Supplementary Materials and Methods 1. Estimating missing data

Supplementary Materials and Methods
1. Estimating missing data for the tibia
In the case of some tibial measurements, OTUs differed in terms of the exact version of Martin’s
osteological measurements that had been recorded. For example, in the case of maximum length
most OTUs had sufficient data for Martin’s measurement M1a (from the intercondylar eminence
to the medial malleolus), while some OTUS had recorded M1b (maximum length from the
surface of the medial condyle to the medial malleolus). These measurements of maximum length
differ in that M1b is a more accurate reflection of the maximum length of the tibia in life.
However M1a and M1b are, of course, highly correlated. The same was true of the two shaft
measurements (M8, M9). Most OTUs had data for M8a and M9a which take the sagittal and
transverse shaft dimensions, respectively, at the level of the nutrient foramen. Some OTUs,
however, only had data for M8 and M9, which take the same dimensions at the midshaft point. In
the case of M1, M8 and M9 at least one OTU also had data for both versions of the
measurement. In all cases the two versions of the same measurement were significantly and
strongly correlated; M1 (r = 0.756, p<0.05), M8 (r = 0.94, p<0.05), M9 (r = 0.867, p<0.05)
despite small sample sizes for the OTUs that had both measurements present. Therefore, it was
possible to apply the regression equations for the relationship between M1a and M1b, M8 and
M8a, and M9 and M9a to those OTUs missing M1a (AVK and Çatal Höyük), M8a and M9a
(IronGates and Nubian) in order to create a complete dataset for the tibia.
2. Calculating Brachial and Crural Indices
The brachial index is the relative length of the lower arm to the upper arm, expressed as a
percentage. It is calculated as the radius length/ humerus length x100 [1]. The crural index
expresses the relative length of the lower leg to the upper leg as a percentage, calculated as the
tibial length/femoral length x 100 [1]. Here, the maximum length measures (M1, Table S2) were
used in all cases.
Supplementary Results: Varying assumptions of heritability
Table S3 provides the results of all full and partial Mantel tests when biological distances are
estimated under varying assumptions of heritability (i.e. h2 = 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7). The proportionate
structure of phenotypic distance matrices are not substantially affected by varying assumptions
of heritability, although they are scaled versions of each other. Assuming complete heritability
yields minimum estimates of phenotypic Fst [2], whereby populations are scaled such that the
relative distances between then are minimised. For example, a phenotypic distance matrix
generated under the assumption of h2 = 0.5 is approximately the same as that generated under
complete heritability scaled by a factor of two. All phenotypic distance matrices were strongly
(i.e. r > 0.99) and significantly (p < 0.0001) correlated, and the results of the full and partial
Mantel tests (Table 2 and Table S3) were not substantially affected by the heritability under
which the biological distance matrix was generated.
Table S1. Sources of data collated for each of the 11 OTUs (operational taxonomic units)
JTS = unpublished data collected by Jay T. Stock, RP = unpublished data collected by Ron
Pinhasi, Mainz DB = published data collated by Winifred Heneke.
OTU Name (Sites)
Archaeological
Sources of Data
‘Type’
Epipalaeolithic
JTS; RP
Afalou
Epipalaeolithic
JTS; RP
Taforalt
Epipalaeolithic
JTS; RP
Natufian1
Mesolithic
JTS; Mainz DB; [4]
Iron Gates
(Lepenski Vir, Padina, Vlasac)
Mesolithic
JTS; Mainz DB
Western Mesolithic
(Téviec, Hoedic)
Neolithic
JTS; Mainz DB
Nubian
(Kerma)
Neolithic
[5-8]
AVK/ Vinča2
(Alföldi Vonaldíszes Kerámia)
Neolithic
[9-15]
Lengyel3
Neolithic
[16]
Italian Neolithic
(Arene Candide, Arma Dell’Aguila)
Neolithic
[17]
Çatal Höyük
LBK 4
(Linearbandkeramik)
Neolithic
RP; Mainz DB; [14,18-21]
1
Ain-Mallaha (Eynan) Erq-El-Ahmar, Hayonim, Nahal Oren, Mugharet El Wad, Rakefet
2
Békés-Ludad, Békés-Povádzug, Csánytelek-Újhalastó, Csongrád-Bokros, Felsővadász-Várdom, Füzesgyarmat-
Kéktó dűlő, Gomolava, Szolnok-Szanda-Tenyősziget-Dersi gat
3
Altacker, Brzesc Kujawski, Langenlois, Mauer Bei Wien, Poigen, Poysdorf, Stillfried an der March
Veszprém, Villánykövesd, Zengővárkony
4
Blucina, Henzig, Hostka, Kleinhadersdorf, Klienfahner, Larzicourt (Marne), Malé Žernoseky (Litomĕřice), Nitra,
Pöttsching, Poysdorf, Praha, Radonice-Louny, Rutzing, Rybniky, Schletz, Těšetice, Zarank.
Table S2: Variables included in each of the three biological datasets.
Max = maximum, Min = minimum, Trans = transverse. ‘M’ codes refer to Martin’s codes [3] for
craniometric and osteometric measurements.
Cranial (n = 15)
Max cranial length
Basion-nasion length
Max cranial breadth
Min frontal breadth
Max frontal breadth
Basion-bregma height
Head circumference
Parietal arc
Occipital arc
Bizygomatic breadth
Upper facial height
Orbital breadth
Orbital height
Nasal breadth
Nasal height
M1
M5
M8
M9
M10
M17
M23
M27
M28
M45
M48
M51
M52
M54
M55
Lower Limb (n = 10)
Femur
Max length
Sagittal midshaft diameter
Trans midshaft diameter
Trans proximal shaft diameter
Sagittal proximal shaft diameter
Max head diameter
Tibia
Max length
Physiological length
Sagittal diameter, nutrient foramen
Trans diameter, nutrient foramen
M1
M6
M7
M9
M10
M19
M1a
M2
M8a
M9a
Upper Limb (n = 8)
Clavicle
Max length
Humerus
Max length
Epicondylar breadth
Max midshaft diameter
Min midshaft diameter
Max head diameter
Radius
Max length
Ulna
Max length
M1
M1
M4
M5
M6
M10
M1
M1
Table S3. Results of the full and partial Mantel tests as r-values (p-values in parentheses) under varying assumptions of
heritability. Significant results at α = 0.01 in bold italics, α = 0.05 in bold.
Crania
Neutral
ArchType
ArchType/Neutral
LatDist
LatDist/ArchType
LatDist/Neutral
MinTemp
MinTemp/ArchType
MinTemp/Neutral
MaxTemp
MaxTemp/ArchType
MaxTemp/Neutral
Lower Limb
Upper Limb
h2 =0.3
h2 =0.5
h2 =0.7
h2 =0.3
h2 =0.5
h2 =0.7
h2 =0.3
h2 =0.5
h2 =0.7
0.518
(0.0098)
0.411
(0.0001)
0.347
(0.0078)
0.213
(0.1205)
0.270
(0.0948)
-0.118
(0.6565)
0.272
(0.1057)
0.291
(0.1068)
0.107
(0.2132)
0.098
(0.2686)
0.140
(0.2189)
-0.133
(0.6602)
0.522
(0.0085)
0.414
(0.0001)
0.350
(0.0085)
0.225
(0.1138)
0.283
(0.0909)
-0.105
(0.6325)
0.282
(0.1009)
0.303
(0.0973)
0.119
(0.2045)
0.111
(0.2545)
0.154
(0.2040)
-0.117
(0.6283)
0.526
(0.0080)
0.416
(0.0001)
0.353
(0.0083)
0.237
(0.1131)
0.297
(0.0937)
-0.091
(0.5953)
0.292
(0.1027)
0.314
(0.0920)
0.132
(0.1895)
-0.101
(0.6085)
0.170
(0.1956)
-0.101
(0.6046)
0.236
(0.1489)
0.113
(0.1241)
0.037
(0.3683)
0.568
(0.0066)
0.582
(0.0053)
0.516
(0.0185)
0.439
(0.0364)
0.441
(0.0390)
0.401
(0.0405)
0.569
(0.0043)
0.582
(0.0044)
0.536
(0.0112)
0.225
(0.1575)
0.112
(0.1206)
0.031
(0.3891)
0.568
(0.0071)
0.583
(0.0039)
0.512
(0.0227)
0.448
(0.0348)
0.449
(0.0395)
0.405
(0.0426)
0.554
(0.0087)
0.567
(0.0085)
0.515
(0.0208)
0.212
(0.1671)
0.112
(0.1199)
0.025
(0.4057)
0.567
(0.0073)
0.582
(0.0043)
0.506
(0.0190)
0.455
(0.0334)
0.457
(0.0365)
0.408
(0.0392)
0.537
(0.0138)
0.550
(0.0114)
0.494
(0.0269)
0.199
(0.1747)
0.018
(0.4070)
0.048
(0.3400)
0.489
(0.0057)
0.492
(0.0051)
0.560
(0.0017)
0.332
(0.0659)
0.332
(0.0632)
0.392
(0.0212)
0.585
(0.0025)
0.588
(0.0020)
0.628
(0.0013)
0.196
(0.1772)
0.019
(0.4141)
0.044
(0.3397)
0.498
(0.0041)
0.501
(0.0037)
0.564
(0.0012)
0.345
(0.0531)
0.345
(0.0544)
0.402
(0.0174)
0.581
(0.0027)
0.584
(0.0017)
0.620
(0.0017)
0.192
(0.1803)
0.019
(0.4196)
0.040
(0.3428)
0.506
(0.0029)
0.509
(0.0025)
0.567
(0.0014)
0.358
(0.0505)
0.358
(0.0471)
0.410
(0.0161)
0.576
(0.0034)
0.578
(0.0024)
0.610
(0.0019)
Table S4: Pearson correlation co-efficients (p-values in parentheses) for congruence
between individual limb variables (size adjusted) and minimum/maximum temperature.
Significant results (α = 0.05) in bold.
Lower Limb
Femur
Max length
Sagittal midshaft diameter
Trans midshaft diameter
Trans proximal shaft diameter
Sagittal proximal shaft diameter
Max head diameter
Tibia
Max length
Physiological length
Sagittal diameter, nutrient foramen
Trans diameter, nutrient foramen
Upper Limb
Clavicle
Max length
Humerus
Max length
Epicondylar breadth
Max midshaft diameter
Min midshaft diameter
Max head diameter
Radius
Max length
Ulna
Max length
Min Temp
Max Temp
0.722 (0.012)
-0.483 (0.132)
-0.468 (0.146)
-0.488 (0.128)
-0.342 (0.303)
0.180 (0.596)
0.784 (0.004)
-0.260 (0.439)
-0.650 (0.030)
-0.451 (0.164)
-0.447 (0.168)
0.240 (0.477)
0.350 (0.291)
0.477 (0.138)
-0.311 (0.353)
-0.221 (0.514)
0.363 (0.273)
0.664 (0.026)
-0.520 (0.101)
-0.283 (0.399)
-0.179 (0.598)
0.065 (0.849)
0.439 (0.177)
0.046 (0.894)
-0.431 (0.186)
-0.700 (0.016)
0.112 (0.742)
0.637 (0.035)
-0.181 (0.594)
-0.699 (0.017)
-0.872 (<0.001)
0.162 (0.634)
0.766 (0.006)
0.915 (<0.001)
0.818 (0.002)
0.882 (<0.001)
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