Iqbal`s Theory of Personality: A Contrastive Analysis With Freud

Mohd Abbas Abdul Razak
Iqbal's Theory of
Personality: A Contrastive
Analysis With Freud
,tAp,
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LAMBERT
Academic Publishing
Mohd Abbas Abdul Razak
Iqbal's Theory of Personality: A
Contrastive Analysis With Freud
lAP lAMBERT Academic Publishing
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Dedication. . .. .
..
Acknowledgments. . ... . .. .
.. .. .. .
.. .
. .. .. .
..
.. ..
.
. .. .
.
6
7
.. ... .. . . .. .. .
Foreward
8
Prefuce
10
List of Tables.
12
List of Figures. .
12
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDy............... 13
Background of the Study. .
13
Statement of Problem..........................................................
22
Scenario in the West.
23
Scenario in the East.....................................................
30
Rationale for Research.......
38
Prior Studies... . .. .. .. .
..
.. .
40
Purpose of the Study............................................................ 52
Significance ofthe Study.........
53
Methodology of the Study.....................
55
Organization of the Study......................................................
59
CHAPTER TWO: THE HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL
DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY STUDy•..•.•........•.....••.. 62
Introduction.........
Section I...
... ....
62
.. ....
..
Personality during Ancient Times.. .
.
.......
..
63
..
What is Personality from the Western Perspective.................
64
67
Personality Development: Psychoanalysis.......... ..
69
Personality Development: Behaviourism.......
70
Personality Development: Humanistic Psychology..........
76
I
Other Western Views on Personality
'" ..
.
83
Section II. ...... .. .. ............ ............. .... .... .. .. ....... ....... ....... .... 87
Human Nature in Islam.........................................
88
Spiritual Dimension of Man.
95
A/-Rill] (Spirit).....................
AI-Qalb (Heart)
'" .. .. .
96
..
99
A/-NajS (Soul/Self)
101
A/- 'Aql (Intellect)..............................................
103
Early Muslim Scholars' Views on Human Nature..............
AI-Kindi...... ..
......
...
...
.. ..
107
.
108
AI-Farabi.....................................................
109
IbnSina.............................................................
110
AI-GbazaIL .... .... .... .. . ... ........... .. .. ..... ... .. .. ...... ..
... 110
Ibn Rushd
114
Ibn Khaldun
114
Personality Development: According to Islamic Psychology...... 115
A/-Nafs al-Ammiirah.........
118
A/-Naft al-Lawwiimah
119
A/- Naft al-Mu,tma'innah
120
Personality Studies: From Medieval to Contemporary Times...
123
SUIIlIIlal)'. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. ..... . ....
139
CHAPTER THREE: FREUD'S THEORY ON PERSONALITY..
143
Introduction.......................................................................... 143
WestemPsychology
143
The Life and Works of Freud..
153
His Concept of Human Nature......................................... 168
Personality Development..
..
.
184
Id....................................................................... 182
Ego....................................................................
2
187
Superego......
191
Stages in Personality Development..
195
Oral Stage
196
Anal Stage............................................................ 199
201
Phallic Stage
Latency Stage. . .
.. .
.. .. ..
204
. .. .. .
Genital Stage
Summary. ...
205
..
. ..
206
CHAPTER FOUR: IQBAL'S THEORY ON PERSONALITy.•.••. 209
Introduction
... . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. . 209
Personality Studies before Iqbal's Time.
210
The Life and Works of Iqbal..
213
Iqbal' s Philosophy. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. ..
225
Iqbal's Concept of Human Nature_
Man and his Environment......... ..
..
_
249
.. ..
258
Iqbal's Concept on Human Personality...............
260
Education and Personality Development. . .. .. ..
272
Elements that Strengthen Personality...
275
. ..
Love
276
Faqr
277
c
Courage.............. . ..
..
.. .
279
Tolerance
Kasb-i-halal
280
_
,
281
Creative and Original Activity.... .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .
.. .
Elements that Weaken Personality. .. .. . ... . . .. .. ... . .. . .. .. .. .. ..
281
. 282
Fear
282
Dependency (Sua 'T)
283
Slavery
286
Pride ofAncestry
287
3
The Ideal Society for Personality Development
Monotheism... ..
.. .
288
.. .. .. .
293
Leadership. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. ..
.
29I
The Qur'anic Code
294
Centre
294
Having Common Objective.....................................
295
Conquest of the Forces ofNature
296
Development of the Communal Ego
297
Maternity. ..
.
.. ..
Stages in Personality Development......
.
..
297
.. .
298
Obedience to Allah's Command.... .. .
.. .
299
Attain Self-Control..........................................
300
Allah's Vicegerency.....................................
301
Summary. .
.. . .. .
.
304
CHAPTER FIVE: A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS ON FREUD
AND IQBAL'S THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
307
Introduction........................................................
307
SigITlUnd Freud.. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. ..
307
Mohammed IqbaL........ .. ... ..
.. ..
314
Some Similarities between Freud and Iqbal................................. 320
Science
321
Adoration of Westem Scholars
323
Reference to Greek Philosophy
324
Struggle in Life
,....
325
Personality-Ego........................................................... 326
Prolific and ControversiaL
--..........................
Experiential Knowledge.
.
Some Differences between Freud and Iqbal.
Freud and Iqbal in their Personality
4
328
329
.. .
330
330
Concept of Human Nature
333
Women's Right-Equality
334
Development of TheOIy of Personality.
335
Appraisal...... . .. ..
.. ..
Appraisal on Freud........ .
Appraisal on Iqbal. .
..
.
..
.. ..
..
.
.. .
342
342
. ..
... ..
345
CHAPTER SIX: CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE FINDINGS TO ISLAMIC PSyCHOLOGy.................................................... 348
Introduction.........
.. .
.. .. .
.. .....
348
Islamic Psychology in the Past
348
Islamic Psychology by Contemporary Muslim Scholars...........
354
The Nature ofIslamic Psychology
361
Similar but not the Same.
.. ... .. ..
..
.
364
Significance of the Findings................................................... 367
Summary......................................................................... 374
CHAPTER SEVEN: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS....... ••.••..•.•.•.•.•.••.•.•.•.•.•..•.•.•.•..•.•.•.•.
376
Introduction.............
376
Summary of the Study
376
Conclusion......... .
. ..
Recommendations for Future Studies
389
393
BffiLIOGRAPHY.............................................................. 395
5