas the honey bee brood and the adult mites were hardly affected.
However, in brood cells with living males and daughter mites more than 90% of these daughters
did not have spermatozoa at all. In an additional laboratory bioassay we confirmed that even
extremely low concentrations of FA prevent male mites from copulation attempts. However, these
male mites were not irreversibly damaged but recovered after 1-2 hours from the FA treatment.
These results show that even low evaporation rates – for example caused by cold and damp
weather - might have a sustainable impact on the Varroa population dynamic.
Keywords Varroa destructor, Formic acid, Subliminal concentration, Mating behaviour,
Reproduction
5. Genetik und Zucht
Selection for reduced Varroa reproduction in a local Carnica population
Auslese auf reduzierte Varroa Reproduktion in einer lokalen Carnica-Population
Büchler, R.
Reduced reproductive success in worker brood cells has been shown as an effective and heritable
character of resistance against Varroa destructor in Apis mellifera colonies.
Up to 50 single infested (only one foundress mite) brood cells per colony in the age stages
between“purple eyes” (7 days post capping) and “pupal moult completed” (12 days post capping)
were evaluated for the presence of mite offspring. In the purple eye stage (7-9 days post capping),
mites reproducing normally have at least one deutonymph. On pupae with black eyes (10-12 days
post capping), mites reproducing normally have at least one adult daughter mite. Therefore,
Seite 44
Varroa mites with no offspring or only younger offspring than expected were counted as nonreproductive (NR).
In 2013 and 2014, 69 colonies headed by breeder queens from the local AGT (Arbeitsgemeinschaft
Toleranzzucht) Carnica population showed an average rate of 21 % NR with a maximum of 66 %
NR. Negative correlations of NR with the infestation level of bees (2013, n = 26, r = -0,466, p =
0,016) and the infestation level of brood (n = 66, r = -0,27, p = 0,026) were observed.
In May 2014, queens and drones were reared from four preselected colonies and cross-mated by
artificial insemination. After at least 8 weeks of brood activity in their MiniPlus hives, brood was
sampled to investigate the rates of NR. The average rate of NR was higher in combs which were
temporally transferred to external mite donor colonies during the period of cell capping (series
from 15.08. & 22.08., NR about 48 %) compared to combs infested inside the test colonies (series
from 04.09., NR = 27.5 %). The higher NR values compared to the basis population as well as some
outstanding high NR values of individual colonies confirm the presence of genes for reduced mite
reproduction in the local Carnica population, and its selectability.
Keywords Varroa, resistance, selection, hygiene behavior, Carnica
Gene evolution of major royal jelly proteins in the honeybee
Genevolution von ‚major royal jelly protein‘ Genen in der Honigbiene
Buttstedt, Anja; Susanne Boteck, Eduard Schwarz, Robin F. A. Moritz
Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institut für Biologie, Zoologie – Molekulare Ökologie, Hoher
Weg 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale)
In the honeybee Apis mellifera, female larvae destined to become a queen are fed with royal jelly,
a secretion of the hypopharyngeal glands of young nurse bees that rear the brood. The protein
moiety of royal jelly comprises mostly major royal jelly proteins of which the coding genes (mrjp19) have been identified on chromosome 11 in the honeybee’s genome. Previously, we determined
the expression of mrjp1-9 among the honeybee worker caste and the sexuals, showing that the
expression of mrjp1 to 7 is worker specific and mrjp 8 and 9 are equally expressed across all castes
and sexes. It was proposed that genes with indirect effects on fitness, as the worker specific
mrjp1-7, are expected to have higher levels of polymorphisms relative to genes with direct fitness
effects as the ubiquitous mrjp8 and 9. Thus, mrjps are ideal candidates to test this hypothesis.
Here we present the first results of our ongoing study, showing that within Apis mellifera mrjp1
seems to be the most conserved major royal jelly protein, albeit it is expressed almost exclusively
in the heads of worker honeybees.
Keywords major royal jelly proteins, royal jelly, gene evolution, caste system
Seite 45
Time memory, dance activity and recruitment rates enhance the SB
foraging performance of genetically diverse honey bee colonies
Zeitgedächtnis, Tanzaktivität und Rekrutierungsraten steigern den Sammelerfolg von genetisch
diversen Honigbienenvölkern
1
2
3
Dietzel, Simon ; Stephan Härtel , Alexandra-Maria Klein , Ingolf Steffan Dewenter
2
1
University of Freiburg, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources , Department of Animal Ecology and
Tropical Biology, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg2, University of Freiburg, Department
of Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology3
Flower phenology of different plant species vary temporally. Consequently honey bee foragers
must synchronize their seasonal and daily foraging decisions to spatial and temporal variation of
flower resources. Here we investigated the timing ability of honey bee foragers, when food
resources were restricted to certain time periods. Furthermore, possible effects of impoverished
intra-colonial genetic diversity on the foragers' timing processes were studied by comparing the
performances of colonies with monandrous and polyandrous mated queens. Foragers were
trained to collect sugar water at feeders in a distance of 300 m during determined times periods of
60, 45 and 30 min. At the feeder, foraging success and timing precision were measured as the
number of visiting bees per 5 min observation interval. New arriving recruits were marked and the
total consumption of collected sugar water per time period was measured. In parallel, the dance
communication was recorded and related to visitation and recruitment rates. In monandrous
colonies, a significant decrease in dance activity as well as in visitation and recruitment rates at the
feeders was found. Significantly more foragers of polyandrous colonies managed to anticipate the
onset of the feeding periods indicating an optimal synchronization to the temporally limited food
resource. Ultimately less sugar water was collected by foragers of monandrous colonies which led
to an overall diminished foraging success in genetically uniform colonies. In earlier studies it has
been demonstrated that single patriline colonies show a lower foraging performance, smaller food
stores and slower weight gain in comparison to colonies headed by a polyandrous queen. Our
study display now a full set of underlying mechanisms explaining the enhanced foraging success of
genetically divers honey bee colonies. The results are highly relevant in light of higher losses of
colonies with low mating rates.
Keywords Intra-colonial genetic diversity, foraging success, waggle dance recruitment, timing
precision, feeder experiment
Selection for resistance to Varroa destructor under commercial beekeeping conditions
Selektion auf Resistenz gegen Varroa destructor unter professionellen Imkereibedingungen
Kefuss, John; Jacques Vanpoucke, Maria Bolt and Cyril Kefuss
Le Rucher D'Oc, 49 Rue Jonas, F-31200 Toulouse, France
A survival field test was initiated in 1999 to observe the effects of no treatment against Varroa
destructor on European honey bee colony survival. After losses of over two thirds of the 268
original colonies, new colonies were made from the survivors. In 2003 genetic material from these
survivors was bred into an independent group of 60 colonies using queen cells and virgin queens.
These colonies were then multiplied. When the mite populations in 100 cells capped brood and on
100 bees of the original group of colonies in April 2001 (adults 10.8± 10, daughters 2.0± 3.5,
Seite 46
immature 6.8± 9, mites on bees 4.9± 3.5 per 100 bees) were compared to their descendents in
May 2008 (adults 3.2± 3.7, daughters 0.9± 1.7, immature 0.6± 1.3, mites on bees 2.8± 2.6),
significant reductions for mites were found in the capped brood for adults (p ≤ .0001), daughters
(p ≤ .03), immature (p ≤ .0001) and mites on bees (p ≤ .0002). When mite populations of the
independent group in August 2009 (adults 2.7± 2.4, daughters 0.4± 0.8, immature 2.0± 2.6, mites
on bees 2.5± 1.6 per 100 bees) were compared with that of the original colonies in April 2001,
significant reductions in the independent group for mites were found in the capped brood for
adults (p ≤ .0001), daughters (p ≤ .001), immature (p ≤ .0002) and mites on bees (p ≤ .0001). No
correlations were found between hygienic behavior and mite infestations either on the bees or in
the brood. In 2013, 519 non-treated colonies from both groups were being used for commercial
beekeeping and mite populations were very low. This indicates that under commercial beekeeping
conditions simple methods can be used to select for reduced mite populations.
E-Mail des korrespondierenden Authors: [email protected]
Keywords Survival tests / resistance / tolerance / hygienic behavior / Varroa destructor
A selective sweep in a honeybee population selected for resistance to Varroa destructor
Ein selective sweep in einer Population von Honigbienen selektiert für Resistenz gegen Varroa
destructor
1,2
3
4
Lattorff, H.M.G. ; J. Buchholz , I. Fries , R.F.A. Moritz
2,3
Institut für Biologie, Tierphysiologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Domplatz 4, D-06099 Halle
(Saale)1, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, D04103 Leipzig2, Institut für Biologie, Molekulare Ökologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher
Weg 4, D-06099 Halle (Saale)3, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box S7044, Uppsala 750-05, Sweden4
The mite Varroa destructor is one of the most dangerous parasites of the Western honeybee (Apis
mellifera) causing colony losses worldwide. Various chemical treatments for the control of the
Varroa mite are currently in use, which, however, lead to residues in bee products and often to
resistance in mites. This facilitated the exploration of breeding for mite resistant honeybees in
many parts of the world with variable results.
Another approach has been applied to a honeybee population on Gotland (Sweden) that was
exposed to natural selection and survived Varroa-infestation for more than 10 years without
treatment. Eventually this population became resistant to the parasite by suppressing the
reproduction of the mite. A previous QTL mapping study had identified a region on chromosome 7
with major loci contributing to the mite resistance. Here, a microsatellite scan of the significant
candidate QTL region was used to investigate potential footprints of selection in the original
population by comparing the study population on Gotland before (2000) and after selection
(2007). Genetic drift had caused an extreme loss of genetic diversity in the 2007 population for all
genetic markers tested. In addition to this overall reduction of heterozygosity, two loci on
chromosome 7 showed an even stronger and significant reduction in diversity than expected from
genetic drift alone. Within the selective sweep eleven genes are annotated, one of them being a
putative candidate to interfere with reduced mite reproduction. A glucose-methanol-choline
oxidoreductase (GMCOX18) might be involved in changing volatiles emitted by bee larvae that
might be essential to trigger oogenesis in Varroa.
Seite 47
Keywords QTL, genetic drift, heterozygosity, suppression of mite reproduction, GMCOX18
Changes in DNA methylation under infestation with Varroa destructor
Änderungen in der DNA-Methylierung bei Befall mit Varroa destructor
SB
Milchreit, Kathrin; Haike Ruhnke, Jakob Wegener, Kaspar Bienefeld
Länderinstitut für Bienenkunde Hohen Neuendorf e.V., Friedrich-Engel-Straße 32, D-16540 Hohen Neuendorf
The ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman is a well-known pest of the
Western honeybee (Apis mellifera L.). Mite infestation, together with viral infections, primarily
affects brood development and often leads to colony loss. Besides effects on single-bee physiology
and colony strength it is also important to have a look at possible changes at the molecular level. It
is known, that expression of genes, e.g. related to immunity, is altered by Varroosis. One
mechanism to control gene expression is the epigenetic regulation via DNA methylation, which
was shown to change with task and nutrition in honeybees. Additionally, studies on humans
showed, that malnutrition or oxidative stress could lead to hypomethylation. We assumed similar
effects in bees.
In the present study, we investigated whether DNA methylation changes under the influence of
Varroosis, and whether these changes are related to colony development and survival. Twentyfour honeybee colonies with varying levels of V. destructor-infestation were established in March
2012, and observed until April 2013. DNA methylation of two genomic regions was measured from
five young bees (max. one day old) of each colony, which were sampled at two time points (end of
July and end of August 2012). DNA methylation rate was tested for correlations with mite
infestation, colony growth/ shrinkage, and with the time of colony collapse.
Results indicate, that a high infestation level affects DNA methylation (p < 0.05) and that DNA
methylation level is correlated with the time of colony collapse (p < 0.05).
From our results we assume hypomethylation in at least one genomic region under infestation
with V. destructor. Hypomethylation occurs more likely in colonies collapsing earlier. If these
observations also concerns other genes, they could explain physiological and/ or behavioural
changes that could unbalance colony order.
Keywords Varroosis, epigenetics, colony development
Genetic diversity within honey bee colonies affects pollen foraging,
dance activity and foraging distances in landscapes with different resource availability
Genetische Diversität innerhalb von Völkern beeinflusst Pollensammelverhalten,
Rekrutierung und Sammeldistanzen in Landschaften mit unterschiedlichem Nahrungsangebot
Molitor, Anna Maria; Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter, Stephan Härtel
Lehrstuhl für Tierökologie und Tropenbiologie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg
Honey bee colonies are characterized by a high level of genetic diversity among workers. The
queen is mating with 12-20 drones and each drone fathers his own worker sub-family.
Mechanisms describing the value of polyandry imply that an enhanced diversity of behavioural
repertoires enable colonies to better exploit food resources. Indeed, genetic diversity within
Seite 48
SB
honey bee colonies increases food recruitment behaviour by waggle-dancing foragers. There is
obviously a clear link between genetic diversity of workers and swift detection and exploitation of
food resources but it remains open how different types of environments interact with the genetic
composition of the colony. For this purpose eight honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera carnica) were
established in eight landscapes, with either high or low oilseed rape (OSR, Brassica napus) cover.
By combining one monandrous and one polyandrous observation hive colony at one site at the
same time, a direct comparison could be made. During and after the flowering of OSR N=1526
pollen dances and N=1238 nectar dances were recorded. Of these, N=1717 dances could be
observed at the polyandrous colonies and N=1493 dances at the monandrous. The data confirms
large distinctions in the foraging behaviour between genetically uniform and genetically divers
colonies. Notably the collected pollen quantities and the flight distances after OSR flowering
showed the biggest differences. The analyses of habitats used for foraging showed an
unexpectedly small effect of OSR. There were only little differences between monandrous and
polyandrous colonies in the dance frequency for different land use types. Our results suggest that
colonies with low genetic diversity have a lower foraging efficacy and provide less pollination
services than genetically diverse colonies. Reduced mating frequencies and a resulting low within
colony genetic diversity in honey bee populations could be a disadvantage in fragmented humanmodified landscapes.
Keywords landscape ecology, waggle dance, mass flowering crop, polyandry, social insects
6. Ökologie
Scent of attraction: Formation of drone aggregations at orphan colonies of the Brazilian stingless
bee Scaptotrigona depilis
Unwiderstehliche Düfte: Die Bildung von Männchenansammlungen vor weisellosen Nestern der
brasilianischen stachellosen Biene Scaptotrigona depilis
4
4
Böttinger, Lea¹; Stefan Jarau², Till Tolasch³, Fabio Nascimento , Lucas van Zuben , Wolf Engels¹
Universität Tübingen, Institut für Evolution und Ökologie, Evolutionsbiologie der Invertebraten, Auf der
Morgenstelle 28E, D-72076 Tübingen¹, Universität Ulm, Institut für Neurobiologie, Helmholtzstraße 10/1, D89081 Ulm², Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Zoologie, Fachgebiet Tierökologie 220c, Garbenstr. 30, D70593 Stuttgart³, Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Biologia, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900 Ribeirão
Preto, Brazil4
During mating season, aggregations of competing males are a phenomenon that occurs
throughout the animal kingdom. In many insect species males gather in mating swarms without
showing agonistic interactions. Drone aggregations as well as sex pheromones involved in mating
behavior have been extensively studied in the western honey bee Apis mellifera L. By contrast, the
reproductive biology and its underlying mechanisms in the largest group of eusocial bees, the
stingless bees, are far from being understood. In Scaptotrigona species it is generally assumed that
sex pheromones emitted by virgin queens within colonies trigger the arrival of large numbers of
drones, which remain for several days or even weeks in close vicinity to these colonies.
We studied how males of the Neotropical stingless bee species Scaptotrigona depilis are attracted
to orphan colonies. In particular, we examined whether male aggregations are induced by
chemical compounds originating from the nest atmosphere and whether virgin queen sex
Seite 49
pheromones are responsible for drone attraction. We analyzed (head-space samples, GC-MS) the
nest odors from colonies that differed in their attractiveness to males, as well as in having a
physogastric queen or being orphan for a known period of time at the University of São Paulo in
Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
Changes in nest odor composition after the removal of the physogastric queen and during the
establishment of new virgin queens in a colony and the co-occurring arrival of drones point to
specific male attracting components in the nest odor of orphan colonies. However, final proof for
the actual function of individual compounds as drone attractants has to be provided by bioassays.
A comparison of the changes in nest odors with the pheromones emitted by virgin queens will
shed light on the origin of male attracting substances in S. depilis.
Keywords Stingless bees, nest odor, virgin queen pheromones, drone attraction, drone
aggregations
How group size affects gene expression in bumblebees
Wie beeinflusst Gruppengröße die Genexpression in Hummeln
SB
Helbing, Sophie; Claus Weinholdt, Ivo Grosse, H. Michael, G. Lattorff
Institut für Biologie, Molekulare Ökologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 4, D-06099
Halle (Saale)
The ecological success of eusocial insects is mainly attributable to complex social behaviours and
their plasticity with respect to environmental changes. The importance of plasticity becomes
obvious with regard to the high infection risk associated with sociality, as changes in group size will
affect pathogen transmission probability. Within a species group size might differ for various
reasons, e.g. cyclical phases of growth as can be found in annual social insect societies. Bumblebee
colonies show an extensive ergonomic growth phase after colony foundation and therefore group
size and likewise risk of infection changes dramatically with colony age.
We have carried out a transcriptome-wide analysis to study how changes in group size affect the
gene expression profiles in eusocial bumblebees (Bombus terrestris). The comparison involved
individuals that vary with respect to the social context (single vs. group-kept) as well as their
infection status (infected vs. non-infected). The expression profiles between single and group-kept
bumblebees revealed a large number of genes differentially regulated (adjusted P-value <0.05) –
with many genes being higher expressed in single-kept bees. This indicates bumblebee’s ability to
sense and respond to changes in the social environment. Furthermore, within-social-treatment
comparisons revealed remarkably differences when coping with an infection: in group-kept bees
only 15 genes were up-regulated upon infection. Infected, single-kept workers showed an upregulation of 30 genes compared to non-infected ones. These differences might indicate the
importance and effectiveness of group-level behaviors aiming at reducing pathogen load.
Keywords bumblebees, RNAseq, social context, immune system
Seite 50
The complete mitochondrial genome of Rediviva intermixta (Hymenoptera: Melittidae) with a
comparison to other bee mitogenomes
Das komplette mitochondriale Mitogenom von Rediviva intermixta (Hymenoptera: Melittidae) im
Vergleich zu anderen Bienen Mitogenomen
Husemann, Martin; Belinda Kahnt, Christoph Bleidorn, Michael Gerth, Robert Paxton
Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle (Saale), Deutschland
We describe the complete mitogenome of the South African bee Rediviva intermixta, a species
that belongs to the most basal bee family (Melittidae), and compare it to all other available bee
mitogenomes. The mitogenome of R. intermixta is 16.875 bp long, shows the highest GC content
(20.1%) of all studied mitogenomes, and contains the typical set of 37 genes. The order of proteincoding and rRNA genes is highly conserved across Apoidea, but several tRNA rearrangements have
occurred. Most tRNA rearrangements were observed in the first and sixth (nad3-nad5 junction)
tRNA cluster which are considered rearrangement hotspots in other taxa. Abnormalities in
structure were detected only for tRNATyr and tRNASer1. All protein-coding genes contain the
common start and stop codons, with cox2 and nad1 having two consecutive stop codons. The
mean genetic distance between R. intermixta and the other Apoidea ranges from 33% to 36%.
Phylogenetic analyses of the whole mitogenome strongly supported the monophyly of Apidae with
R. intermixta as sister group to all other analyzed bee taxa. Three genes showed divergent
topologies, highlighting the importance of using several genes for phylogenetic inferences.
Keywords Mitochondrion, mitogenome, phylogeny, bees
Highlights of four years FitBee Module 5
Besonderheiten aus vier Jahren FitBee Modul 5
Lüken, Dorothee J.
LAVES Institut für Bienenkunde, Herzogin-Eleonore-Allee 5, 29221 Celle
Die Bienenvölker des Kooperationsprojekts FitBee (BLE, BMELV) - Modul 5 - sind immer für
Überraschungen gut. Seit 2011 befinden sich drei Bienenvölkergruppen an Standorten mit
unterschiedlichen Standortfaktoren: Die Völkergruppe A steht an landwirtschaftlichen Nutzflächen
mit guter Pollen- und Nektarversorgung im Frühjahr und an Standorten mit schlechter Pollen –
und Nektarversorgung im Sommer und Herbst. Gleichwohl versuchen die Bienen den Pollenbedarf
zu decken. Im August 2012 sind jeweils 8% Kartoffelpollen in einer Pollenhöschenprobe und in
einer Bienenbrotprobe analysiert worden, Einzelpollen befinden sich auch im Honig. Die
Kartoffelblüte gilt jedoch wegen angeblich fehlender Attraktivität in der Bienenschutzverordnung
nicht als Bienenweide. Die Völkergruppe B steht im Frühjahr an Rapsflächen, im Sommer in der
Linde und im Herbst an landwirtschaftlich genutzten Flächen. Trotz der Positionierung war im Jahr
2013 Erdbeerpollen viel attraktiver als Rapspollen und Phaceliapollen attraktiver als
Lindenpollen. Die Völkergruppe C in der Großstadt hat eine große Blühvielfalt über das ganze Jahr
zur Verfügung. Trotzdem haben sich alle Völker im Juli 2011 fast ausschließlich vom Pollen des
wilden Weins bedient. Manchmal entwickeln sich Probennahmen völlig unerwartet zu kleinen
Nebenversuchen. Nach dem Markieren eintägiger Arbeiterinnen für die Vitellogeninuntersuchung
im Juli 2012 waren einige dieser Arbeiterinnen neun Monate später im April 2013 nach dem
langen Winter immer noch in den Bienenvölkern aktiv.
Seite 51
Von 2011- 2014 sind 170 verschiedene Pflanzenarten sowie 12 Insektizide, 17 Herbizide und 32
Fungizide in den Pollen- und Honigproben analysiert worden, 684 Populationsschätzungen
durchgeführt und 3200 kg Honig geerntet worden. Das Fachinformationszentrum zur Eingabe der
Daten wird zu einer für Imker attraktiven Plattform ausgebaut.
Keywords FitBee, Trachtnutzung, Winterbienen
The importance of medicinal fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Apiaceae)
for the colony development of the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.)
Die Bedeutung des Arzneifenchels (Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Apiaceae) für die
Volksentwicklung der Honigbiene (Apis mellifera L.)
SB
Universität Bonn, Institut für Nutzpflanzen und Ressourcenschutz, Fachbereich Ökologie der Kulturlandschaft,
Abteilung Tierökologie, Melbweg 42, 53127 Bonn
The intensifying in agriculture that results in an increasing impoverishment of the cultural
landscape can cause a lack of food and pollen for honeybees. While the relevance of most plant
species in case of honey and pollen production are well known, we have only a few informations
about the medicinal fennel as nectar and pollen source. Because for several years the cultivation
of medicinal and aromatic plants are expanted, was the aim of this study to determine the
importance of medicinal fennel Foeniculum vulgare Mill. on colony development at the honeybee
Apis mellifera L..
For this purpose pollen analyzes, analyzes of honey, population estimates were carried out. In
addition, a scale was used to document the weight gain or decrease of individual colonies. To
analyze the pollen that the colonies collect at certain time points, in front of the flight holes of
individual hives were temporarily installed pollen traps.
The results of the investigation show that the fennel shares in the pollen samples of the three bee
locations both between the hive locations and between the samples of a hive location, which were
taken at different times, fluctuations between 0.2% and 76.6%. The amount of the registered
fennel pollen depends mainly on the size of fennel field and of other usable plants in the area of
the colonies. The weather conditions and the distance of the fennel field from the hive were other
factors that influenced the respective share of fennel pollen. The harvested honey had a fennel
pollen share of 12%. The evaluation of the data from the scale found that it came to gain weight
by the colonies, but it was probably only partly due to the fennel. The studies on population
dynamics have clearly shown that fennel obviously has a significance for the development of a bee
colony, because many of them showed a significant reduction in the colony size. It could be
observed that at some experimental time points both the number of bees about 58% and the
number of open and capped brood cells about 51% decreased.
Keywords Arzneifenchel, Bedeutung für die Volksentwicklung, Pollenanalyse, Honiganalyse,
Populationsschätzungen
medicinal fennel, colony development, pollen analysis, honey analysis, population estimation
Seite 52
7. Freie Themen
The learning portal ‘Die Honigmacher’
Das Lernportal 'Die Honigmacher'
Eberhardt, Joachim
The project ‘Die Honigmacher’ was started in 2005 in light of the declining number of beekeepers
in Germany. The first aim was to promote young talents. We would like to reach people, who are
interested in bees and beekeeping while trying to reduce barriers through providing targeted and
high-quality information taking first steps towards a new hobby or profession. The internet was
deliberately chosen and the pages of the first course are optimized for search engines.
A course for beginners will soon be published. Funded and asked for by the German Beekeepers
Association, this course covers the issues and tasks of the first two years of beekeeping. The
course continues with the intention of promoting young talents.
In the meantime the advanced education and training of experienced beekeepers has been added
as a second aim. Information pages about bee pasture as well as courses for 'Fachkundenachweis
Honig' and 'Treament against Varroa mites' are added. The portal provides a contribution to
quality assurance in beekeeping and honey production.
The didactic concept assumes a self-directed learner. The sequence and timing of learning are
managed by the learner. Even the place of learning, at home with the PC or on the road via tablet,
is chosen by the learner. The content is offered as informal learning - learning on demand. The
courses also serve as sources for research by groups of students in project-based teaching or by
individual teachers to prepare lessons.
The portal ‘Die Honigmacher’ is recognized as a trusted source on the web. To ensure quality, each
course is checked by experts of the German Beekeepers Association and / or the Chamber of
Agriculture NRW before publication.
Keywords e-learning, die Honigmacher, informelles Lernen, Fort- und Weiterbildung,
Nachwuchsförderung
A new „Bee portal“? ZB MED presents idea
Ein neues „Bienenportal“? ZB MED stellt Idee vor
Zängl, Ursula, Ulrich Ch. Blortz
ZB MED – Leibniz-Informationszentrum Lebenswissenschaften, Gleueler Str. 60, D-50931 Köln
The Digital Collection Apidology, which ZB MED has created since the beginning of 2014, should be
used as a ressource and could be starting point of a larger collection of information.
This is conceivable as „Bee portal“, which covers – besides digital content (e.g. texts, 3-D-Scans,
research data) – also other information materials (e.g. film) and current topics (e.g. events, job
offers) and could be used as research platform and also fort he exchange of information. Aim is a
virtual research environment.
Seite 53
Contents could be added by all interested persons, but would be reviewed by editorial staff prior
to publication.
There is no rivalry intended to „HOBOS“, but on the contrary a close cooperation.
E-Mail des korrespondierenden Autors: zä[email protected]
Keywords Bienenportal, Rechercheplattform, Virtuelle Forschungsumgebung,
Informationsplattform
Posterpräsentationen
Abstracts innerhalb der Kapitel in alphabetischer Reihenfolge nach dem Erst-Autor.
8. Pflanzenschutz und Bestäubung
P&B 07
Utilization of video-tracking to assess clothianidin sublethal effects on
locomotor activity of honeybees
Nutzung von Video-Tracking zur Erfassung subletaler Effekte von Clothianidin auf die
Bewegungsaktivität der Honigbienen
SB
There are still concerns about sublethal effects of applied systemic neonicotinoid insecticides in
various agroecosystems on bees, as adverse impacts on the honeybee navigation, learning and
memory after exposure to neonicotinoids have been reported.
Only few studies have tested whether these pesticides affect locomotor activity of honeybees
because there are sometimes limitations to determine and quantify the effects using an efficient
tool.
Here, we use video-tracking to investigate by time course experiment how the acute oral exposure
to clothianidin (2 ng/bee) influences the locomotor activity of honeybees, where the total
distance, velocity and resting time throughout 10 min is quantitative determined.
The exposure to clothianidin induces a significant increase in total distance and velocity after 30,
60 and 90 min of the treatment. Untreated bees exhibit constant walked distance and velocity
over the time period of the experiment, whereas treated bees show decrease in both parameters
after 90 min of the treatment. On the other hand, a significant reduction in the resting time of
treated bees compared to untreated bees is found.
Further experiments will be conducted to determine the impacts of field-relevant doses on
different aspects of motor activity.
E-Mail des korrespondierenden Autors: [email protected];
[email protected]
Keywords Clothianidin, Sublethal, Locomotor activity, Tracking, Honeybee
Seite 54
P&B 10
Effects of a pesticide cocktail on food consumption, learning and food discrimination in
honeybees
Wirkung von Pestizidcocktails auf die Futteraufnahme und das Lern- und Futter-Unterscheidungsverhalten bei Honigbienen
Auer, Alexander; Karl Crailsheim, Javier Hernández-López, Wolfgang Schuehly, Ulrike
Riessberger-Gallé
Animal pollination services are essential in agriculture and natural ecosystems, yet there is
growing concern about worldwide decline of pollinator populations, especially honeybees. Various
stressors, including pesticides, contribute to losses in honeybee colonies. Recently, the
impairment of honeybee’s learning and orientation behavior after ingestion of sublethal doses of
pesticides has been extensively demonstrated in flight experiments.
In the present study learning abilities in adult honeybees were evaluated using the proboscis
extension response (PER), a widely applied tool to assess learning and memory performance in
honeybees. In a reflexive movement, hungry bees extend their proboscis within the hive or when
foraging on a flower. The PER may be seen as a model for honeybee-food source-interaction and it
is used in olfactory conditioning experiments that may help to disclose learning deficits caused by
pesticides. Here, the PER was studied after the application of three insecticides (imidacloprid,
cypermethrin, dimethoate), which were given each single and in combination. These pesticides
were chosen to address major pesticides classes.
To carry out PER experiments, the beefix bracket, a novel method of harnessing bees for the PER
assay was employed. Pesticides were offered in dosages of c. 30% of the LD50. As a result, the
consumption of pesticide-treated food was significantly reduced, whereas learning and memory as
evaluated through PER was not affected by the orally applied pesticide mixture. A choice
experiment was used to test discrimination of pesticide-containing food sources in caged
honeybees. A trend was found in reduced food consumption of sucrose solution spiked with a
single pesticide. Interestingly, such a trend did not occur for sources containing a mixture of the
three insecticides.
P&B 06
Effects of a neonicotinoid seed treatment in winter oilseed rape
SB
(active substance Clothianidin) on colony development and longevity of
honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) in field, semi-field and cage tests
Effekte einer neonikotinoiden Beizung im Winterraps (aktive Substanz Clothianidin) auf die
Volksentwicklung und Lebensdauer der Honigbiene (Apis mellifera L.) im Freiland, Halbfreiland und
Käfigversuchen
2,1
2
1
3
Blum, Eva ; Ingrid Illies , Stephan Härtel , Jens Pistorius
Department of Animal Ecology & Tropical Biology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany1,
Bavarian State Institute for Viniculture and Horticulture, Department of Honey Bee Research & Beekeeping,
97209 Veitshöchheim, Germany2, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI) Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants,
Institute for crop protection in Field Crops & Grassland, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany3
Seite 55
Currently the potential impact of neonicotinoids on pollinators is under fierce discussion in the
European Union. The neonicotinoid Clothianidin is a systemic pesticide used as seed treatment in
winter oilseed rape (OSR). The systemic mode of seed coating generates insecticide
contaminations of flower products like nectar and pollen. On the EU level it was concluded that
there is still some uncertainty about an environmental risk for pollinators in line with systemic
neonicotinoid treatments. A series of experiments (field, semi-field and laboratory) during OSR
flowering was performed to estimate potential negative effects route of exposure of Clothianidin
on honey bees.
In the field test four colonies were placed adjacent to a treated OSR field (seed treatment: 10g
Clothianidin/kg seed) and to a control field. For the semi-field test four tents (40m²) per treatment
(control, treatment and reduced treatment (5g Clothianidin/kg seed)) were equipped with a honey
bee colony. The colony level mortality was monitored by using dead bee traps. After 23 days in
exposure, twenty newly emerged bees from all colonies were put into an incubator to investigate
the longevity of bees raised under the described test conditions. Four cages per treatment were
observed for six weeks and mortality was recorded daily. This cage-trial was repeated 10 weeks
after exposure with bees from the same colonies.
The colony level mortality showed no significant difference within the semi-field tests following
exposure, only the field colonies showed significant differences between treatment and control
group in the mortality of bees with a significant higher mortality rate of bees in the treatment
group (U-Test: p ≤ 0.001).
Comparing the longevity of bees caged from the control colonies during exposure we found a
significant higher mortality rate compared to treatment colonies. (U-Test: p ≤ 0.01). In the
repeated cage test after exposure there were no differences anymore in the mortality rate
between all tested colonies.
One reason for this sub-lethal Clothianidin effect on bees could be a possible slowdown of the
metabolic activity. However, further research is needed to investigate if these may have adverse
effects on bee colonies
Keywords Neonicotinoid, Clothianidin, Winter oilseed rape, Honey bee
P&B 02
Chronic Feeding of Honey Bee Colonies with Thiacloprid: Flight
SB
Behavior and Residue Analysis
Chronische Fütterung von Bienenvölkern mit Thiacloprid: Flugverhalten und Rückstandsanalysen
Faust, Lena
Institut für Bienenkunde Oberursel, Karl-von-Frisch-Weg 2, D-61440 Oberursel
Honeybees foraging in agricultural environments collect nectar and pollen that may contain
insecticides. This contaminated food is stored as honey and beebread in the hive serving as food
for adult worker bees but also for larvae feeding. Though the neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid
has a relatively low toxicity to honeybees, effects of sublethal doses on colony vitality and
individual behavior are frequently discussed.
Seite 56
We studied the flight behavior of bees after the presence of thiacloprid in honey stored in the hive
over the period of their larval stage. We fed small colonies (Mini-Plus) started from brood-free
hives located under flight tents with sugar syrup containing either 5000 ppb or 8800 ppb
thiacloprid. After three weeks, the brood combs were transferred into an incubator. Emerging
bees were labeled with RFID-microchips and transferred into new “adoptive” colonies, to ensure
similar conditions for all bees originating from different colonies. RFID scanners above the hive
entrance registered the flight behavior of every labeled bee throughout their whole live span.
In one of the “adoptive” colonies, bees of the control group were significantly younger (median: 2
days) when flying out for the first time compared to bees from thiacloprid treated colonies. By
contrast, in the other “adoptive” colony we could not observe any significant differences in the
flight behavior. By comparing “control bees”, that originally descended from the same colony but
were distributed in different “adoptive” colonies, we observed significant differences in their age
of the first flight. The same accounts for bees of the colony fed with 5000 ppb thiacloprid.
Interestingly, no differences were observed in flight behavior for the bees of the colony fed with
8800 ppb thiacloprid. These results indicate that flight behavior rather seems to be influenced by
caste structure of the individual colony than by exposure to thiacloprid at larval stage.
Keywords Insecticides, RFID-Technique, Flight behavior
P&B 05
Pollination experiments on Jatropha curcas
Bestäubungsversuche bei Jatropha curcas
Fröschle, Melanie
Landesanstalt für Bienenkunde, Universität Hohenheim, August-von-Hartmannstr. 13, D-70599 Stuttgart
Jatropha curcas L. is a succulent shrub of the Euphorbiaceae-family.
Due to the increasing energy demands of a growing world population, the use of J. curcas as a
bioenergy plant is becoming increasingly important.
Since it is undemanding in terms of soil conditions, it can be grown on poor soils and thus is not in
competition with food crops.
The seeds of the plant contain 30-40% oil, which can be used as biodiesel.
As J. curcas is presumed to be an entomophilous plant, a sufficient density of pollinators must be
present. The honey bee Apis mellifera already showed to be a good pollinator on other crops with
a positive effect on the yield. For this reason in this work the potential of the honey bee in the
pollination of Jatropha on a plantation in southern Madagascar in 2012 and 2014 was examined.
For this purpose, 15 colonies were placed for several weeks in an experimental plot. As a control
served a parcel of land with the same site conditions outside the flight radius. In addition, in hand
pollination tests the compatibility of the pollen of the same inflorescence, respectively plant, as
well as of another bush was tested.
It could be shown that Jatropha forms fruits in a large extent as a result of insect pollination, and
that the pollination with pollen from another plant delivers higher fruit approaches. The honey
bee proved to be a good pollinator. The fruit approaches were significantly increased from 35.6 ±
15.1 % at a natural pollination to 91.8 ± 22.6 % in the bee plot (n=150 inflorescences). In addition,
Seite 57
a significant increase in the number of seeds per fruit has been observed. The thousand-seedweight was increased in the bee plot in 2012 by 16%, the oil content by 7%.
Keywords Jatropha curcas, Ertragssteigerung, Bestäubungsversuche
P&B 03
Effects of neonicotinoid insecticides on the spike activity of the
muscle M17 in the honeybee
Einflüsse von Neonikotinoiden auf die Aktivität des Muskels M17 der Honigbiene
SB
Kabrede, Martina; Bernd Grünewald
Institut für Bienenkunde, Polytechnische Gesellschaft Frankfurt am Main, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am
Main, Karl-von-Frisch-Weg 2, D-61440 Oberursel, Germany
Neonicotinoid insecticides are agonists of the insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. We tested
the effects of clothianidin and thiacloprid on the muscle activity of bees and showed that they
induce opposite effects. We extracellularly recorded spike activity of the proboscis muscle M17,
located in the head of the bee. Muscle spikes and proboscis extensions were elicited by
stimulating the antennae and the proboscis with a toothpick soaked in sucrose solution. We
determined the number of spikes at various intervals after neonicotinoid feeding. First we
recorded the spikes before and after bees were fed individually with 10 µL of sucrose solution
(30% [w/V]) supplemented with clothianidin (1 ng) or thiacloprid (250 ng). Sucrose solution
without neonicotinoids was used as a control. Bees fed with clothianidin showed a significantly
increased number of muscle spikes (median: 2156 spikes) as compared to the control group
(median: 1540). This effect was observed 45, 75 and 90 minutes after feeding. By contrast,
thiacloprid reduced the spike activity compared to the control group (median: 1377 and 1736,
respectively) already 15 minutes after feeding and during the whole recording period (120 min). In
a second approach we recorded muscle spikes in bees from hives (MiniPlus) that were chronically
fed for several weeks with either clothianidin (50 ppb) or thiacloprid (5000 ppb) in Apiinvert®. Our
results showed that clothianidin, fed chronically, significantly increased the number of muscle
spikes compared to the control group (median: 1451 and 1023, respectively), even in combination
with an additionally acute feeding of thiacloprid (10 µl, 250 ng). By contrast, chronic feeding of
hives with thiacloprid reduced the spike activity (median: 1011) compared to the control group
(median: 1184). Our results indicate distinct effects of the neonicotinoids on honeybee muscle
activity despite acting on the same target molecule, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
Keywords neonicotinoids, behavior, muscle activity, proboscis extension reflex
Seite 58
P&B 09
Silphium perfoliatum L. – A flowering energy crop
Silphium perfoliatum L. – Eine blühende Energiepflanze
Mayr J.; L. Morawetz, B. Pachinger, R. Moosbeckhofer, M. Gansberger, A. Ribarits
Institut für Saat- und Pflanzgut, Pflanzenschutzdienst und Bienen Abteilung für Bienenkunde und Bienenschutz,
AGES GmbH, Spargelfeldstraße 191, A-1220 Wien
The cultivation of a few crop species for biomass production, especially maize, leads to
increasingly enhanced environmental impact (elevated pesticide costs, risk of erosion, etc.).
Furthermore, it enhances the impoverishment of the agricultural landscape and reduces food
sources for bees and other pollinating insects. An alternative could be Silphium perfoliatum L.
(Silphium), an undemanding plant with a long flowering period. In Austria, the project "BioenergySilphium" evaluates the plant’s potential for biofuel production and its ecological value on four
locations. This project is supported by the Climate and Energy Fund within the program "NEW
ENERGY 2020". An additional project on issues of use of Silphium as a food source for honey bees,
wild bees and other flower visiting insects was realised by Students of the University of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna.
Crop establishment (planting, mechanical weed control) was labour-intensive and costly. In the
following years no further weed control was necessary. Leaf area index (LAI) measurements
revealed a LAI of above one at two experimental sites on 17.03.2013. Thus, a closed land cover
and consequently early soil protection was reached very early in the year. The biomass yields (BY)
after a single harvest in 2013 were 17.9 to 10.0 tonnes of dry matter (t-DM) and exceeded yields
of silage maize at all sites. In 2014, the BY were 19.0 to 5.9 t-DM and at two sites above those of
maize.
The flowering time of Silphium spans from late June until harvest time (mid-September). Flower
visit counts in 2013 resulted in a 3- to 6-times higher proportion of honey bees on Silphium than
on Helianthus annuus and Medicago sativa.
Silphium perfoliatum L. reaches biomass yields similar to maize, has additional environmental
benefits such as soil-protective properties, and is a potential food source for bees and other
pollinators.
Keywords Biomasse, Silphium, Nektarquelle, Pollenquelle, Bodenschutz
P&B 01
Effects of pesticides on the brood care of honeybees
Auswirkungen von Pflanzenschutzmitteln auf das Brutverhalten von Honigbienen
SB
Siefert, P.; B. Grünewald
Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Institut für Bienenkunde, Karl-von-Frisch-Weg 2, D-61440 Oberursel
Pesticides, namely neonicotinoids, are frequently supposed to threaten the vitality of honeybee
colonies and affect individual behavior. Therefore, the EU Commission has decided to suspend the
agricultural use of three neonicotinoids until further data is available. During the last years, our
workgroup investigated the effects of chronic neonicotinoid exposure on hive vitality and
individual foraging behavior. Among the effects measured after chronic feeding of high dosages of
Seite 59
Thiacloprid (5,000 – 8,800 ppb) and Clothianidin (100 ppb) to small hives was a significant
reduction of brood survival in colonies reared under controlled flight tent and flight room
conditions. By contrast, artificially reared larvae under laboratory conditions showed high survival
rates when fed with similar dosages. Thus, we have to envisage potential effects of neonicotinoids
on honeybee brood, through an as yet unknown indirect mechanism. Our presented project aims
to close this gap by investigating, whether insecticide exposures affect developing larvae, brood
caring nurse bees, or the interaction of both. We study the behavior of nurse bees and adult bees,
raised with insecticide-added food, by using a video-camera technique and an observation hive.
Also the brood development of similarly raised colonies is photographically analyzed with
computer software. We will present preliminary results of our study as well as the methods
applied.
P&B 08
Fly or die? The influence of sub-chronic exposure to different pesticides
on the flight performance in honeybees
SB
Einfluss verschiedener Pestizide auf die Flugleistung von Honigbienen.
Strobl, Verena; Ulrike Riessberger-Gallé, Javier Hernández-López, Wolfgang Schuehly, Karl
Crailsheim
Negative effects of pesticides on orientation and memory of honeybees are univocally proven,
whilst the influence on the flight performance from the physiological point of view is less explored
so far. In the following, we used three pesticides, cypermethrin, dimethoate and imidacloprid from
different chemical classes to investigate their effects on honeybees flight performance.
Corresponding to published LD50 values, we chose sub-lethal concentrations of one-fifth for each
single pesticide.
Experiments were carried out with hive bees as well as caged bees. At an age of 13-16 days 20-30
bees were fed with 10% sucrose solution overnight to level nutritional status. The next morning
they received 50% sucrose solution for 48 h, containing the following amounts of pesticides
(ng/bee): cypermethrin 4, dimethoate 24 or imidacloprid 0.8 as well as a combination of the three.
After pesticide consumption, bees were fed 50% sucrose solution for 24 h. At the age of 17-20
days the bees were stimulated to fly in a roundabout until all their energy reserves in the honey
sac were used up. After this “emptying flight” all bees were fed 10 µL of 2 M sucrose solution and
stimulated to fly again to measure the flight duration, covered distance and speed of each flight.
In all investigated flight parameters we could not identify any significant impairment in flight
performance neither within the pesticide test groups nor versus the control. Parallel to this
finding, in our previous experiments using heat-killed bacteria to evoke an immune response, we
could demonstrate that also the costs accompanying such an immune challenge did not negatively
influence forager’s flight performance. We conjecture that proper flight performance is a basic and
vital prerequisite of forager bees that is more robust against external stressors than e.g.,
orientation behavior and memory function.
Keywords apis, flight performance, pesticides
Seite 60
P&B 04
In search for sensitive, colony-level indicators of insecticide-induced stress in bee colonies
Auf der Suche nach sensitiven Indikatoren für Insektizid-induzierten Stress bei Honigbienen
1
1
1
3
2
Wegener, Jakob ; Haike Ruhnke , Kathrin Milchreit , M. Barth , Günter Kamp , Sebastian
2
1
Mispagel , Kaspar Bienefeld
Länderinstitut für Bienenkunde Hohen Neuendorf e.V., D-16540 Hohen Neuendorf1, AMP-Lab GmbH,
Becherweg 9-11, D-55128 Mainz2, BioChem agrar GmbH, Kupferstraße 6, 04827 Machern3
Most protocols for measuring side-effects of chemicals on honeybees are based on exposure of
individual bees or larvae, making generalization to the level of the colony difficult. Moreover, they
usually only cover a limited time after application of the substances in question. Here we tested a
set of >20 potential indicators to measure insecticide-induced stress at the colony level. Exposed
hives were overwintered to evaluate the relevance of measurements performed shortly after
insecticide-exposure for long-term performance. As stressors, we chose the insect growth
regulator fenoxycarb and the neurotoxic neonicotinoid imidacloprid, which were dissolved in
sucrose solution at high doses and fed to colonies over a period of 5-7 days. In total, 141 colonies
were tested in three separate experiments. The present report is limited to measurements 1 – 4
weeks after the end of pesticide feeding. Tested traits included fluctuating asymmetry, learning
performance, activity of immune enzymes, and chemical composition of brood food and bees,
along with classical colony estimation according to the “Liebefeld”-method. Treatment with
imidacloprid had weak to no effects on the strength of colonies after overwintering, whereas
fenoxycarb led to significant (P<0.05) reductions in all three experiments. Both insecticides
influenced the learning capacity of worker bees, and the activity of immune enzymes, in one to
two of the three independent experiments (P<0.05), but the only truly repeatable effect was that
of fenoxycarb on the ratio between brood and bees. Correlations between indicators and numbers
of bees after overwintering were low. We conclude that learning performance and immuneenzymes are the most promising candidates for studying short-term colony-level effects of
insecticides on honey bees, but that their relationship to longer-term colony development remains
to be established.
Keywords Apis mellifera, fenoxycarb, imidacloprid, stress markers
Seite 61
9. Bienenprodukte
BPr 11
TLC screening method for cornflower honey
DC Screeningmethode für Kornblumenhonig
SB
Beitlich, N.; A. Böswetter, K. Speer
Professur für Spezielle Lebensmittelchemie und Lebensmittelproduktion, Technische Universität Dresden,
Bergstraße 66, D-01069 Dresden
Monofloral honeys are characterized by their color, consistency, and above all by their specific
aroma and taste and, therefore, clearly attain higher prices on the market than the common
polyfloral honeys. Cornflower honey is assigned special interest due to its high amount of
hydrogen peroxide and the corresponding antibacterial properties for wound healing. To
determine and differentiate cornflower honey from other monofloral honeys, a SPE-UHPLC-PDAMS/MS method was developed. The method allows for analyzing and quantifying lumichrome, the
characteristic compound of cornflower honey, next to phenols and flavonoids. However, this
method requires expensive equipment.
Therefore, a simple TLC method was developed which allows for sorting out honey samples
wrongly declared as cornflower honeys on a defined lumichrome reference. Consequently, the
presented screening method takes only two hours for 10 honey samples. All of the 13 samples
labelled as cornflower honeys were in accordance with their declaration.
Due to the fast and simple application the method developed is suitable for the specific screening
of cornflower honey.
Keywords lumichrome, monofloral honeys, TLC screening, cornflower honey
BPr 13
Characterization of raspberry honey
Charakterisierung des Himbeerblütenhonigs
Schlafke, J.; K. Speer
Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, D-01069 Dresden
Monofloral honeys attain higher market prices than polyfloral honeys due to their characteristic
flavor. The monofloral honey is named after the generic type of plant. Melissopalynological and
physicochemical properties such as electrical conductivity, sugar profile, color, smell, and taste
were employed for the differentiation between these honeys. In addition, their volatile and
phenolic compounds proved promising for differentiating between their botanical origins.
In the present study, raspberry honey (Rubus idaeus) was investigated. The characterization of
raspberry honey was carried out by analyzing the volatile compounds via gas chromatography (GC)
after headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME). Furthermore, secondary plant
substances were determined (phenolic compounds) by solid phase extraction combined with
UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS (Oelschlägel et al. (2012), J. Agric. Food Chem., 60: 7229-7237).
Regarding the volatile profile of raspberry honey (Rubus idaeus), the major compounds were
nonanal, nonanol, and beta-damascenone; large amounts of ellag acid were identified in the
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phenolic extracts. Ellag acid is a suitable floral marker to distinguish raspberry honeys from 14
other European monofloral honeys, for example acacia, buckwheat, cornflower, lavender, and
rosemary.
Keywords raspberry honey, phenolic compounds
BPr 12
Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of different varieties of German honey
Polyphenolgehalte und antioxidative Kapazität deutscher Sortenhonige
Schroeder, Annette; Peter Jung
Honey is rich in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. These antioxidants play an important
role in human health and therefore many studies focus on honey. The composition of antioxidants
depends on the floral source and is considered to have a significant impact on the antibacterial
property of the respective honey. Several studies on the phenolic content have been carried out in
honeys worldwide, however little information is available on the phenolic profiles of German
honey. The aim of this study was to quantify the phenolic content in seven varieties of German
honey and to determine their antioxidant activities.
In a total of seventy-seven honeys, eleven samples each of rape seed (Brassica napus), fir (Abies
alba), spruce (Picea abies), lime (Tilia spp.), chestnut (Castanea sativa), locust tree (Robinia
pseudoacacia) and mixed flower honeys, were analyzed in order to assess their total phenolic
content and antioxidant activity. The total phenolic content was determined using the FolinCiocalteu colorimetric method and antioxidant activity was investigated by means of free radical
scavenging activity with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH assay).
The phenolic content and antioxidant activity differed widely among different honey types. The
total phenolic content ranged from 71 to 1,010 mg gallic acid/kg of honey and for the antioxidant
activity the IC50 ranged from 9.4 to 585.8 mg/ml. The highest phenolic content and antioxidant
activity were identified in honeydew and chestnut honeys, while the lowest values were found in
honeys from locust tree. Statistical analysis confirmed that the total phenolic content of honey
was highly significant correlated with its antioxidant activity (Pearson-Correlation, P<0.0001).
Keywords honey, phenolic content, antioxidant activity
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10. Physiologie und Verhalten
P&V 17
Magnetic bee-catch system (MBcS): a new and simple method to
investigate the homing performance of honeybees
Magnetic bee-catch system (MBcS): eine neue und einfache Methode zur Untersuchung des
Heimkehrverhaltens von Honigbienen
SB
Homing flight of bees plays an essential role for successful foraging trip. Recently, different
methods have been developed to investigate various parameters of foraging behavior including
manual observation of marked bees or automatic monitoring using either harmonic radar or radio
frequency identification (RFID) tags. However, each method has advantages as well as
disadvantages.
We develop and evaluate new method using a magnetic-catch system to be useful, simple and
effective in homing performance studies of honeybees after being artificially displacement to
various destinations (up to 2500m) and compare it with manual observation to exclude any
possible effects of the metal tags on that orientation of bees. Returning bees are observed at the
hive entrance over 2 h as well as at the next day, where homing rate, homing speed and homing
time are determined.
We found non-significant differences in the homing rate between both methods at the shortest
distance (476m), but at longer distances. These results show that no disorientated effects by metal
tags could observe. The significant differences between the methods at longer distances (1040
and 2740m) indicate that using MBcS setup is more effective compared to traditional manual
observation, especially when the bees return at late afternoon or early morning (no loss of late
arrivals). Moreover, non-significant differences in the homing speed and homing time between
both methods are found.
Consequently, MBcS setup seems to be simple, cheap and effective method to investigate the
homing behavior of honeybees allowing an accurate estimation of homing rate and homing speed.
E-Mail des korrespondierenden Autors: [email protected];
[email protected]
Keywords Magnetic bee-catch system, Homing, Honeybee
P&V 14
Formation of honey and aquaporins
Honigbereitung und Aquaporine
Eberhardt, Joachim
Formation of honey by workers of the honey bee has now been discussed for more than 100
years. Put simply there are two hypotheses: Formulated by ARMBRUSTER and LINDAUER there is a
hypothesis that regurgitation called 'Rüsselschlagen' as behavior and the evaporation of water are
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generally essential for the maturation of honey. Already in 1892 PLANTA described that honeybees
excrete some of the water through the body. BRÜNNICH (BRÜNNICH, K. Die Eindickung des Nektars bei
der Honigbiene, Zeitschrift f. Angewandte Entomologie 10, 2, S 448-457, 1924) formulated this
hypothesis again and specified the location of dehydration as the crop ('Honigblase'). In recent
decades this hypothesis has been put aside. Nowadays the first hypothesis of bees actively
promoting evaporation through 'Rüsselschlagen' and venting is regarded as a reason for removal
of water from the honey.
The discovery of aquaporins as selective water channels in cell membranes and their presence in
honey bees make it useful to redefine the hypothesis of Planta and Brünnich. Given the presence
and involvement of aquaporins in the crop ('Honigblase'), the following hypothesis can be
postulated: The workers collect nectar and store it the crop. Due to aquaporins in the cell
membranes of the crop a controlled discharge of water molecules through the thin fabric of the
crop into the hemolymph begins. Driving force for the outflow is slightly higher pressure in the
volume of the crop due to the elasticity of the tissue and contraction of muscles. The effluent
water molecules dilute the hemolymph. As a result, the Malpighian tubules regulate the osmotic
value and set the homeostasis. The Malpighian tubules add water to their volume, which is then
discharged through the rectum as fine droplets. The removal of water is continued during the
flight and in the hive. During each transfer of honey ('Umtragen') by the workers more water is
extracted in the crop. This form of water reduction on the basis of physiological mechanisms
works well at high partial pressure of water vapore as found in the hive.
The reformulated hypothesis provides a model for the removal of water from nectar, honeydew
and immature honey, which is simple, effective, fast and energetically favorable.
Keywords aquaporine, Rüsselschlagen, Honigreifung
P&V 18
Small group sizes elicit stress responses in worker honey bees
Kleine Gruppen lösen Stressreaktionen in Arbeiterinnen von Apis mellifera aus
SB
Heinze, Anne; Hans-Hinrich Kaatz
Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 4, D-06099 Halle/Saale
The high degree of social organisation in honey bee colonies is a highly suitable model to analyse
the influence of social context on the physiology of organisms. Effects of the size of social groups
on the physiology of bees have been analysed via expression of 32 key metabolic, immune and
detoxification genes in the fat body of 8 d old worker honeybees. The workers were caged for one
week in an incubator in groups of 1, 10, 100 and 1000 bees. The expression levels were compared
to bees of the same age which were kept in queen-right colonies. Key genes of lipid metabolism
like bubblegum did not differ between all test groups. On the other hand, the expression level of
genes in the carbohydrate metabolism such as insulin-like peptide 2, trehalose-6-phosphate
synthase 1 and sorbitol dehydrogenase-2-like is reduced in the groups of 1, 10 and 100 bees
compared to the groups of 1000 bees and to bees from the colony. This downregulation of gene
expression in smaller groups also occurs in the detoxification pathway with several cytochrome
P450 genes and the immune gene dorsal. Our data suggest that bees kept in cages in groups of
1000 for eight days represent the colonial nurse bee phenotype. Caged bees in groups of 100 bees
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and less, however, represent a “stress” physiotype with a number of down regulated genes in
detoxification, oxidative stress and carbohydrate metabolism which is different from characteristic
physiotype of nurse bees and foragers.
E-Mail: [email protected]
Keywords group size, social context, stress, metabolism, immune response
P&V 16
Field study on effect of feeding honey bee workers different
SB
monofloral pollen on their longevity
Einfluss der Fütterung verschiedener monoflorale Pollen auf die Langlebigkeit der Honigbienen in
einer Feldstudie
Keller, Stefan; Helmut Horn
The nutrition of honey bee colonies with a sufficient amount of high quality pollen is considered a
crucial parameter for their vitality. In a field study we tested the influence of defined diets of
monofloral pollen on the longevity of worker bees. Mini Plus hives with about 4,000 worker bees
were used for this colony level experiment. By use of a modified hive entrance with an integrated
pollen trap the intake of pollen by foragers could be largely eliminated and the experiment could
be carried out in free flying colonies. The test colonies had sister queens and have been equally
established from artificial swarms.
Pollen of willow (Salix), hawthorn (Crataegus), rockrose (Cistus sp.) and chestnut (Castanea sativa)
were used for monofloral diets. Each pollen variety was mixed with honey in a defined ratio and
placed on top of the combs. After the colonies had been established, the queen was caged to a
comb in order to receive dated brood combs. These combs were transferred to an incubator prior
to the hatching of the bees. Freshly hatched bees were individually marked and returned back to
the respective hives. The lifetime of all marked bees was recorded daily.
Each experimental group consisted of four colonies. In addition to the four pollen groups, two
control groups without additional pollen feeding were included: One group was kept with pollen
traps, the other without pollen traps. The total protein content of the pollen used varied between
27 % and 47 %. The results clearly show that the prevention of pollen feeding have a dramatic
effect on the survival rate of the bees and that in addition also the different pollen diets have a
significant effect on the longevity of the bees.
Supported by the Ministry of Agriculture, Baden-Württemberg and the State Beekeeping
Organizations of Baden and Württemberg.
Keywords pollen, longevity of worker bees, nutrition
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P&V 15
The neglected gender - drone production in naturally nesting and
beekeeper-managed honeybee colonies (Apis mellifera L.)
Das vernachlässigte Geschlecht - Drohnenproduktion in natürlich nistenden und imkerlich
gehaltenen Völkern der Honigbiene (Apis mellifera L.)
1
1
1
1
SB
2
Kohl, Patrick Laurenz ; Florian Grziwotz , Arndt Telschow , Joachim Kurtz , Werner Mühlen
Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Evolution und Biodiversität, Hüfferstraße 1, D-48149
Münster1, Landwirtschaftskammer Nordrhein-Westfalen, Fachbereich Tierproduktion, Bienenkunde,
Nevinghoff 40, D-48147 Münster2
In Europe, feral honeybee colonies are rare and the local population just consists of beekeepermanaged colonies. These are generally kept in hives with combs made of wax foundation where
the construction of drone cells and thus the production of drones is restricted. Little is known
about adult drone numbers maintained under natural conditions and how they are actually
reduced through modern bee-keeping, -previous studies were limited to a documentation of
brood and neglected the natural nest. This knowledge is important, however, to estimate
consequences for colonies and populations. In this study we directly compare the number of adult
drones actually produced and maintained by naturally nesting (NN) to that of typical beekeepermanaged (BM) colonies. We established NN colonies from artificial swarms (n = 5) in late summer
2013 in hives containing frames with routing stripes to allow comb construction according to the
natural life-cycle and phenology, and took BM colonies (n = 5) from a commercial apiary. Data of
colony development were obtained through computer-assisted analysis of photographs taken
periodically (every 10 to 12 days) from combs between late March and late July 2014. Capped
brood and adult worker bee populations were determined by area measurements and adult
drones were counted manually. In total, drone brood made up about 10 per cent (9,65 ± 0,76 %)
of total brood in NN colonies which maintained 3400 (±SD: 277) adult drones at populations´
peaks. BM colonies reared just 1,31 (±SD: 0,41) per cent drone brood and had a maximum of 425
(±SD: 137) adult drones. NN colonies were apparently affected during a period of food scarcity in
late spring. They saved resources by reducing both worker and drone brood and did not evict adult
drones or drone brood specifically. We discuss the consequences of the 85 per cent reduction of
drones in BM colonies for genetic drift in populations and the mating success of young queens.
Keywords drones, sex ratio, natural comb, wax foundation
11. Bienenpathologie
BP 23
The Effect of Formic Acid Treatment on the Mortality of Varroa destrcutor
and its Progeny inside Sealed Honey Bee Brood Cells
SB
Alkattea, Raghdan; Patrick Frunder, Susanne Frunder, Peter Rosenkranz
Landesanstalt für Bienenkunde, Uni Hohenheim, August-von-Hartmannstr. 13, D-70599 Stuttgart
In two locations, honeybee colonies were treated with formic acid 60% (Liebig Dispenser) in
August 2014. One week after the start of the formic acid (FA) application, one comb of each colony
was taken out to investigate the mortality of the Varroa mother mites inside sealed brood cells. In
Seite 67
one of the two locations, the formic acid treatment was repeated in September to compare the
mortality of the brood mites between the two treatments. Additionally, in some colonies, the
mortality of the Varroa offspring inside the sealed brood cells was analyzed in 2 time intervals. The
results demonstrate clearly for both locations that the more FA evaporation rate/day and the
longer the duration of the treatment, the higher the mortality of mother mites inside brood cells
after one week of FA application. The mortality rates within the sealed brood cells after a 7 day
application ranged between 4 - 32% at location 1 and between 8 - 65% at location 2. Concerning
the offspring of the mother mite, the survival of protochrysalis and Deutocrhrysalis are faster
affected by the FA application than the mother and adult daughter mites. For instance, two days
after the application, the mortality rate was around 60% for the Protochrysalis and Deutochrysalis
whereas the mother and adult daughter mites reached a mortality rate of only about 25%. The
efficacy of FA on mites within the sealed brood is a crucial factor for the overall success of the
treatment in late summer. Therefore an evaluation of brood mite mortality under different
conditions is urgently required in order to optimize the FA application.
Supported by the Baden-Württemberg Ministry of Agriculture.
Keywords Formic Acid, Mortality, Varroa mites, Brood cells
BP 26
Einfluss der Bruttemperatur auf das Ausräumen Varroa-parasitierter Brut
SB
Bauer, Daniel; Kaspar Bienefeld
Länderinstitut für Bienenkunde Hohen Neuendorf e.V., Friedrich-Engels-Str. 32, D-16540 Hohen Neuendorf
Weltweit arbeiten Züchter auf eine Verbesserung der Varroatoleranz bei der Honigbiene hin. Eine
Strategie ist die Selektion auf das Erkennen und Öffnen von Varroa befallener Brut, die sogenannte
Varroa Sensitive Hygiene (VSH).
Wir untersuchen derzeit, ob Temperatur ein Signalfaktor bei der VSH ist. Dazu überprüften wir
zunächst, ob Varroa destructor eine Auswirkung auf die Bruttemperatur hat und in einen weiteren
Experiment, ob eine induzierte Temperaturveränderung zu einer veränderten VSH führt.
Die Messungen wurden über zwei Jahre an verschiedenen Kleinvölkern mit jeweils 4 Brutwaben
und 3 Vorratswaben durchgeführt. Diese befanden sich in einem Inkubator mit einer konstanten
Temperatur von 33°C und waren über ein Flugloch mit der Außenwelt in Verbindung. Mit
kalibrierten Thermoelementen wurden Temperaturen im Zellinneren aufgezeichnet. Eine
Veränderung der Bruttemperatur wurde mit einem Rückseitig der Wabe angebrachten
Heiz/Kühlsystem erzeugt.
In zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Jahren, zeigte sich widerholt eine signifikante Erhöhung der
Temperatur in befallenen Zellen von durchschnittlich 0,15°C. Eine induzierte Erhöhung der
Bruttemperatur von 0,5 bis 1,0 Grad zeigte keinen signifikanten Unterschied bei der VSH.
Keywords Varroa-Sensitive-Hygiene (VSH), Bruttemperatur
BP 31
Deformed wing virus from Apis mellifera in Osmia bicornis: are solitary bees
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SB
tougher than social ones?
Deformed wing virus - von Apis mellifera in Osmia bicornis: sind solitäre Bienen weniger anfällig als
soziale Bienen?
Bianco, Nadia; Orlando Yañez, Matthias Albrecht, Peter Neumann
Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, CH-3003, Bern,
Switzerland
Based on survey data, pathogen host shifts from managed to wild bees have been suggested as a
mechanism for wild pollinator decline. However, experimental data are scarce. We experimentally
infected solitary bees, Osmia bicornis, with Deformed wing virus (DWV), a predominant honey bee
virus. DWV was propagated in 5 honeybee pupae and after 7 days microinjected into 48 O.
bicornis adults and 15 honeybee pupae. After 16 days, RNA was extracted from all bees and DWV
titres were quantified by using routine qPCR. Negative-strand specific PCR was also performed to
test for DWV replication. Although infected honeybee pupae clearly show that the used DWV
particles were infectious, the O. bicornis adults had very low DWV titres, which were not
significantly different from those of untreated bees (46 adult controls of O. bicornis). Indeed, the
negative strand analyses indicate that DWV was not replicating in O. bicornis, even though
microinjection easily overcomes host defense in honeybees. Our data suggest that O. bicornis
does not support DWV replication to the same extent as honeybees do. This further supports the
notion that survey data should be experimentally confirmed before drawing general conclusions
on the role of drivers for wild pollinator decline.
Keywords DWV, host shift, Osmia bicornis, solitary bees, virology
BP 32
Cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of larvae from two Apis mellifera subspecies and
SB
their influence to host-finding behavior of Varroa destructor
Kutikuläre Kohlenwasserstoffprofile von Larven zweier Unterarten von Apis mellifera und deren
Auswirkungen auf das Wirtsfindeverhalten von Varroa destructor
Bosch, Christoph; Wolfgang H. Kirchner
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, AG Verhaltensbiologie und Didaktik der Biologie, Universitätsstr. 150, Gebäude
NCDF 06/494, D-44780 Bochum
Cuticular hydrocarbons of honey bee larvae are essential in the host-finding behavior of V.
destructor. European subspecies of A. mellifera are highly susceptible for mite infestation whereas
Africanized honey bees and African subspecies show a high degree of resistance. Brood attractivity
is one possible factor contributing to low mite infestation rates. Hydrocarbon profiles from larvae
of resistant and non-resistant subspecies were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed.
Furthermore, attractiveness of larval extracts were tested in a bioassay on V. destructor.
For chemical analysis and behavioral experiments pentane samples were extracted of L5 larvae
from A. m. carnica (Bochum, Germany) and A. m. scutellata (Mbombela, South Africa) colonies.
Hydrocarbons from L5 extracts were analyzed by GC/MS. For the bioassay we followed a modified
protocol of Aumeier et al. (2002; Chemoecology 12:65-75). Mites have been collected from local
subspecies colonies. Single mites were placed in an arena with four extract treated larvae, each
two received the same treatment. Mites were presented a combination of scutellata/carnica,
Seite 69
carnica/pentane or scutellata/pentane extracts, respectively, and the time spent on larvae was
recorded for 180 s.
We analyzed 61 substances for A. m. carnica and 60 for A. m. scutellata with varying amounts.
Methyloctacosane is identified as the lacking substance in the profile of A. m. scutellata larvae. V.
destructor spent significant more time on L5 extract treated larvae compared to pentane.
Furthermore, mites do not discriminate between extracts from A. m. carnica and A. m. scutellata
regardless of their host subspecies.
Our results provide a more detailed hydrocarbon profile and revealed differences in the pattern of
larval cuticle hydrocarbons of A. m. carnica and A. m. scutellata. Despite differences in quality and
quantity it seems that the hydrocarbon profile itself plays no key role in host-finding behavior of V.
destructor.
Keywords cuticular hydrocarbon, Apis mellifera scutellata, Apis mellifera carnica, host-finding,
Varroa destructor
BP 33
Survival time analysis of Varroa destructor treated with entomopathogenic fungi
Überlebenszeitanalyse bei Varroa destructor nach Behandlung mit entomopathogenen Pilzen
SB
Bosch, Christoph; Valentina Ljujic, Wolfgang H. Kirchner
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, AG Verhaltensbiologie und Didaktik der Biologie, Universitätsstr. 150, Gebäude
NCDF 06/494, D-44780 Bochum
Entomopathogenic fungi are from special interest in the control of V. destructor as their
antagonistic counterparts. Several entomopathogenic fungal species of different sources are
available but research pursuing to find more specific isolates as potential antagonists of V.
destructor is insufficient. We tested commercially available isolates and cultures which we isolated
from V. destructor for their potential as control agent.
A total of eight fungal isolates in three separate analysis were tested as follows: (i) Beauveria
varroae (ARSEF 8259), B. bassiana (ATCC® 74040™), B. pseudobassiana (ARSEF 8256). (ii) as (i) with
addition of Paecilomyces sp. (CB100). (iii) Cladosporium cladosporioides (CB65) and three strains
of Cladosporium sp. (CB72, CB73, CB81). 50-100 mites per treatment were collected from A.
mellifera colonies and inoculated with one of eight fungal isolates by immersing them in conidia
solution. Groups of 5 mites were kept on white eyed bee pupae in cylindrical vials (3 ml). Mite
mortality in each vial was recorded every 24 h and pupae were replaced after 2 to 3 days.
All treatments show a significant decrease in survival time to control groups. B. bassiana is the
most effective isolate which kills all of the mites within five to six days and its negative impact on
survival is significant stronger than of B. pseudobassiana and B. varroae. Under the same
conditions the life expectancy of mites treated with CB100 and Cladosporium spp. isolates is
reduced just of minor extend but significant to control treatment.
The commercially used and the only not V. destructor derived isolate B. bassiana is the most
virulent of the tested isolates. Isolates of Cladosporium spp. and Paecilomyces sp. are effective in
reducing the mites longevity even if they are not as virulent as B. bassiana. Those isolates from V.
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destructor are still candidates for a potential control agent because they could be more species
specific and produce less side effects to non-target species.
Keywords entomopathogenic fungi, mite control, Beauveria bassiana, Varroa destructor
BP 22
Evaluation of diagnostic methods for the quantification of the Varroa infestation level in honey
bee colonies
Beurteilung von Diagnosemethoden zur Bestimmung des Varroabefalls in Bienenvölkern
de Craigher, Doris; Raghdan Alkattea, Raphael Buck, Eva Frey, Bernd Gieler, Stefan Keller, Daniel
Landesanstalt für Bienenkunde, August-von-Hartmann-Straße 13, D-70599 Stuttgart
An integrated concept for Varroa treatment requires a reliable method for the quantification of
the mite infestation level before and after treatments and the timely recognition of the damage
threshold. We here use the data of 118 colonies at 8 apiaries that were treated in summer and
autumn 2014 according to the treatment concept of Baden-Württemberg (see presentation of
Frey et al. in this meeting).
Firstly, we compared the natural mite fall per day before the start of the treatments with the total
number of mites killed by the formic acid (FA) and oxalic acid (OA) treatments. Secondly, we
compared two consecutive records of the daily mite fall taken within one week. Finally, we
compared the infestation of adult worker bees (~ 200, washed in soapy water) before the second
FA treatment with the number of mites killed by the second FA and the OA treatment.
The daily mite fall directly before the first FA treatment (beginning of August) was significantly
correlated with the total amount of “treatment mites” (Pearson; R = 0.56; R2 = 0.31; P < 0.001).
The infestation of the adult worker bees revealed a lower but still significant correlation with the
number of mites killed in the following treatments (Pearson; R = 0.36; R2 = 0.13; P < 0,001). It has
to be considered that these “treatment mites” do not exactly represent the infestation level at the
time when the mite fall was recorded, due to the reproduction of surviving mites and/ or the
invasion of mites from outside. Despite some insecurity on the exact correlation coefficients our
data indicate that a reasonable part of the infestation level is not explained by the daily mite fall or
the infestation level of a bee sample. These diagnostic methods might therefore only be of limited
value for a reliable estimate of the damage threshold in summer. This is confirmed by the
comparison of daily mite fall records taken in two successive weeks. Again, we received a Pearson
correlation coefficient of 0.56 that is highly significant but also indicates a reasonable variation of
this diagnostic measure.
Keywords Varroa destructor, diagnostic methods, infestation level, damage threshold
BP 21
Evaluation of the Varroa treatment as recommended in Baden-Württemberg: Results of the year
2014/ 2015
Bewertung der Varroabehandlung nach dem Varroose-Bekämpfungskonzept Baden-Württemberg:
Ergebnisse von 2014/ 2015
Seite 71
Frey, Eva; Raphael Buck, Stefan Keller, Bernd Gieler, Doris de Craigher, Raghdan Alkattea, Daniel
Universität Hohenheim, Landesanstalt für Bienenkunde, August-von-Hartmann-Str. 13, D-70599 Stuttgart
The recommended concept for a sustainable Varroa treatment in Baden-Württemberg includes
drone brood removal, two formic acid (FA) treatments in summer and an oxalic acid (OA)
treatment during winter. The last year season is considered a worst case scenario for this concept
due to high Varroa infestation rates and bad weather conditions during the FA treatments. We
here present data from 127 colonies of the Apicultural State Institute at 8 apiaries that have been
treated twice with a long-term application of the Liebig-Dispenser (140 – 200ml FA 60% depending
on colony size) at the beginning of August and September and OA trickling in December. In 29
colonies Mite away (MAQS) was used for the second treatment. The mite fall was counted during
the entire treatment period in daily and weekly, respectively, intervals. Additionally, the daily
evaporation rates of FA during the treatments were recorded. The total Varroa infestation based
on the sum of all treatments varied between 650 and 3.200 mites per colony. The overall efficacy
calculated from the number of OA mites in relation to the total number of mites (MAQS colonies
excluded) ranged from 42% to 98% with an average of 80%. The evaporation rates varied
considerably among the apiaries, however only in 25% of the colonies a sufficient evaporation (>
20/ 30 ml per day according to literature data) could be confirmed during both treatments. We
could not prove a clear correlation between evaporation rate and efficacy, probably due to the
overall low evaporation rate. This insufficient evaporation rates – quite likely due to the
extraordinary temperature and humidity conditions during the treatment periods - are considered
to be the main reason for the relatively low efficacy.
Our results confirm that even under unfavorable conditions our concept is effective enough to
keep the Varroa infestation below the damage threshold in the huge majority of the colonies. A
still unsolved problem for the concept are colonies with extremely high infestation levels before
the start of the FA treatment.
Keywords Varroa destructor, Formic acid treatment, oxalic acid treatment, evaporation
BP 28
Developing novel treatment strategies against P. larvae
Entwicklung neuer Behandlungsmethoden gegen P. larvae
Fünfhaus, Anne; Elke Genersch
The course of infection of honey bee larvae with Paenibacillus larvae, the causative agent of
American Foulbrood (AFB), is determined by different virulence factors of this gram-positive
bacterium. P. larvae genotypes ERIC I and ERIC II are frequently isolated from AFB outbreaks all
over the world. Different virulence factors of these genotypes were identified and characterized.
These include the ERIC I specific ADP ribosylating toxins Plx1 and Plx2. Characteristic for P. larvae
genotype ERIC II is the surface- (S-) layer protein SplA. In addition, it was possible to identify the
chitin-binding and -degrading protein PlCBP49 in ERIC I and II. This knowledge is a prerequisite and
is the will serve as basis for the development of novel AFB-treatment strategies through inhibitory
Seite 72
substances which are able to disturb the protein binding reaction or the enzymatic reactions of
these virulence factors.
BP 29
The secondary metabolites Bacillibactin, Sevadicin, and Paenilamicin of the
honeybee pathogen Paenibacillus larvae
Die Sekundärmetabolite Bacillibactin, Sevadicin und Paenilamicin des Bienenpathogens
Paenibacillus larvae
1
2
SB
1
2
Hertlein ,Gillian ; Eva Garcia-Gonzelez1, Sebastian Müller , Nina C. Heid , Roderich D. Süssmuth ,
1,
Elke Genersch
Länderinstitut für Bienenkunde Hohen Neuendorf e.V., Friedrich-Engels-Straße 32, D-16540 Hohen Neuendorf1,
Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, D-10623 Berlin2, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics,
Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, D.14163 Berlin3
The Gram-positve, spore forming bacterium Paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of
American Foulbrood, a disease affecting the brood of honeybees. Larvae become infected by the
ingestion of spore-contaminated food. Once in the midgut, the spores germinate and the
vegetative bacteria start to massively proliferate until the whole midgut cavity is filled with
bacteria. When a critical point is reached, P. larvae switches from this commensal-like lifestyle to
its invasive form. It breaches through the midgut epithelium and enters the hemocoel. The larvae
die and the remains are decomposed to a ropy mass. The genome of P. larvae harbors several
gene clusters, which code for secondary metabolite producing enzyme complexes. Secondary
metabolites have a broad range of biological activities; they can, for example, act as antibiotics,
iron chelators or toxins. This makes them potential virulence factors of P. larvae. In order to test
this hypothesis, knock-out mutants deficient in the production of the respective secondary
metabolite were constructed. Comparative analysis of wildtype and mutants enabled us to identify
and characterize three secondary metabolites: Bacillibactin, Sevadicin and Paenilamicin.
Bacillibactin, is a well-known catechol type siderophore. Several Gram-positive bacteria produce it
to grow under iron limiting conditions, but no involvement in virulence has been described until
now. In vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed a similar role for bacillibactin in P. larvae.
Sevadicin and Paenilamicin both show antibiotic activity in agar plate inhibition assays; hence a
potential role fighting competitor bacteria was proposed. To test this hypothesis in vivo coinfection assays with P. alvei and P. larvae wildtype as well as mutants were conducted. The
results indicated an effect of Paenilamicin on competing bacteria. Here a summary of the
characterization of the secondary metabolites Bacillibactin, Sevadicin and Paenilamicin will be
given.
Keywords Secondary metabolites, Paenibacillus larvae, Bacillibactin, Sevadicin, Paenilamicin
BP 27
Diagnostic investigations of DWV
Diagnostik für DWV
Möckel, N.; L. Poppinga, E. Genersch
Seite 73
Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are host to many pathogens including several viruses. Deformed wing
virus (DWV) is a multi host virus and one of the most prevalent viruses present in honey bees all
over the world.
To visually analyze on cell and tissue level the interaction between DWV and its host, the
honeybee, we recently established an infection assay and an in-vivo cell culture model for DWV
using naive honeybee pupae or adult honeybees and primary neuronal cells from brains of honey
bee pupae. We infected pupae and/or adult bees with defined pure DWV suspension, isolated
from crippled bees. Afterwards we prepared tissue sections from brain, thorax, gut, wings and
extremities which were subsequently analyzed with Fluorescence-in-situ-hybridization and/or
immune fluorescence with specific fluorescence coupled antibodies.
Of special interest are our findings that DWV infects particular areas in certain tissues, especially in
brain and developing wings. These results give visual explanations for crippled wings in highly
infected honeybees and for putatively DWV-associated cognitive impairments.
BP 25
Detection of infectious diseases in honey bee (Apis mellifera) tissues
Detektion von Infektionskrankheiten in Honigbienen- (Apis mellifera) Geweben
Poppinga, L.; H. Aupperle, E. Genersch
Various infectious diseases affecting the honey bee (Apis mellifera) cause severe illnesses resulting
in considerable damage in apiculture. For future research it is therefore desirable to understand
the mechanisms involved in pathogeneses of the different infectious diseases to eventually
establish methods of treatments. With the help of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH),
infection mechanisms of different pathogens were investigated and visualized in infected bee
material under laboratory conditions. For this purpose, exposure bioassays were performed with
honey bee larvae as well as adult honey bees. Infected animal samples were fixed in formalin,
embedded in paraffin, cut into thin slices and finally analyzed by FISH. For specific detection,
species specific, fluorescence labeled probes were applied. After hybridization of probes, the slides
were investigated by fluorescence microscopy. Each pathogen could be clearly visualized in
specific organs of the honey bee, offering important insights into different infection strategies.
BP 30
Is there virus dependent host choice behaviour in Varroa destructor?
Gibt es virusabhängiges Wirtswahlverhalten bei Varroa destructor?
Schindler, Juliane; Ellen A. Schlüns, Helge Schlüns
Behavioural Biology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 11, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
The ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor and the deformed wing virus (DWV) have a substantial
impact on colony mortality of the Western honeybee (Apis mellifera). V. destructor is not just a
vector of DWV in honeybees but the virus also replicates in the mites. Thus, V. destructor mites
Seite 74
might avoid feeding on infected bee larvae. By contrast, DWV would gain an advantage if mites
were attracted to infected bee larvae. Moreover, the result of the interaction between mite and
virus is of significance for both the transfer of DWV between bee and mite and the epidemiology
of the viral disease in bees. In this study, we investigated whether the presence or absence of
DWV in honeybee larvae influences the host choice of V. destructor. We carried out a behavioural
experiment on phoretic mites and the fifth larval stage of worker bees. A single mite was placed in
the centre of a test arena between two larvae in each trial. The locomotory behaviour of the mite
was recorded for five minutes. The host choice decisions of several mites were determined for
every pair of bee larvae. The potential presence of DWV in the larvae was detected using RT-PCR.
The bee larvae varied in their degree of infection with DWV. However, the length of time the mites
stayed on the larvae and the relative DWV titres of the larvae did not correlate. Hence, we did not
find evidence that being infected with DWV makes bee larvae more or less attractive for V.
destructor mites. There is neither an indication of an adaptive behavioural response to infected
hosts in mites nor an indication of manipulation of mite behaviour by DWV.
BP 20
The German bee monitoring (DeBiMo): Report 2013/ 2014
Das Deutsche Bienenmonitoring (DeBiMo): Ergebnisse 2013/ 2014
Schroeder, Annette; Werner von der Ohe, Elke Genersch, Marina Meixner, Christoph Otten,
Stefan Berg, Marc Schäfer, Dieter Martens
Projektkoordinator: Annette Schroeder, Apicultural State Institute, University of Hohenheim,
D-70599 Stuttgart
This long-term cooperation project focuses on the monitoring of winter losses of honey bee
colonies and the impact of bee diseases, pesticide residues and beekeeping management on these
losses. Field work and laboratory analysis are supervised and performed by seven bee research
institutes.
For the winter 2013/2014, we will here present and discuss prevalence of pathogens (i.e. Varroa
destructor, Nosema spp., AFB and four honey bee viruses), residues of 401 different pesticides and
winter mortality based on data from 1,044 bee colonies and 106 apiaries and compare the data
with results from previous years.
Only 4.6 % of the monitored colonies (N=1,044) and just 6.6 % of all wintered colonies of the
involved apiaries (N=6,327) died during winter 2013/2014. These extraordinary low winter losses
were confirmed by reports from beekeeping organizations. The prevalence of acute bee paralysis
virus (ABPV) was 9.7 %, of sacbrood virus (SBV) 1.0 %, of deformed wing virus (DWV) 12.4 % and of
chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) 35.6 %. Our data again demonstrate that the infestation level
with Varroa destructor and the infection with deformed wing virus (DWV) in autumn were
significantly correlated with the winter losses of the monitored honey bee colonies but not the
infections with Nosema spp..
We identified 76 different pesticides in bee bread, most of them in trace. Only 20 samples (11 %)
were free of measureable residues. The most frequent pesticides originate from applications in
flowering oil seed rape. We found up to 28 different substances in one sample with a mean of 5
different substances per sample. However, no differences in overwintering were observed
Seite 75
between apiaries with high or low number of pesticides. Therefore, an impact of the here
identified mixture of pesticides in bee bread collected during spring and summer season and
winter losses could not be established so far.
Keywords colony losses, Varroa, DWV, Nosema, pesticides
BP 24
Mating disruption of Varroa destructor: a potential tool for a biological spring treatment?
Störung der Paarung von Varroa destructor: Eine Möglichkeit für eine biologische
Frühjahrsbehandlung?
Ziegelmann, Bettina; Peter Rosenkranz
Landesanstalt für Bienenkunde, Universität Hohenheim, August-von-Hartmann-Str. 13, D-70599 Stuttgart
The sex pheromone of Varroa destructor consists of three fatty acids and the respective ethyl
esters and is released by female mites. The attractiveness of females reaches its maximum right
after the adult molt and strongly decreases within the following 24 hours. Thus, male mites can
distinguish freshly molted adult daughters from immature or older females and do not waste time
with ineffective mating attempts. In previous studies we showed for the first time that it is
possible to disturb this mating behavior under colony conditions using the main pheromone
component oleic acid (Ziegelmann & Rosenkranz 2014). In the current study, the test was
repeated under improved conditions and with different dosages of oleic acid in order to examine a
potential dose-dependency. Empty brood combs were treated with alcoholic solutions containing
different concentrations of oleic acid ranging from 2.000 to 200.000 ng per brood cell. The queen
was caged on the treated combs and brood cells were artificially infested with phoretic females
shortly after cell capping. The adult daughter mites were removed after 12 days from the
hatching bees and were then dissected. The number of spermatozoa in the spermathecae of these
females was compared with the number of spermatozoa in daughter mites taken from solvent
treated combs. We could clearly confirm that the number of transferred spermatozoa is
significantly reduced due to the treatment with oleic acid and that up to 18 % of the females do
not receive spermatozoa at all. However, a dose dependency could not be observed. Although we
cannot completely hinder males from mating, we expect that such a method could significantly
reduce the number of successful mating attempts and leads to a significant reduction of the
exponential growth of the Varroa population during spring and summer and therefore prevent the
exceedance of the damage threshold.
The requirements for such a new treatment strategy are discussed. Supported by the BMEL/BLE.
Keywords Varroa destructor, sex pheromone, mating disruption
12. Genetik und Zucht
G&Z 36
The fertility control of the non-laying queens collected at the mating station after the mating
period
Seite 76
Kontrolle der Fruchtbarkeit nichtlegender Belegstellen-Königinnen nach Abschluss der
Paarungsphase
Damir, Sekulja; Vukovic Mateo
Polytechnic of Rijeka, Trpimirova 2/V, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
During the collection of the queens at the mating station, when apparently good, but not yet
worker- brood producing queens are detected, they are usually either immediately excluded, or
simply left in mating hives, until they start laying, or until they can be definitely excluded as droneegg or non-egg-laying queens.
Still, in the cases when the “all in - all out” method was used i.e. when all queens were collected in
order to make place for a new series, especially when poor weather conditions were indicated
during the mating period, such queens were also taken out of their mating hives, together with
mated queens. Mated queens were then sent to beekeepers, while queens from brood-less
mating hives, were left to be controlled. They were kept in transport cages and stored in a dark
and cool place for a period of 14 days or more (with the regular control of food and vitality of the
accompanying bees). After that, they were reintroduced into mating hives for the fertility test and
were left there until the appearance of the sealed worker brood. Those proven to be fertile were
successfully introduced into commercial honey bee colonies later.
Two ways of introducing the tested queens into mating hives were used: the first was in regular
transport cages with food and accompanying bees, and the second was in small capsule-like cages
(usually used for the second birth of the queens, introduced in previously used mating hives).
In the first case 66.7% of the introduced queens were proven to be fertile, and in the second case
70.0%, compared to 65% when queens were left in their original mating hive.
It means that in practical queen rearing, when not yet laying, (but apparently normal) young
queens need to be collected, it is possible to check their fertility later in a simple and relatively
inexpensive way, described in the above mentioned methods.
Keywords control, non-laying, queens
Seite 77
G&Z 34
Genetic analysis of Swiss honey bee populations using whole-genome sequencing
Genetische Analyse der Schweizer Honigbienenpopulationen mittels Genomsequenzierung
1,2
3
1,2
1,
SB
1
Parejo, Melanie ; David Wragg , Peter Neumann , Laurent Gauthier Markus Neuditschko
Agroscope, Zentrum für Bienenforschung, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Bern, Schweiz1, Institut für
Bienengesundheit, Universität Bern, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, CH-3003 Bern2, Institut National de la
Recherche Agronomique (INRA), F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France3
High genetic diversity is important for colony fitness and crucial for future adaptation to
increasingly changing environmental conditions and contact with novel parasites and diseases. The
invasive ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor remains a significant factor contributing to the
disappearance of wild honey bees throughout Europe and the widespread colony losses of
managed honey bees causing major concern amongst beekeepers. Despite substantial research
efforts worldwide, a sustainable solution remains to be found. It is becoming increasingly
important therefore, to preserve the genetic diversity of the native Apis mellifera mellifera
subspecies for its adaptive potential, and to select for robust and resistant colonies.
With the latest developments in high throughput sequencing techniques and the publication of
the honey bee reference genome assembly, it is now possible to sequence the whole-genomes of
many individuals at reasonable cost. Combined with phenotypic data, which are for instance
collected anonymously in the course of the conventional estimation of breeding values in testing
apiaries, genome-wide association studies of economically important traits can be conducted. This
approach will constitute the initial basic step for implementing genomic selection in sustainable
honey bee breeding programs in Switzerland.
We have sequenced 120 drones collected throughout Switzerland in order to investigate
population structure and genetic diversity of Swiss honey bees, and to develop sound analytical
procedures for processing the NGS data. The haploid drone allows us to confidently identify single
nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with less coverage than an equivalent diploid individual. Here,
we present our approach and methods for the study of the genetics of Swiss honey bee
populations.
Keywords whole-genome sequencing, NGS, population structure, genetic diversity
G&Z 35
New method for genetic relationship calculation in the honey bee
Eine neue Methode zur Verwandschaftsberechnung in der Honigbiene
SB
Schlesinger, F.; K. Ehrhardt, K. Bienefeld
The correct estimation of breeding values is of vital importance for successful breeding. The
foundation of good estimates is the knowledge of relationships within the population. Due to the
complex mating system with uncertain fathers, calculating these relationships in the honey bee is
quite complex. Currently the breeding values are estimated using a model, in which the drone
producing queens (DPQs) and the drones are represented by a dummy father and the
relationships between daughters and these dummy fathers, is reduced. This calculates relationship
between siblings correctly; however relationships with older paternal relatives and inbreeding are
Seite 78
underestimated, especially for high inbreeding values. Due to new computer technologies more
exact methods are now feasible. Here we present a method (based on an approach by R. C. Lacey
(2012), Journal of Heredity 103:197-205), which takes into account all members of the pedigree
(including drones and DPQs) and calculates a weighted mean over all possible relationships. To
quantify the differences between the two models test pedigrees and real data from the beebreed
database were compared. For pedigrees with only sibmating the inbreeding calculated with the
dummy father model only reaches a maximum value of 0.4 and not 1 as would be expected. The
relationship between a queen and her paternal grandmother is underestimated by 37%. Especially
for the theoretical analysis of selection mechanisms it is important to analyze populations with
strong selection and therefore possibly strong inbreeding. The impact of these underestimated
relationships on real life data and breeding values still has to be quantified. To apply this approach
to large date sets, such as the 200,000 individuals in the beebreed database, the computation
costs of the algorithm must first be further reduced.
E-Mail des korrespondierenden Autors [email protected]
Keywords breeding values, relationship calculation, inbreeding, pedigree analysis
13. Honig- und Wildbienenökologie
H&W 38
Effects of oilseed rape cropping area on the reproduction of honey bee colonies
Einfluss des Rapsflächenanteils auf die Reproduktion von Honigbienenvölkern
SB
Beck, Daniel; Susanne Schiele, Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter, Stephan Härtel
Lehrstuhl für Tierökologie und Tropenbiologie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg
Human-modified landscapes are dominated by high spatial and temporal dynamics of cropping
systems. Floral resources of mass flowering crops like oilseed rape (OSR, Brassica napus) provide
only temporary pulses of pollen and nectar. The restricted flight distance of honey bees and the
huge optic and olfactory stimulus of mass-flowering crops could lead to a non-balanced diet of bee
colonies. In addition, the cultivation of mass flowering crops can also be accompanied by the
intake of various agrochemicals to the hive. Since bees collect contaminated pollen and nectar,
OSR land use cover could thus possibly negatively affect the development of bee colonies and
ultimately their reproductive success. Experimental studies, replicated on the landscape level, on
the interaction between OSR land use cover and honey bee reproduction are completely lacking so
far. Therefore we selected ten landscapes with different proportions of oilseed rape for analyzing
the impact of mass flowering OSR on population growth rates and acceptance rate of queen
larvae. All queens in our experiment were artificial inseminated super-sisters of Apis mellifera
carnica. It turned out that the number of bees within the hive was positively affected by an
increasing amount of oilseed rape in the surrounding landscape. Referring to the ability of
reproduction, we could identify a highly significant effect of OSR land use cover on the quantity of
raised queen cells. Interestingly, independent of the OSR effect, we observed a significantly
reduced mating success in colonies with high queen cell acceptance rate. This is the first study
analyzing landscape effects on queen rearing. Novel is also the subsequent evaluation of mating
success of virgin queens raised under the described landscape conditions. We conclude that
landscape structure is affecting the reproduction and development of honey bee colonies. Such
data are needed to further understand the role of agricultural land use for observed bee declines.
Seite 79
Keywords landscape ecology, queen breeding, mass flowering crops, mating success, queen fitness
H&W 39
Late flowering energy plants: A benefit for honey bee colonies and beekeepers?
Spätblühende Energiepflanzen: Ein Plus für Honigbienen und Imker?
Heidinger, Ina; Ingrid Illies, Stefan Berg
Bavarian State Institute for Viticulture and Horticulture, Bee Research Center, An der Steige 15, D-97206
Veitshöchheim
Due to the increasing demand for renewable energy, about 13% of the farmland in Germany is
used for the cultivation of energy plants. The most frequently grown plants are Zea mays and
Brassica napus. In addition, also late flowering plants like Silphium perfoliatum are used. The latter
provide pollen and nectar for honey bees and other pollinators until late autumn. In this study, we
investigated the influence of late flowering energy plants on the development of honey bee
colonies and their overwintering ability.
Therefore, six colonies were placed at each of two sites with S. perfoliatum (1 and 1.2 ha; group A
and B). In calendar week 36 group B was moved to a third site with Fagopyrum esculentum and
Trifolium repens (1.4 ha). Group A was moved to the overwintering site (grassland). Additional 6
colonies (group C) were placed at a control site dominated by fields of grain and grassland. Every
three weeks from July until October, the colony strength and food storage were estimated using
the Liebefelder method. In addition, bee samples were taken to determine the infestation level
with Varroa destructor. After overwintering, surviving colonies were estimated again in March and
bee samples were taken for Nosema spp. analysis.
In mid-October, colonies which were able to collect pollen and nectar until autumn had slightly
more bees, more brood and also greater storages of honey and pollen. However, colonies of group
A and B had lower overwintering indices than the control group (H-test: p=0.02; multiple
comparison sig. for group B and C only). In addition, group A and B needed less feeding for
overwintering than group C (H-Test: p=0.01). Concerning the infestation level with V. destructor
and the infection with Nosema spp., we found no significant differences between the three
groups.
In this study, we found only weak effects of a continuous pollen and nectar supply on honey bee
colonies. As we found pollen of different plant species in the honey of our colonies, these effects
may be not only due to the planted crops, but also due to the flora in the surrounding area. Fields
of 1 to 1.4 ha are probably too small to show distinguish effects.
Keywords energy plants, Apis mellifera
Seite 80
H&W 36
The medicinal fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Apiaceae) as an usable
plant of the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.)
Der Arzneifenchel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Apiaceae) als Trachtquelle der Honigbiene (Apis
mellifera L.)
SB
Universität Bonn, Institut für Nutzpflanzen und Ressourcenschutz, Fachbereich Ökologie der Kulturlandschaft,
Abteilung Tierökologie, Melbweg 42, 53127 Bonn
The intensifying in agriculture that results in an increasing impoverishment of the cultural
landscape can cause a lack of food and pollen for honeybees. While the relevance of most plant
species in case of honey and pollen production are well known, we have only a few informations
about the medicinal fennel as nectar and pollen source. Because for several years the cultivation
of medicinal and aromatic plants are expanted, was the aim of this study to determine the
importance of medicinal fennel Foeniculum vulgare Mill. on colony development at the honeybee
Apis mellifera L..
For this purpose pollen analyzes, analyzes of honey, population estimates were carried out. In
addition, a scale was used to document the weight gain or decrease of individual colonies. To
analyze the pollen that the colonies collect at certain time points, before the flight holes of
individual hives were temporarily installed pollen traps.
The results of the investigation show that the fennel shares in the pollen samples of the three bee
locations both between the hive locations and between the samples of a hive location, which were
taken at different times, fluctuations between 0.2% and 76.6%. The amount of the registered
fennel pollen depends mainly on the size of fennel field and of other usable plants in the area of
the colonies. The weather conditions and the distance of the fennel field from the hive were other
factors that influenced the respective share of fennel pollen. The harvested honey had a fennel
pollen share of 12%. The evaluation of the data from the scale found that it came to gain weight
by the colonies, but it was probably only partly due to the fennel. The studies on population
dynamics have clearly shown that fennel obviously has a significance for the development of a bee
colony, because many of them showed a significant reduction in the colony size. It could be
observed that at some experimental time points both the number of bees about 58% and the
number of open and capped brood cells about 51% decreased.
Keywords Arzneifenchel, Bedeutung für die Volksentwicklung, Pollenanalyse, Honiganalyse,
Populationsschätzungen, medicinal fennel, colony development, pollen analysis, honey analysis,
population estimation
Seite 81
14. Freie Themen
FT 43
Apisculpture in Modern Art
Apiskulptur in der Gegenwartskunst
Brückner, Dorothea
Forschungsstelle für Bienenkunde, Universität Bremen, FB 2, Hochschulring 16, D-28334 Bremen
Apisculpture is a rather new approach in modern art involving honeybees as cooperating partners.
In this approach the creativity of the artist is supplemented and the sculpture finished by the wax
comb construction of honeybees. A German artist (Bärbel Rothhaar) and international artists from
France (Pierre Huygher, Untilled, 13. Documenta), Canada (Aganetha Dyck) and China (Ren Ri)
have recently used the wax building capabilities of bee colonies to finish sculptures prepared by
the artist for this purpose.
Here one example (Hands in a hive) of the Berlin based artist Bärbel Rothhaar is analysed in detail
to show the slow development from sculpture to apisculpture in an observation hive.
The number of artists using this technique, which can also be described as an artists dialogue with
nature, has been steadily growing over the past 10 years.
FT 42
Suitability of LED lightening for honey bee flight rooms
Eignung von LED Lichtquellen zur Beleuchtung von Bienenflugräumen
Büchler, R.
Isolated flight rooms are a useful tool to keep colonies in quarantine and active during unfavorable
climatic seasons. Besides the control of temperature and humidity a suitable supply of light is of
crucial importance as an external stimulus of colony activity.
Recently, power-saving LED lights have been developed for the use in greenhouses. We conducted
a pilot study to test two different lamp types from the Finnish manufacturer Valoya (AP67 and
NS1) in a flight room at the bee institute in Kirchhain. The two types have different light spectra
and intensity. The NS1 type is close to the sun spectrum with a photon flux of 292 µmol s-1 (400700 nm), while the AP67 type is optimized for flowers with the highest intensity in red light
wavelength (600-700 nm) and has a photon flux of 191 µmol s-1 (400-700 nm).
The flight room was equipped with two separate gauze tents of about 3,4*2,5*2,0 m size each.
Five lamps of each type (AP67 versus NS1) were mounted on the sides and top of one of the tents
with the light beaming towards the reflecting walls of the flight room. Three nucleus colonies with
on average 1680 bees were installed in each of the two chambers on 19.01.2015. The
development of bee populations, brood extension, pollen foraging, colony weight and adult bee
mortality were monitored during two full brood cycles (> six weeks). In both chambers bees
started to forage for sugar water and dry ground pollen offered at an external feeding place within
14 days and showed increasing brood activity during the observation period. However, the
foraging and brood activity was higher in the NS1 tent, demonstrating the preference of bees for
bright light and shorter wave length.
Seite 82
LED lamps proved to be suitable light sources for bee flight rooms. Compared to conventional light
sources the electric power usage can be drastically reduced. Furthermore, LEDs show less
flickering than other electric light sources and are therefore better suited to the frequencysensitive eyes of bees.
Keywords LED, flight room, honey bee
FT 40
The Bee Portal “geobee“: Exchange of information between Beekeepers, Farmers and
Conservationists (Model region Brandenburg)
Das Bienenportal “geobee”: Informationsaustausch für Imker, Landwirte und Naturschützer
(Modellregion Brandenburg)
1
3
3
5
4
I.2
Golla, B. , Lichtenberg-Kraag, B. , Kühne, S. , Kummerlöwe, J. , Saure, Chr. , Christ
1
Julius Kühn-Institut, Institut für Strategien und Folgenabschätzung, Kleinmachnow , GisEO, Ingenieurbüro
Leschke, Ludwigsfelde2, Länderinstitut für Bienenkunde Hohen Neuendorf e.V., Hohen Neuendorf3, Büro für
tierökologische Studien, Berlin4, DELPHI IMM GmbH, Potsdam5
Honey bees and wild bees contribute to pollination of agricultural and fruit farming but also to
protection of biodiversity through pollination of wild flowers. Landscape use and landscape
management can positively and negatively influence successful and sustainable beekeeping and
the biocoenosis of wild bees.
The aim of the project “geobee” is the combination of bee-relevant information and eased
exchange of information to protect the bees in agriculture as well as the cooperative use of
farmland.
A central bee web portal will provide beekeepers, farmers and conservationists with interesting
and topical information. More than 10 use cases were designed for the different types of users
and in the majority of cases implemented as interactive web map applications.
General information is open to all users, for more detailed data and services registration is
necessary. In all map applications the data can be refined and additional thematic maps can be
uploaded to consider individual questions.
We started to develop a so called “cooperation exchange” which is in this form not existing yet.
Farmers will get the possibility to inform beekeepers about upcoming pest management activities.
Beekeepers can subscribe to a regional newsletter and will be informed in time. If necessary, they
can protect their bee hives and farmers can adapt their activities. Finally, a mobile application for
bee-relevant information has been developed in this project.
The implementation of a system based on OpenSource components corresponds to a modern
service oriented architecture and meets all standards for integration of additional data. Therefore,
the bee portal could be maintained, updated and expanded with little effort even after the end of
the project. The official launch of the web portal is planned for May 2015.
Keywords Bee Web Portal, bee keeper, farmer, wild bees
Seite 83
FT 41
Asiatic honey bee Apis cerana: the decline of a valuable species
Die Asiatische Honigbiene Apis cerana: der Rückgang einer wertvollen Bienenart
SB
Jones, Holly; Kaspar Bienefeld
Increasing imports of Apis mellifera to Asia have contributed to a drastic decline in native asiatic
honey bee (Apis cerana) populations. Although A. cerana produces less honey per colony, it is
well-acclimated to its native environment, gentle, very hygienic, and resistant to pests and
diseases, all of which make it optimal for both large- and small-scale beekeeping. A survey was
distributed to academics and apiculturists throughout Asia about the extent, challenges,
advantages, and importance of A. cerana beekeeping in their respective countries. Particular
diseases, pests, practices, and economic influences all vary, but interest in the improvement and
preservation of A. cerana is growing. In some cases, national- and regional-level conservation
efforts have already been made and additional conservation activities have been identified.
This paper describes A. cerana's current distribution and population trends, discusses the
advantages and disadvantages of beekeeping with A. cerana in various contexts. Breeding A.
cerana using techniques that have been developed with A. mellifera is recommended in order to
further take advantage of this species' useful qualities.
Keywords: Apis cerana, asiatic honey bee, honey bee biodiversity, Apis mellifera imports, breeding
strategies
Seite 84
Namensliste
Adam, Friedhelm, Landwirtschaftskammer NRW Geschäftsbereich 7, Nevinghoff 40, D-48147 Münster,
[email protected]
Alkassab, Abdulrahim, Ruhr Universität Bochum , Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum,
[email protected]
Alkattea, Raghdan, Landesanstalt für Bienenkunde, Universität Hohenheim , August-von-Hartmannstr. 13, D70599 Stuttgart, [email protected]
Alscher, Annika, , Goldbeckstr.13, D-69493 Hirschberg, [email protected]
Andersch, Wolfram, , , ,
Auer, Alexander, , Grosssteinbach 145, A-8265 Grosssteinbach, [email protected]
Aumeier, Pia, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstr.150, D-44791 Bochum, [email protected]
Ausborn, Jürgen, , Feldweg 53, D-22844 Norderstedt,
Backer- Struß, Marlene, Landwirtschaftskammer NRW Fachbereich 71 Bienenkunde, Nevinghoff 40, D-48147
Münster, [email protected]
Becker, Roland, BASF SE , Speyerer Straße 2, D-67117 Limburgerhof,
Beims, Hannes, LAVES - Institut für Bienenkunde Celle , Herzogin-Eleonore-Allee 5, D-29221 Celle,
[email protected]
Beinert, Patricia, Ruhr Universität Bochum , Waldweg 33, D-42551 Velbert, [email protected]
Beitlich, Nicole, Technische Universität Dresden , Bergstraße 66, D-1069 Dresden, [email protected]
Berg, Stefan, Fachzentrum Bienen, LWG , An der Steige 15, D-97209 Veitshöchheim,
[email protected]
Berg, Christian, Eurofins Agroscience Services EcoChem GmbH , Eutingerstr. 24, D-75223 Niefern-Öschelbronn,
[email protected]
Bianco, Nadia, Institute of Bee Health, University Bern Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstr.161, CH-3003 Bern,
[email protected]
Bienefeld, Kaspar, Länderinstitut für Bienenkunde Hohen Neuendorf e.V. , Friedrich-Engels-Str. 32, D-16540
Hohen Neuendorf, [email protected]
Biganski, Sarah, , Wolfsburger Str. 2, D-06126 Halle (Saale), [email protected]
Blacquière, Tjeerd, Plant Research International Wageningen UR , Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6700 AB
Wageningen, [email protected]
Blenau, Wolfgang, Universität zu Köln Zoologisches Institut, Zülpicherstr. 47b, D-50674 Köln, [email protected]
Blum, Eva, Bayerische Landesanstalt für Weinbau und Gartenbau , Heisenbergstr. 5a, D-97076 Würzburg,
[email protected]
Blut, Christina, Heinrich Heine Universität Evolutionsgenetik, Univeristätsstr.1 U1.72, D-40225 Düsseldorf,
[email protected]
Böcking, Otto, LAVES - Institut für Bienenkunde Celle , Herzogin-Eleonore-Allee 5, D-29221 Celle,
[email protected]
Böhme, Franziska, Landesanstalt für Bienenkunde, Universität Hohenheim , August-von-Hartmann-Str. 13, D70599 Stuttgart, [email protected]
Boot, Willem, , , ,
Borrek, Chatherine, , Päßchen 11, D-44225 Dortmund, [email protected]
Bosch, Christoph, Ruhr Universität Bochum AG Verhaltensbiologie, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum,
[email protected]
Böttinger, Lea, Universität Tübungen , Geissweg 17/1, D-72076 Tübingen, [email protected]
Brand, Stephan, , Am Sportplatz 6, D-63607 Wächtersbach, [email protected]
Brandt, Annely, Bieneninstitut Kirchhain LLH , Erlenstr. 9, D-35274 Kirchhain, [email protected]
Seite 85
Brückner, Dorothea, Universität Bremen, Forschungsstelle für Bienenkunde , , D-28334 Bremen,
[email protected]
Budde, Joachim, Wissenschaftsjournalist, D-funk/WDR , Arndtstr. 12, D-53113 Bonn, [email protected]
Bumann, Helen, Bayer , Nußbaumerstraße 15, D-50823 Köln, [email protected]
Bundschuh, Jana, Sherrington Honey, New Zealand , Am Weiher 9, D-15374 Müncheberg,
[email protected]
Buttstedt, Anja, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg Molekulare Ökologie, Hoher Weg 4, D-06120
Halle (Saale), [email protected]
Calis, Johan, , , Wageningen,
Crailsheim, Karl, Universität Graz Instituf für Zoologie, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010 Graz, [email protected]
de Craigher, Doris, Landesanstalt für Bienenkunde, Universität Hohenheim , August von Hartmann Str. 13, D70599 Stuttgart, [email protected]
Deising, Florian, , Luisenstraße 71, D-80798 München, [email protected]
Dietzel, Simon, , Zugspitzstr.6, D-86926 Greifenberg, [email protected]
Dietzsch, Anke, Julius Kühn-Institut , Messeweg 11-12, D-38104 Braunschweig, [email protected]
Dinter, Axel, DuPont de Nemours GmbH , Hugenottenallee 175, D-63263 Neu- Isenburg,
[email protected]
Drescher, Wilhelm, , Lindenweg 7, Bonn,
Eberhardt, Joachim, , von-Esmarch-Straße 24, D-48149 Münster, [email protected]
Engels, Wolf, Universität Tübungen , , Tübingen, [email protected]
Erler, Silvio, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg Molekulare Ökologie, Hoher Weg 4, D-06120 Halle
(Saale), [email protected]
Eusterholz, Carolina, , Kranichsteiner Str. 11, D-60598 Frankfurt am Main, [email protected]
Eyer, Michael, Institute of Bee Health, University Bern , Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, CH-3003 Bern,
[email protected]
Faust, Lena, Institut für Bienenkunde Oberursel , Karl-von-Frisch-Weg 2, D-61440 Oberursel,
[email protected]
Fidyka, Jasmin, Landesanstalt für Bienenkunde, Universität Hohenheim , August von Hartmann Str. 13, D70599 Stuttgart, [email protected]
Fischer, Johannes, Institut für Bienenkunde Oberursel , Karl-von-Frisch Weg 2, D-61440 Oberursel,
[email protected]
Frizen, Johannes, , , Münster,
Frommberger, Malte, Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI) , Messeweg 11-12, D-38104 Braunschweig,
[email protected]
Fröschle, Melanie, Landesanstalt für Bienenkunde, Universität Hohenheim , Kolpingstr.60, D-70378 Stuttgart,
[email protected]
Fünfhaus, Anne, Länderinstitut für Bienenkunde Hohen Neuendorf e.V. , Friedrich- Engels- Str. 32, D-16540
Garrido, Claudia, BeeSafe , Kolberger Str. 61, D-51381 Leverkusen, [email protected]
Gätschenberger, Heike, Eurofins Agroscience Services EcoChem GmbH , Eutingerstr. 24, D-75223 NiefernÖschelbronn, [email protected]
Genersch, Elke, Länderinstitut für Bienenkunde Hohen Neuendorf e.V. , Friedrich- Engels- Str. 32, D-16540
Gonsior, Gundula, Eurofins Agroscience Services EcoChem GmbH , Eutingerstr. 24, D-75223 NiefernÖschelbronn, [email protected]
Gonzalez- Cabrera, Joel, , Rothamsted- Research, GB-AL5 2 JQ Harpenden, [email protected]
Gorenflo, Anna, FraunhoferIME , Winchesterstr. 2, D-35394 Gießen, [email protected]
Grossar, Daniela, Institute of Bee Health, University Bern Agroscope, Könizstrasse 265A, CH-3097 Liebefeld,
[email protected]
Seite 86
Hamm, Andree, Universität Bonn , Sternenstraße, D-53842 Troisdorf, [email protected]
Hardt, Michael, Landesuntersuchungsanstalt Sachsen Standort Leipzig , Bahnhofstraße 58-60, D-04158 Leipzig,
[email protected]
Härtel, Stephan, Universität Würzburg Dept. of animal ecology and tropical biology, Am Hubland, D-97074
Würzburg, [email protected]
Harz, Marika, Freie Universität Berlin , Lupsteiner Weg 30, D-14165 Berlin, [email protected]
Häußermann, Claudia, Landesanstalt für Bienenkunde, Universität Hohenheim , August-von-Hartmanstr. 13,
D-70599 Stuttgart, [email protected]
Heidinger, Ina, LWG, Fachzentrum Bienen , An der Steige 15, D-97209 Veitshöchheim,
[email protected]
Heinze, Anne, , Aalweg 10, D-06120 Halle (Saale), [email protected]
Helbing, Sophie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg Molekulare Ökologie, Hoher Weg 4, D-06120
Halle (Saale), [email protected]
Hertlein, Gillian, Länderinstitut für Bienenkunde Hohen Neuendorf e.V. , Friedrich- Engels- Str. 32, D-16540
Huffmeyer, Wiebke, , Am Landberg 27, D-21033 Hamburg,
Illies, Ingrid, LWG, Fachzentrum Bienen , An der Steige 15, D-97209 Veitshöchheim,
[email protected]
Janke, Martina, LAVES Institut für Bienenkunde Celle , Herzogin-Eleonore-Allee 5, D-29221 Celle,
[email protected]
Jarau, Stefan, Uni Ulm, Institut für Neurobiologie , Helmholtzstr.10/1, D-89081 Ulm, [email protected]
Kabrede, Martina, Institut für Bienenkunde Oberursel , Karl-von-Frisch Weg 2, D-61440 Oberursel,
[email protected]
Kast, Christina, Institute of Bee Health, University Bern Agroscope, Schwarzburgenstrasse 161, CH-3003 Bern,
[email protected]
Kauhausen- Keller, Dr., Dorothea, ADIZ/ die Biene/ Imkerfreund , Erdmannstraße 14, D-16540 Hohen
Neuendorf, [email protected]
Kaup, Gereon, , Zum alten Berg 7, D-59602 Rüthen, [email protected]
Kefuss, John, Le Rucher D'Oc , 49 Rue Jonas, F-31200 Toulouse, [email protected]
Keller, Stefan, Landesanstalt für Bienenkunde, Universität Hohenheim , August-von-Hartmann-Str. 13, D-70599
Stuttgart, [email protected]
Keuth, Oliver, , Joseph-König-Str.40, D-48147 Münster, [email protected]
Kezic, Nikola, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetosimunska, HR-10000 Zagreb, [email protected]
Khalenkow, Mikalai, Universität Antwerpen , Fortune de Kokerlaan 13, B-9940 Evergem,
Klüner, Thomas, , , Schloss Holte,
Kölling-Speer, Isabelle, Prof. Spez. Lebensmittelchemie, TU Dresden , Bergstraße 66, D-01062 Dresden,
[email protected]
Krautz, Caroline, , Dreifaltigkeitsstr. 24, D-40625 Düsseldorf, [email protected]
Kreipe, Victoria, LAVES Institut für Bienenkunde Celle , Herzogin-Eleonore-Allee 5, D-29221 Celle,
[email protected]
Kretschmar, Holger, Landwirtschaftskammer NRW Fachbereich 71 Bienenkunde, Nevinghoff 40, D-48147
Münster, [email protected]
Kretschmer, Lea, Landesanstalt für Bienenkunde, Universität Hohenheim , August-von-Hartmann- Str.13, D70599 Stuttgart, [email protected]
Krieger, Klemens, Bayer Animal Health , Gebäude 6700, D-51368 Leverkusen, [email protected]
Kunz, Nadine, Julius Kühn - Institut , Messeweg 11-12, D-38104 Braunschweig, [email protected]
Kustermann, Thomas, Landesanstalt für Bienenkunde, Universität Hohenheim , August-von-Hartmann-Str. 13,
D-70565 Hohenheim, [email protected]
Lampe, Ulrike, , Ricklinger Straße 42, D-30449 Hannover, [email protected]
Langner, Sabine, Bayer Animal Health , Alfred-Nobel Str. 50, 40789 Monheim, [email protected]
Seite 87
Lanz, Sandra, Institute of Bee Health, University Bern , Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, CH-3003 Bern,
[email protected]
Lattorff, Michael, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg Institut für Biologie, Tierphyssiologie, Hoher
Weg 4, D-6099 Halle (Saale), [email protected]
Lichtenberg-Kraag, Birgit, Länderinstitut für Bienenkunde Hohen Neuendorf e.V , Friedrich-Engels-Str. 32, D16540 Hohen Neuendorf, [email protected]
Liebig, Gerhard, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstr.150, D-44791 Bochum, [email protected]
Lückmann, Johannes, Rifcon GmbH , Goldbeckstraße 13, D-69493 Hirschberg, [email protected]
Lüken, Dorothee J., LAVES Institut für Bienenkunde Celle , Herzogin-Eleonore-Allee 5, D-29221 Celle,
[email protected]
Meixner, Marina, Bieneninstitut Kirchhain , Erlenstr. 9, D-35274 Kirchhain, [email protected]
Milchreit, Kathrin, Länderinstitut für Bienenkunde Hohen Neuendorf e.V , Friedrich-Engels-Str. 32, D-16540
Molitor, Anna Maria, , Maulbronner Str.15, D-71634 Ludwigsburg, [email protected]
Morawetz, Linde, Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum , Burggasse 35/25, A-1070 Wien,
[email protected]
Moritz, Robin, Martin- Luther- Universität Halle- Wittenberg Institut für Biologie, , D-06099 Halle,
[email protected]
Mühlen, Werner, Landwirtschaftskammer Nordrhein-Westfalen Fachbereich 71 Tierproduktion, Bienenkunde,
Nevinghoff 40, D-48147 Münster, [email protected]
Müller, Sebastian, Eurofins Agroscience Services EcoChem GmbH , Eutinger Straße 24, D-75223 NiefernÖschelbronn, [email protected]
Nicodemus, Sebastian, Landesanstalt für Bienenkunde, Universität Hohenheim , August von Hartmann Str. 13,
Nürnberger, Fabian, Biozentrum Würzburg Lehrstuhl für Tierökologie, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg,
[email protected]
Otto, Roland, , , Münster,
Otten, Christoph, DLR Mayen Fachzentrum Bienen und Imkerei Mayen, Im Bannen 38, D-56727 Mayen,
Papendieck, Detlev, Uni Bonn INRES Tierökologie , Melbweg 42, D-53127 Bonn, [email protected]
Parejo, Melanie, , , ,
Paxton, Robert, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg , Hoher Weg 8, D-06120 Halle (Saale),
[email protected]
Pfeiffer, Sarah, Eurofins Agroscience Services EcoChem GmbH , Eutinger Straße 24, D-75233 NiefernÖschelbronn, [email protected]
Pohlmann, Alfons, , , Hamm,
Poppinga, Lena, Länderinstitut für Bienenkunde Hohen Neuendorf e.V. , Friedrich-Engels-Str. 32, D-16540
Rademacher, Eva, Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Biologie , Königin-Luise-Str. 28-30, D-14195 Berlin,
[email protected]
Radtke, Jens, Humboldt Universität Berlin , Friedrich- Engels- Str. 32, D-16540 Hohen Neuendorf,
[email protected]
Rentrop, Matthias, , Buchenweg 10, D-58762 Altena, [email protected]
Renz, Daniela, , Industriestraße 24, D-75417 Mühlacker, [email protected]
Ringel, Judith, , , Münster, [email protected]
Rosenkranz, Peter, Landesanstalt für Bienenkunde, Universität Hohenheim , August-von-Hartmannstrasse 13,
Routtu, Jarkko, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg Zoologie, Hoher Weg 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale),
[email protected]
Schlafke, Janine, Technische Universität Dresden , Bergstraße 66, D-1069 Dresden,
[email protected]
Seite 88
Schlesinger, Francisca, Humboldt Universität Berlin , Schivelbeiner Str.3, D-10439 Berlin,
[email protected]
Schneider, Saskia, Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Biologie , Steinstr. 13, D-12169 Berlin,
[email protected]
Schroeder, Annette, Landesanstalt für Bienenkunde, Universität Hohenheim , August-von-Hartmann-Str. 13, D70599 Stuttgart, [email protected]
Schühly, Wolfgang, Universität Graz Institut für Zoologie, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010 Graz,
[email protected]
Sekulja, Damir, Polytechnic of Rijeka , Trpimirova 2/V, HR-51000 Rijeka, [email protected]
Siede, Reinhold, LLH Bieneninstitut Kirchhain , Erlenstr. 9, D-35274 Kirchhain, [email protected]
Siefert, Paul, Institut für Bienenkunde, Universität Frankfurt , Martin- Luther Str. 62, D-60389 Frankfurt a. M.,
[email protected]
Soland, Gabriele, Mellifera , Gaicht 19, CH-2513 Twann, [email protected]
Speer, Karl, Prof. Spez. Lebensmittelchemie, TU Dresden , Bergstraße 66, D-01062 Dresden,
[email protected]
Staffel, Jörg, , Goldbeckstr.13, D-69493 Hirschberg, [email protected]
Steijven, Karin, Zoologie III, University of Würzburg , Biozentrum, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg,
[email protected]
Straub, Lars, Institute of Bee Health, University Bern , Bremgartenstr. 109a, CH-3001 Bern,
[email protected]
Strobl, Verena, , Morellenfeldgasse 39/27, A-8010 Graz, [email protected]
Szczesniak, Bronislawa, Eurofins Agroscience Services EcoChem GmbH , Eutingerstr. 24, D-75223 NiefernÖschelbronn, [email protected]
Thorbahn, David, Julius Kühn- Institut Institut A, AG Bienen, Messeweg 11- 12, D-38104 Braunschweig,
[email protected]
Titera, Dalibor, Bieneninstitut Dol , Dol 79, CZ-25266 Libcice nad Vltavou, [email protected]
Tritschler, Manuel, Institute of Bee Health, University Bern , Schwarzenburgstr. 161, CH-3003 Bern,
[email protected]
Trodtfeld, Peter, Bayer CropScience AG , Alfred-Nobel Str. 50, D-40789 Monheim, [email protected]
van Laere, Octaaf, Universität Antwerpen , Fortune de Kokerlaan 13, B-9940 Evergem,
[email protected]
Vergé, Emmanuelle, Eurofins Agroscience Services EcoChem GmbH , Eutinger Straße 24, D-75233 NiefernÖschelbronn, [email protected]
Vollmann, Jutta Juliane, Institut für Zoologie, Karl-Franzens Universität , Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010 Graz,
[email protected]
von der Ohe, Werner, LAVES Institut für Bienenkunde Celle , Herzogin-Eleonore-Allee 5, D-29221 Celle,
[email protected]
Wallner, Klaus, Landesanstalt für Bienenkunde, Universität Hohenheim , August-von-Hartmannstrasse 13, D70599 Stuttgart, [email protected]
Wegener, Jakob, Humboldt Universität Berlin Länderinstitut für Bienenkunde, Chausseestr.19, D-16775
Grüneberg, [email protected]
Weiß, Mareike, , Kolberger Str. 61-63, D-51381 Leverkusen, [email protected]
Westerhoff, Ansgar, Imkerei in Worin , Dürrstr.5, D-37083 Göttingen, [email protected]
Wucherer, Matthias, Eurofins , Eutinger Straße 24, D-75223 Niefern-Öschelbronn,
[email protected]
Ziegelmann, Bettina, Landesanstalt für Bienenkunde, Universität Hohenheim , August-von-Hartmann-Str. 13,
Seite 89
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Seite 92

Honeybees

Transcription

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