RAPPORT D`ÉTUDE 18/12/2008 N° DRC-09-95308

Transcription

RAPPORT D’ÉTUDE
18/12/2008
N° DRC-09-95308-00288A
Convention ONEMA 2008-12-18
Action 16
Maîtrise des rejets de substances chimiques
dans l’eau à l’échelle européenne (Projet
SOCOPSE)
Action N°16
Maîtrise des rejets de substances chimiques dans l’eau à
l’échelle européenne (Projet SOCOPSE)
Unité Economie et Décision pour l’Environnement (EDEN)
Pôle Modélisation Environnementale et Décision
Direction des Risques Chroniques
Client (ministère, industriel, collectivités locales) : ONEMA
Liste des personnes ayant participé à l’étude : Géraldine Ducos
PRÉAMBULE
Le présent rapport a été établi sur la base des informations fournies à l'INERIS,
des données (scientifiques ou techniques) disponibles et objectives et de la
réglementation en vigueur.
La responsabilité de l'INERIS ne pourra être engagée si les informations qui lui ont
été communiquées sont incomplètes ou erronées.
Les avis, recommandations, préconisations ou équivalent qui seraient portés par
l'INERIS dans le cadre des prestations qui lui sont confiées, peuvent aider à la
prise de décision. Etant donné la mission qui incombe à l'INERIS de par son
décret de création, l'INERIS n'intervient pas dans la prise de décision proprement
dite. La responsabilité de l'INERIS ne peut donc se substituer à celle du décideur.
Le destinataire utilisera les résultats inclus dans le présent rapport intégralement
ou sinon de manière objective. Son utilisation sous forme d'extraits ou de notes de
synthèse sera faite sous la seule et entière responsabilité du destinataire. Il en est
de même pour toute modification qui y serait apportée.
L'INERIS dégage toute responsabilité pour chaque utilisation du rapport en dehors
de la destination de la prestation.
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TABLE DES MATIÈRES
RESUME ................................................................................................................. 8
SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. 9
ACRONYMES ....................................................................................................... 10
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 11
2. INVENTAIRE DES MESURES DISPONIBLES DE REDUCTION DES
SUBSTANCES PRIORITAIRES ..................................................................... 11
3. ETUDE DE CAS SUR LA MEUSE ................................................................. 13
4. CONCLUSIONS ET PERSPECTIVES............................................................ 14
5. LISTE DES ANNEXES ................................................................................... 15
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RESUME
Ce rapport présente l’état d’avancement du projet européen Source Control of
Priority Substances, SOCOPSE, que l’ONEMA co-finance. L’objectif de ce projet
est dans un premier temps de développer un « Système d’Appui à la Décision »
qui servirait de guide à la conception d’une stratégie de gestion des substances
prioritaires dans un bassin versant, et dans un second temps, de valider ce guide
dans le contexte de 4 bassins versants européens. L’INERIS participe à la
première étape à travers l’élaboration d’un inventaire des mesures disponibles de
réduction des substances prioritaires. Il participe également à l’étude de cas du
bassin Rhin-Meuse pour le Cadmium.
L’élaboration de l’inventaire a été pilotée par l’INERIS. Les mesures de réduction y
sont présentées par substance prioritaire. Chaque substance prioritaire est traitée
sous la forme d’une monographie dans laquelle, en plus des caractéristiques
générales de la substance, une évaluation de chaque mesure de réduction est
fournie en fonction de critères de faisabilité technique, d’efficacité et de coûts. Ces
monographies sont rédigées sur la base d’une revue de la littérature, d’une
enquête auprès des industries polluantes et de 3 réunions de travail entre les
différentes parties prenantes de la gestion de l’eau. La version finale de
l’inventaire intègrera les données de terrains des études de cas et un document
de synthèse intitulé « Emission Reduction Strategy » qui permettra d’identifier
facilement les mesures les plus pertinentes lorsque l’on considère la gestion des
substances prioritaires dans sa globalité.
La participation de l’INERIS à l’étude de cas Rhin-Meuse a consisté en l’état des
lieux des données disponibles et des actions de réduction des émissions de
Cadmium dans la partie française du bassin de la Meuse. En 2009, l’étude de cas
sera poursuivie avec notamment l’identification des coûts et des bénéfices des
différentes options de gestion du Cadmium. Des scénarios de gestion du
Cadmium dans le bassin Rhin-Meuse seront également testés à l’aide du modèle
PEGASE du département AQUAPOLE de l’Université de Liège. Les premiers
résultats de modélisation seront présentés et discutés lors du séminaire
« modélisation eau » co-organisé par le MEEDDAT et l’INERIS le 16 mars 2009.
Les premiers enseignements de ce projet sont (i) le manque de données sur les
substances prioritaires et en particulier concernant les concentrations dans les
réseaux hydrographiques et les coûts et bénéfices des mesures de réduction, (ii)
l’hétérogénéité de la mise en œuvre du volet des substances prioritaires de la
DCE d’un Etat membre à l’autre et, (iii) l’absence de modèle dominant de stratégie
de réduction des substances prioritaires à l’échelle européenne.
Une conférence finale est organisée les 24 et 25 juin 2009 à Maastricht (PaysBas) où l’ensemble des résultats de SOCOPSE seront présentés et discutés. Le
besoin de mise en œuvre en Europe d’un mécanisme pérenne d’acquisition de
données sur les émissions de substances chimiques y sera particulièrement
exposé.
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SUMMARY
This report presents the progress state of the European project Source Control of
Priority Substances, SOCOPSE, which ONEMA co-finances. Objectives are, first,
to develop a “Decision Support System” which would be used as a guide to design
a management strategy for priority substances in a river basin and, secondly, to
validate this guide in 4 European river basin contexts. INERIS participates in the
first step through the development of an inventory of available priority substances
abatement measures. It is also involved in the Rhine-Meuse river basin case study
for Cadmium.
The development of the inventory has been managed by INERIS. Abatement
measures are presented by priority substances. Each priority substance is dealt in
the form of a monograph in which, in addition of substance general characteristics,
an assessment of each abatement measure is provided as a function of technical
feasibility, efficiency and cost criteria. These monographs are based on a literature
review, a pollutant industry survey and 3 workshops with the different stakeholders
of water management. The inventory final version will integrate field data from
case studies and a document entitled “Emission Reduction Strategy” which will
allow to easily identifying the most relevant measures when priority substances
management is considered in its integrity.
INERIS participation in the Rhine-Meuse case study has consisted of the inventory
of available data and Cadmium emission abatement measures in the French part
of Meuse river basin. In 2009, the case study will be carried on with, notably, costs
and benefits identification of the different Cadmium management options.
Cadmium management scenarios in the Rhine-Meuse river basin will be tested
with PEGASE model from AQUAPOLE department of Liege University. First
modeling results will be presented and discussed during the seminar on “Water
modeling” co-organized by the French Ministry of Ecology and INERIS on March
the 16th 2009.
First lessons from this project are (i) the lack of data on priority substances and on
concentration in hydrographic networks and abatement measure costs and
benefits in particular, (ii) the heterogeneity of implementation of the WFD priority
substances part from a member State to another, (iii) the absence of a prevailing
model on priority substances reduction at the European scale.
A final conference is organized on June the 24th and 25th 2009 in Maastricht (The
Netherlands) where SOCOPSE consolidated results will be presented and
discussed. A focus will be done on the need of a European-wide implementation of
a sustainable mechanism for chemical substance emissions data acquisition.
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ACRONYMES
Acronyme
En clair
DCE
Directive Cadre sur l’Eau
DEHP
Di-ethylhexylphtalate
DSS
Decision Support System
HAP
hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques
HCB
Hexachlorobenzene
IPPC
Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control
PBDE
Polybromodiphénylethers
PCRD
Programme Cadre de Recherche et de Développement
REACH
Registration,
Chemicals
Evaluation,
Authorisation
and
Restriction
SOCOPSE Source Control of Priority Substances
UE
Union Européenne
WP
Work Package
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of
1. INTRODUCTION
L’ONEMA co-finance le projet européen Source Control of Priority Substances,
SOCOPSE, sur la réduction des rejets dans l’eau des substances prioritaires de la
Directive Cadre sur l’Eau.
Ce rapport fait le point sur l’avancement du projet SOCOPSE, sur ses produits de
sortie, et ses principaux enseignements.
SOCOPSE est un projet du 6ème PCRD de l’UE, d’une durée de 3 ans. Sa date de
démarrage était le 1er novembre 2006, et il prendra fin en 2009.
Le projet associe 11 partenaires européens (voir annexe 2).
Les substances étudiées sont : les Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques
(incluant l’anthracène), le Mercure, le Cadmium, les Nonyphénols, le Tributyltin, le
Di(2-EthylHexyl)Phtalate, les PolyBromoDiphénylEthers, le HexaChloroBenzène,
l’Atrazine et l’Isoproturon.
Il a pour objectif de développer un « Système d’Appui à la Décision » (DSSDecision Support System) qui se présenterait comme un guide d’appui à la
conception d’une stratégie de gestion des substances prioritaires dans un bassin
versant. Parmi les différents outils d’aide à la décision sur lesquels repose ce
guide figure un inventaire des mesures disponibles de réduction des substances
prioritaires. Cet inventaire fait l’objet du work package 3 (WP3) que l’INERIS
pilote. L’INERIS intervient également dans le cadre du work package 5 (WP5)
destiné aux études de cas, ces études ayant pour but de calibrer et valider les
outils du DSS et le DSS lui-même.
Deux réunions de projet ont été organisées en 2008 lors desquelles les WP 3 et 5
ont été à l’ordre du jour. La première a eu lieu à Bruxelles les 16 et 17 juin et la
seconde à Oslo les 1er et 2 octobre.
2. INVENTAIRE DES MESURES DISPONIBLES DE REDUCTION
DES SUBSTANCES PRIORITAIRES
Concernant le WP3, une monographie de chaque substance est en cours de
finalisation. Chaque monographie a pour but d’établir un inventaire technicoéconomique des mesures de réduction des rejets ou des solutions de substitution
de la substance en question.
Elle comprend :
Des informations générales sur la substance (description, classification,
réglementation) ;
Des informations sur les flux de la substance à l’échelle européenne
(productions et utilisations de la substance ; émissions directes et indirectes
qui en découlent dans les eaux européennes) ;
L’inventaire des techniques de réduction des émissions de la substance
dans l’eau (techniques de réduction à la source et « end-of-pipe »). Cet
inventaire comprend une évaluation de chaque technique selon des critères
de faisabilité technique, d’efficacité et de coûts ;
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Un tableau synthétique croisant les différentes sources d’émission et les
mesures envisageables pour réduire les émissions ;
Un tableau synthétique évaluant chaque couple source/mesure selon les
critères précités.
Ces monographies sont rédigées sur la base :
D’une revue de la littérature sur l’ensemble des substances (environ 450
références rassemblées). La liste des référence est fournie en annexe 3 ;
D’une enquête auprès des secteurs industriels et de spécialistes concernés
à l’échelle européenne (le questionnaire a été envoyé à presque 200
contacts dans l’industrie) ;
De 3 ateliers de travail en présence des différentes parties
prenantes (industriels, experts, partenaires). La première réunion a eu lieu
à Paris le 25 octobre 2007 pour l’Atrazine, l’Isoproturon et le HCB ; la
deuxième à Katowice (Pologne) le 29 novembre 2007 pour le Mercure, le
Cadmium et les HAP ; et la troisième à Nieuwegein (Pays-Bas) le 14 février
2008 pour le DEHP, les PBDE, le Nonylphénol et le Tributyltin. 51
personnes ont été contactées et 22 d’entres elles ont assisté à au moins
une réunion.
Une première version des monographies (2006/2007) avait été rédigée à partir de
la revue de la littérature et des résultats de l’enquête.
La deuxième version des monographies (« draft final ») a été réalisée en 2008, et
est une actualisation de la première avec les données et commentaires obtenus
lors des réunions de travail (voir annexe 4).
L’INERIS est actuellement en train de produire le plan de travail pour la rédaction
en 2009 de la version finale de ces monographies qui intégrera les résultats des
études de cas du WP5.
Le WP3 comprendra également un document de synthèse intitulé « emission
reduction strategy ». En plus du résumé des principaux résultats et
enseignements du WP3, ce document fournira des propositions de stratégies de
réduction des émissions de substances prioritaires. Ces propositions seront
basées sur une analyse des combinaisons des mesures les plus efficaces, en
prenant en compte l’ensemble des substances et les autres impacts positifs et
négatifs des mesures proposées.
Nous pouvons dès à présent tirer les enseignements suivants :
Il existe des informations sur chacune des substances prioritaires étudiées.
Cependant, elles sont souvent insuffisantes, et certains paramètres du DSS
n’ont pu être renseignés de façon homogène d’une substance à l’autre,
notamment les données de concentration des substances dans les eaux
souterraines et de surface et les données de coûts des mesures de
réduction ;
La plupart des substances prioritaires étudiées n’ont pu être décrites avec
des données suffisamment récentes ;
La participation des industries a été globalement faible que ce soit pendant
l’enquête ou pendant les réunions de travail ;
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Certaines des mesures citées dans les inventaires peuvent réduire
plusieurs substances prioritaires. Un inventaire par substance ne permet
donc pas d’identifier facilement les mesures les plus pertinentes lorsque
l’on considère la gestion des substances prioritaires dans sa globalité. La
synthèse des possibilités de réduction des émissions de ces substances au
travers du document intitulé « Emission Reduction Strategy » permettra
d’apporter cette vision plus horizontale.
Par rapport aux fiches technico-économiques déjà réalisées par l’INERIS (Action
15 2008), les résultats de ce work package donnent une image européenne des
possibilités de réduction des émissions des substances prioritaires dans l’eau.
Ces résultats seront intégrés aux fiches qui seront révisées en 2009 (Action 15
2009). Ils apporteront aussi une évaluation systématique des différentes mesures
envisageables et une vision synthétique en termes d’avantages et d’inconvénients
des mesures de réduction vis-à-vis différentes sources d’émission, qui sera
exploitée dans le cadre du plan d’action prévu dans l’action 15 de 2009.
Les monographies pourront par ailleurs être utiles dans d’autres contextes, pour
les acteurs de l’eau pour l’établissement des programmes de mesures de la
Directive et la révision des SDAGE. Elles sont d’ores et déjà disponibles sur le
site du projet www.socopse.se.
3. ETUDE DE CAS SUR LA MEUSE
Concernant le WP5, son objectif est, d’abord, d’évaluer les outils d’aide à la
décision conçus dans les work packages 2 (WP2) et 3 (WP3) afin de les rendre
opérationnels dans le DSS, puis, d’appliquer le DSS au contexte de 4 bassins
versants européens (bassin Rhin-Meuse, bassin de la mer Baltique, bassin du
Danube, bassins du Ter et de Llobregat en Espagne). L’INERIS participe à l’étude
de cas du bassin Rhin-Meuse pour le Cadmium.
L’évaluation des outils du DSS vise essentiellement à valider l’applicabilité des
données rassemblées dans les WP2 et WP3 au contexte des études de cas. Si
nécessaire, ces données sont complétées avec les données de terrain.
En 2008, l’INERIS a participé à ce work package en faisant l’état des lieux des
données disponibles et des actions de réduction des émissions de Cadmium dans
la partie française du bassin de la Meuse à travers les actions suivantes (voir
aussi annexe 5) :
Etat des lieux préliminaire des données « rejets » et milieux » disponibles
sur le Cadmium sur la base de deux rencontres en juin avec l’agence de
l’eau Rhin-Meuse et en octobre avec le MEEDDAT (données RSDE et
données du « réseau de bassin ») ;
Définition des possibilités techniques de réduction des émissions de
Cadmium.
En 2009, l’étude de cas sera poursuivie avec notamment l’identification des coûts
et des bénéfices des différentes options de gestion du Cadmium. La base de
données de l’agence de l’eau Rhin-Meuse précitée contient également des
données de coûts. Les évaluations des bénéfices manquent cependant. Des
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scénarios de gestion du Cadmium dans le bassin Rhin-Meuse seront testés à
l’aide du modèle PEGASE du département AQUAPOLE de l’Université de Liège.
Ce modèle est alimenté avec les données collectées pour l’étude de cas.
Un séminaire « modélisation eau » co-organisé par le MEEDDAT et l’INERIS est
prévu le 16 mars 2009, en présence de représentants de l’ONEMA et également
des Agences de l’Eau, des DIREN, de scientifiques, où les premiers résultats de
modélisation sur la Meuse seront présentés et discutés.
Les résultats du WP5 donneront finalement une image de la gestion des
substances prioritaires dans 4 grandes régions européennes. Ils seront par la
suite synthétisés et intégrés dans le DSS (fait l’objet du WP4).
4. CONCLUSIONS ET PERSPECTIVES
Il apparait, lors de ce projet, que de nombreuses données sur les émissions des
substances prioritaires manquent. Une des recommandations de ce projet, qui
sera discutée lors du séminaire final (cf. infra), sera de mettre en œuvre en
Europe un mécanisme pérenne d’acquisition de données sur les émissions de
substances chimiques, pour servir les besoins de la DCE, mais aussi d’autres
règlementations comme IPPC et REACH.
Nous observons également que la mise en œuvre du volet des substances
prioritaires de la DCE diffère fortement d’un pays à l’autre au sein de l’Union
Européenne :
Les outils de gestion des émissions des substances prioritaires ne sont pas
toujours utilisés ;
Les bases de données disponibles sont très hétérogènes et en général peu
adaptées au contexte très évolutif des substances prioritaires ;
Il y a peu de coordination entre les administrations impliquées sur la
question des substances prioritaires.
Enfin, il ne semble pas exister de modèle dominant de stratégie de réduction des
substances prioritaires à l’échelle européenne.
Une conférence finale est organisée les 24 et 25 juin 2009 à Maastricht (PaysBas) sur le thème suivant : “Future Approach to Priority and Emerging Substances
in European Waters: SOCOPSE in Support of the Next Generation River
Management Plans”. Le premier jour de la conférence donnera un aperçu des
résultats du projet puis organisera des discussions autour de la prochaine
génération des programmes de gestion des bassins versants. Les thèmes de
discussions seront :
- Disposons-nous de l’information (données sur les émissions, et données
techniques et économiques sur les possibilités de les réduire) nécessaires pour
planifier des mesures efficaces de réduction des émissions des substances
dangereuses ?
- A partir des 6 études de cas européennes, comment préparer la seconde
génération des Plans de Gestion pour la DCE ?
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5. LISTE DES ANNEXES
Repère
Désignation
Nb de pages
ANNEXE 1 LIVRABLES 2008
1 page A4
ANNEXE 2 PARTICIPANTS AU PROJET SOCOPSE
1 page A4
ANNEXE 3 REVUE DE LA LITTERATURE
1 page A4
ANNEXE 4 SYNTHESE
DES
SUBSTANCES
MONOGRAPHIES
ANNEXE 5 ETUDE DE CAS RHIN-MEUSE
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SUR
LES
43 pages A4
5 pages A4
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ANNEXE 1 : LIVRABLES 2008
A titre récapitulatif, les livrables pour 2008 relatif au projet SOCOPSE sont indiqués dans
le Tableau 1 (livrables du WP3 piloté par l’INERIS et ceux du WP5). Ils sont
téléchargeables sur le site www.socopse.se.
Tableau 1 : Récapitulatif des livrables 2008
Livrables
Date
Compte-rendu : Réunion WP3-WP5, Bruxelles (16-17/06/2008)
Juin 2008
Compte-rendu : Réunion WP3-WP5, Oslo (1-2/10/2008)
Octobre 2008
Compte-rendu : Workshop WP3 sur DEHP, PBDE, Nonylphénol Février 2008
et Tributyltin, Nieuwegein (14/02/2008)
Monographie (draft 2) : Atrazine
Octobre 2008
Monographie (draft 2 : Isoproturon
Octobre 2008
Monographie (draft 2) : HCB
Octobre 2008
Monographie (draft 2) : Mercure
Octobre 2008
Monographie (draft 2) : Cadmium
Octobre 2008
Monographie (draft 2) : HAP
Octobre 2008
Monographie (draft 2) : DEHP
Octobre 2008
Monographie (draft 2) : PBDE
Octobre 2008
Monographie (draft 2) : Nonylphénol
Octobre 2008
Monographie (draft 2) : Tributyltin
Octobre 2008
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Annexe 1
ANNEXE 2 : PARTICIPANTS AU PROJET SOCOPSE
Liste des Participants au projet SOCOPSE :
IVL, Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd (Suède)
TNO, Nederlands Organisatie Voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek (PaysBas)
CSIC, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (Espagne)
NILU, Norsk institutt for luftforskning (Norvège)
IETU, Instityt Ekologii Terenow Uprzemyslowionych (Pologne)
SYKE, Finnish Environment Institute (Finlande)
WRI, Vyskumny Ustav Vodneho Hospodarstva (Slovaquie)
KWR, Watercycle Research Institute (Pays-Bas)
SOTON, University of Southhampton, School of Civil Engineering & the Environment
(Royaume-Uni)
EI, Environmental Institute (Slovaquie)
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Annexe 2
ANNEXE 3 : REVUE DE LA LITTERATURE
La liste des références utilisées lors de la rédaction des monographies sur les substances
prioritaires se trouve dans le fichier Revue_litterature.xls joint à ce rapport.
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Annexe 3
For PAH, X*: PAH including anthracene
Note:
ID#
Keywords
Notes
e-C
Availability
Reference number
Input from IETU
Input from INERIS
Input from KIWA
Input from TNO
Partner who includes the reference
W = contribution in writing the document, R = read in details (good knowledge of the
document), C = partially consulted, X = not consulted, for information
Keywords which best caracterise the possible use of the reference for substance reports
Relevant remarks: for instance pages where the important information is
electronic copy avalaible from partner
web link, paper version, personal, confidential
(Put an X for the corresponding substances)
Mercury
Cadmium
Policyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Nonylphenols
Tributyltin
Di(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate
Brominated diphenyl ethers
Hexachlorobenzene
Atrazine
Isoproturon
Substances
Hg
Cd
PAH
Nonyl
TBT
DEHP
PBDE
HCB
Atr
Iso
Comments
Partner
Status
Year of publication
List of authors
Title of document
Additional reference features: journal, volume, pages ; or type of report, institution, place…
References
Year
Authors
Title
Other
Insert the reference in the rigth sheet (according to the language of the reference)
Prefer the English version if available
2006 European Parliament and
Council
2006
2006
2006
2006
2005 Dutchak, S., I. Ilyin
2005 Euro Chlor
2005 Frank Böhme, Jörg Rinklebe,
Hans-Joachim Stärk, Rainer
Wennrich, Sibylle Mothes,
Heinz-Ulrich Neue
2005 Thomas J. Feeley, III
EN5
EN6
EN7
EN8
EN9
EN10
EN11
EN12
2004 WHO
2003 Alan Buse, David Norris, Harry Heavy Metals in European Mosses : 2000/2001
Harmens, Patrick Büker, Trevor Survey
Ashenden, Gina Mills
2003 Royal Haskoning
EN17
EN18
EN19
2002 Schuster, P. F., D. P.
Krabbenhoft, D. L. Naftz, L. D.
Cecil, M. L. Olson, J. F. Dewild,
D. D. Susong, J. R. Green, M.
L. Abbott
2002 Shatalov, V., A.Malanichev, N.
Vulykh, T. Berg, et S. Mano
EN22
2001 European IPPC Bureau
2001 ICON
EN25
EN26
EN27
EN28
EN29
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Hg
Environmental Science & Technology,
36 (11), 2303-2310
Atmospheric Mercury Deposition during the Last 270
Years: A Glacial Ice Core Record of Natural and
Anthropogenic Sources
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in Final report, European Commission,
the Chlor-Alkali Manufacturing industry
162p
Mercury Control Technology Research Program
Factsheet, National Energy Technology
Laboratory, 4p
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Water Research, 35 (15), 3679–3687
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X
X
X
355p
ENV, 113p
X
C
C
C
C
C
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C
INERIS C
INERIS C
INERIS C
INERIS C
IETU
IETU
INERIS C
INERIS C
INERIS C
INERIS C
INERIS C
INERIS C
IETU
IETU
INERIS C
IETU
INERIS C
IETU
C
C
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Kiwa
IETU
Kiwa
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Kiwa
Kiwa
Kiwa
Kiwa
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nts
s
Kiwa
IETU
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Atr
X
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X
Report 157, Hazardous Substances
Series, OSPAR Commission, 25p
Water Research, 36, 309-314
Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
SANCO, 11p
490p
Note 6/2003, EMEP, MSC-E
Journal of Environmental Management
71, 95-122
Advance draft report, UNEP, 313p
Working paper, SEC(2004) 692,
European Commission, DG TREN, 56p
Environmental Pollution, 130, 465-476
European Tyre & Rubber Manufacturers'
Association, Brussels, 7p
Process Biochemistry, 40, 3244-3250
Technical report 11/2006, European
Environment Agency
Journal of Hazardous Material, B136,
244-250
Water Science and Technology, 53 (8),
99-107
X
X
X
X
X
Applied Clay Science, 36 (1-3), 174-181
Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 57,
214-221
Substances
B
X
X
Hg
Biodegradation, 18 (2), 211-221
Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment, 127 (1-3), 73-77
Colloids and Surfaces A:
Physicochemical and Engineering
Aspects, 299 (1-3), 88-92
Other
For more updated data see
#EN286 and #EN287
Notes
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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X
X
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X
X
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Nonylphenol polyethoxylate degradation by means of
electrocoagulation and electrochemical Fenton
Microbial degradation of nonylphenol and other
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Presence of nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactants in a
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Fate of a14C-labeled nonylphenol isomer in a
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2006 Komori, K., Okayasu, Y.,
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2006 Martins, A.F., Wilde, M.L.,
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2006 Soares, A., Guieysse, B.,
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Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment and
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Hg
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C
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C
Kiwa
Kiwa
Kiwa
Kiwa
Kiwa
Kiwa
Kiwa
Kiwa
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IETU
IETU
IETU
IETU
IETU
IETU
IETU
IETU
IETU
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
INERIS C
IETU
IETU
IETU
IETU
IETU
IETU
IETU
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Comme
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s
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C
Notes
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X
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X
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eC
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Kiwa
Kiwa
INERIS C
Kiwa
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INERIS C
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2005 Bonin, P.M.L., Edwards, P.,
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Water Research, 37 (6), 1385-1393
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2006 Fountoulakis, M.S.,
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http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/sct/sct_opinions_en.htm
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ve/ipriority_substances/supporting_background/substance_screening/scree
http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/sct/sct_opinions_en.htm
Availability
2001 Rahman, Frank, Katherine H.
Langford, Mark D. Scrimshaw,
John N. Lester
2000 Johanna Peltola, Leena YläMononen
1999 Carsten Lassen, Søren Løkke
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2006 Lin, C., Gu, J.-G., Qiao, C.,
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Best Available Techniques for the Vinyl Chloride
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Removal of pesticides from water using
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2006 Wang, L., Gao, N.-Y., Wei, H.B., Xia, L.-H., Cui, J.
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2005 Jia, Y., Wang, R., Fane, A.G.,
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Chemicals, Formulated Products and their Company
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Changes in the concentrations of isoproturon and its
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Solubility of Dimethylamine in o-Dichlorobenzene
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Methods for the determination of organic compounds
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Pesticides removal on activated carbon: Competive
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Synthesis of magnetic activated carbons for removal
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Pharmaceutical chemicals and endocrine disrupters in
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Water Research, 39 (9), 1699-1708
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Proceedings of Water Quality
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Water Practice & Technology, 1 (4), 10p
Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 15 (2),
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Ozone: Science and Engineering, 28 (6),
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Nippon Seramikkusu Kyokai Gakujutsu
Ronbunshi/Journal of the Ceramic
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Pesticide Monitoring in Finland
Substances
Chemosphere, 43 (2), 167-182
Nordic Workshop on Pesticide
Monitoring in the Environment, 6-7
February 2006, SLU Uppsala
Position paper EU1-01-A56, EUREAU,
Brussels, 38p
The EFSA Journal (2006) 402, 1-49
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C
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IETU
Kiwa
Kiwa
IETU
Kiwa
Comme
nts
s
Kiwa
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X
X
Atr
INERIS X
X
B
X
X
Hg
Final Report, Euro Chlor, 56p
Final Report, European Commission,
356p
Position paper, Working Group on
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,
Office for Official Publication of the
European Communities
Working paper, SEC(2005) 1059,
European Commission, DG TREN, 59p
Status Report 2/2006, EMEP, MSC-E,
79p
Status Report 3/2006, EMEP, MSC-E,
79p
Research, 9 (1), 18-28
in Security of Water Supply Systems:
from Source to Tap, Springer
Netherlands, 19-29
195-202
Atmospheric Environment, 39, 7580-7586
Research, 12 (6), 342-346
Desalination, 178 (1-3 SPEC. ISS.), 95105
Other
FAO specifications and evaluations for agricultural
Final Report, FAO, 37p
pesticides: Chlorothalonil (tetrachloroisophthalonitrile)
Global hexachlorobenzene emissions
Identification, assessment and prioritisation of EU
measures to reduce releases of unintentionally
produced/released Persistent Organic Pollutants
Euro chlor risk assessment for the marine
environment - OSPARCOM Region - North Sea Hexachlorobenzene (HCB)
OSPAR Background Document on Best
Environmental Practice (BEP) for the Use of
Pesticides on Amenity Areas
The Use of Integrated Crop Management Techniques
to Help OSPAR Contracting Parties to Reduce Inputs
of Agricultural Pesticides to the Marine Environment
The market for solid fuels in the Community in 2003
and 2004
Heavy metals: transboundary pollution of the
environment
Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Environment
Ambient Air Pollution by Polycyclic aromatic
Hydrocarbons (PAH)
EU project Poseidon
Exploiting plant metabolism for the phytoremediation
of persistent herbicides
Removal of persistent polar pollutants through
improved treatment of wastewater effluents (PTHREE)
Seasonal mercury concentrations measured in rural
air in Southern Poland Contribution from local and
regional coal combustion
Monitoring of organic micro contaminants in drinking
water using a submersible uv vis spectrophotometer
Uptake and modeling of pesticides by roots and
shoots of parrotfeather (Myriophyllum aquaticum)
2005 Turgut, C.
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FR22
FR21
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Eau & Rivières de Bretagne, 2004. Quels pesticides trouve-t-on dans les eaux bretonnes ?
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Barré, H., Greaud-Hoveman, L., Lepot, B. et Saint-Jean, O., 2006. Les substances dangereuses dans les rejets industriels et urbains en France, 2ième bilan de l’Action Nationale de RechercX
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Iso Partner Status Keywords
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18 p.
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Substances
Cd PAH Nonyl TBT DEHP PBDE HCB Atr
X
Maïs : réussir l'après atrazine
Hg
Atrazine
2003 AGPM, TECHNIQUE et ITCF
Étude des substances prioritaires à prendre en
Les micropolluants dans les cours d’eau français, 3
Agence de l’eau Seine-Normandie,
Direction de la recherche et des études
sur l’agriculture et les milieux, service
environnement.
Agence de l’eau Rhin Meuse.
Document détaillé.
septembre 2005, rapport établi par
l’INERIS.
Agence de l’eau Adour-Garonne,
Direction régionale de l’industrie, de la
Direction régionale de l’industrie, de la
CITEPA.
Other
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FR7
FR6
2003 Remillon, O.
1999 RNDE
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Inventaire des émissions dans l'air en France (format
Fiche de données toxicologiques et
environnementales des substances chimiques :
Anthracène
2005 MEDD
Action nationale de recherche et de réduction des
rejets de substances dangereuses dans l’eau par les
installations classées et autres installations Premiers
résultats Années 2003 - 2004
1997 Palayer, J., Degardin, P.,
Le point sur… Les Hydrocarbures aromatiques
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1997 Agence de l’eau Adour-Garonne
1998 DRIRE Midi-Pyrénées
2001 DRIRE Rhône-Alpes
2001 Fontelle, JP et al.
2004 INERIS
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Commission Européenne, 2004c, “Piles : La Commission se félicite de l’accord politique obtenu au Conseil”, Communiqué de presse IP/04/1517 dX
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Commission européenne, 2003a, Proposition de directive du Parlement européen et du Conseil relative aux piles et accumulateurs ainsi qu’aux piX
FR29
FR30
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TNO (need to check)
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Notes
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X
C
INERIS C
TNO
Comments
X
X
Substances
CITEPA, 2003, Inventaire des émissions dans l’air en France, format UNECE.
Hg
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Dour hon douar, 2002. Le bulletin de liaison agricole du bassin versant du Jaudy-Guindy-Bizien, 2, 4p. (http://www.jaudy-guindy-bizien.org/dourhondouarpro.php).
DRIRE NORD-Pas-de-Calais, 2006a. IRE 2006 – EAU (http://www.nord-pas-de-calais.drire.gouv.fr/environnement/IRE_web/documents/Eau/Chimie_parachimie_petrole.pdf).
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Ministère de la Santé et des Solidarités, 2007. Bilan de la qualité de l’eau du robinet du consommateur vis-à-vis des pesticides en 2005.
Miquel, G., 2003. Office parlementaire d’évaluation des choix scientifiques et technologiques. Rapport 215, tome 2 (2002-2003) (http://www.senat.fr/rap/l02-215-2/l02-215-21.pdf).
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Syndicat Mixte de la Côte d’Opale, 2005. Etat des lieux du SAGE du delta de l’Aa, 159p. (http://www.sm-cote-opale.com/download/Etat_lieux_12_2005.pdf).
Tissier, C., Morvan, C., Bocquené, G., Grossel, H., James, A. et Marchand, M., 2005. Les substances prioritaires de la Directive cadre sur l’eau (DCE), Fiches de synthèse, Rapport IFREMER (httX
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IFEN, 2006. L’environnement en France. Les Synthèses, 504 p. (http://www.ifen.fr/publications/syntheses/PDF/ree2006.pdf).
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X
X
COREP, 2002 (Cellule d’orientation régionale pour la protection des eaux contre les pesticide). Compte-rendu de la réunion du 3 juillet 2002, 10p. (http://draf.bretagne.agriculture.gouv.fr/corpep/IMX
Dour hon douar, 2005. Le bulletin de liaison agricole du bassin versant du Jaudy-Guindy-Bizien, 13, 4p. (http://www.jaudy-guindy-bizien.org/dourhondouarpro.php).
X
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Comité du bassin versant du Jaudy-Guindy-Bizien, 2002. Synthèse du diagnostic du bassin versant du Jaudy-Guindy-Bizien, 86 p. (http://www.jaudy-guindy-bizien.org/rapportsetetudes.php).
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Comments
FR58
ACTA, Association de Coordination Technique Agricole, 2007. Index phytosanitaire, 43ème édition, 832p.
X
X
X
FR55
Isoproturon
Commission Internationale pour la Protection du Rhin. Rapport 1997 sur la Protection du Rhin.
X
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Substances
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Hg
BREF Traitement des Eaux.
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Notes
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EEA (Agence européenne pour l’environnement), 2003. Les eaux de l’Europe : une évaluation basée sur des indicateurs (Résumé), Environ X
Environnement Canada, 2004. Les commentaires canadiens sur le standard américain relatif aux émissions de mercure, 12 p. (http ://www.e X
INERIS, 2005. Mercure et ses dérivés. Fiche de données toxicologiques et environnementales des substances chimiques (http://www.ineris. X
INRS, 1997. Mercure et composés minéraux. Fiche Toxicologique n°55 (http://www.inrs.fr/INRSPUB/inrs01. nsf/IntranetObject-accesParRefe X
Marlière, 2003. Appui à la réglementation et support à l’inspection des installations classées (DRA-32) Rapport d’opération « e » : Fiche de sX
Miquel, G., 2001. Les effets des métaux lourds sur l'environnement et la santé. Rapport d'information n°261, fait au nom de l'Office parlemen X
Onyx, 2003. pile(s) dans la bonne boîte, 7p (http://www.onyx-environnement.com/documents/DP_15122003_OB.pdf).
PNU, 2005 (version française). Evaluation mondiale du mercure, 306 p, (http://www.chem.unep.ch/mercury/GMA%20in%20F%20and%20S/f X
PNUE (Programme des Nations Unies pour l’Environnements), 2002. Evaluation mondiale du mercure, 10 p.
Rabl, A., 2005. Combien dépenser pour la Protection de la Santé et de l’Environnement : un cadre pour l’évaluation des choix. Les rapports X
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ACTA. 2004. Index phytosanitaire, 40e édition.
Environnement Canada et Santé Canada. 2001. Rapport d’évaluation des nonylphénols et de leurs éthoxylates.
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Degrémont, 2005. Mémento technique de l'eau (10ème édition), 1928p.
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Commission Internationale pour la Protection du Rhin, 2000. Rhin Inventaire 2000 des émissions de substances prioritaires, 79 p.
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Nonylphénol
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X
CITEPA, 2005. Emissions dans l’air en France métropole : métaux lourds, 28p (http://www.citepa.org/emissions/nationale/ML/Emissions_FR X
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BelgoChlore, 2004. Livre blanc du chlore (http://www.belgochlor.be/fr/PDF_FR/WITBOEKF.PDF).
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Algros, E., Charissou, A.-M., Jourdain, M.-J. et Pojer, K., 2005. Caractéristiques chimiques et écotoxicologiques d’effluents industriels et urb X
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X
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AFSSAPS, 2001. Décision du 14 décembre 2000 relative à l’interdiction d’importation, de mise sur le marché et d’utilisation de certains amalX
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Substances
INERIS C
Hg
AESN (Agence de l’Eau Seine-Normandie), 2004. Bilan des flux, sources et voies de transfert aux eaux de surface du bassin Seine-Norman X
Other
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FR72
ID #
Notes
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INERIS C
INERIS C
INERIS C
INERIS C
INERIS C
FR119 INERIS (2004), Bilan du Programme pilote national de surveillance des Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques (HAP), Eva LEOZ, 01/11/2004, MEDX
FR120 Le Calvez, J.P. (1999). Étude sur les poteaux bois. INERIS, rapport d’étude n° INERIS-1999- DVF-JLe/JL e-22700/R01 ; effectué pour France Télécom, X
FR121 MEDD, Action nationale de recherche et de réduction des rejets de substances dangereuses dans l’eau par les installations classées et autres installat X
FR122 Palayer, J., Degardin, P., Lohest, P., Mourey, V., Pereira-Ramos, L. (1997). Le point sur… Les Hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques. Agence de l’eX
INERIS C
FR113 DRIRE Poitou-Charentes (1998). Inventaire des rejets de micropolluants dans 27 établissements industriels de la région Poitou-Charentes (février 1996X
FR118 INERIS (2003-2004). Fiche de données toxicologiques et environnementales des substances chimiques. Pour les substances suivantes : benzo(a)pyrè X
INERIS C
FR112 DRIRE Midi-Pyrénées (1998). Résultats de la campagne de mesures des 132 substances toxiques dans les rejets aqueux des principaux industriels de X
INERIS C
INERIS C
FR111 GTZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit) (1995). Manuel sur l’environnement - Documentation pour l’étude et l’évaluation des effe X
FR117 Hugener, M., Deschwanden, H., Bühler (1999). Le recyclage conforme aux exigences de l’environnement des revêtements routiers contenant du goudroX
INERIS C
FR110 Collet, S. (2000). Facteurs d’émission - Émissions de dioxines, de furanes et d’autres polluants liées à la combustion de bois naturels et adjuvantés. INEX
INERIS C
INERIS C
FR109 Brignon, J.M., Soleille, S. (2002). Préparation de la mise en oeuvre de la directive 2001/81/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 23 octobre 200 X
X
INERIS C
FR108 Brazillet, C., Domas, J. (2001). Caractérisation des déchets - Le goudron dans les déchets du réseau routier : Étude bibliographique, méthodes de caraX
FR116 Gosselin, C. (2000). Extraction de produits aromatiques des goudrons de houille. Techniques de l’Ingénieur. Vol. JP, pp 1-10.
INERIS C
FR107 Bernal A., 2005, Elimination des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques présents dans les boues d’épuration par couplage ozonation – digestion anaX
INERIS C
INERIS C
FR106 Agence de l’eau Adour-Garonne (1997). Les micropolluants organiques et métalliques dans le bassin Adour-Garonne - Rapport de synthèse des campaX
INERIS C
INERIS C
FR105 Proposition de directive du Parlement européen et du Conseil relative aux restrictions à la commercialisation et à l’utilisation de certains hydrocarbures X
X
INERIS C
X
FR104 Directive 98/8/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 16 février 1998 concernant la mise sur le marché des produits biocides.
FR115 Fontelle, J.P. et al. (2001). Inventaire des émissions dans l’air en France (format SECTEN). CITEPA.
INERIS C
FR103 Directive n° 2001/90/CE de la Commission du 26 octo bre 2001 portant septième adaptation au progrès technique (créosote) de l’annexe I de la directiv X
FR114 DRIRE Rhône-Alpes (2001). 2ème inventaire des rejets de micropolluants dans 168 établissements industriels de la région Rhône-Alpes. Direction régi X
INERIS C
INERIS C
X
X
FR101 Directive 1999/31/CE du Conseil du 26 avril 1999 concernant la mise en décharge des déchets.
INERIS C
INERIS C
INERIS C
Comments
FR102 Directive 98/83/CE du Conseil du 3 novembre 1998 relative à la qualité des eaux destinées à la consommation humaine.
X
X
X
Substances
INERIS C
Hg
X
Directive 96/61/CE du Conseil du 24 septembre 1996 relative à la prévention et à la réduction intégrées de la pollution.
Other
FR100 Directive 2000/76/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 4 décembre 2000 sur l’incinération des déchets.
FR99
HAP
Infochimie. 2002a. Guide achats chimie, parachimie, pharmacie.
Title
Infochimie. 2002b. Guide des fournisseurs, spécial usines chimiques. N° 440, juillet-août 2002.
Authors
FR98
Year
FR97
ID #
Notes
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1998 Commission OSPAR
FR136
Meilleures techniques disponibles dans l’industrie de
chlorure de vinyle
Rapport 85, Hazardous Substances
INERIS X
Kiwa
[EN: Solid-phase extraction of some
herbicides presents in water], Journal
Europeen d'Hydrologie, 33 (1), 75-82
2002 Boussahel, R., Bouland, S.,
Baudu, M., Montiel, A.
FR135
Extraction en phase solide de certains herbicides
présents dans l'eau
INERIS C
C
C
C
C
FR134 Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, Agence de l’eau Adour-Garonne. 2001. Étude de spéciation des composés organostanniques sur eaux et sédiments du baX
INERIS
INERIS
INERIS
INERIS
INERIS C
X
X
X
X
X
FR133 Périchaud A. 2003. Les peintures antisalissures marines. L’actualité chimique, juin 2003.
Documents consultables sur le site de l’IFREMER (www.ifremer.fr) :
· IFREMER. Dragages et environnement marin. TBT.
· IFREMER. Environnement ressources. Tributylétain.
· IFREMER. Département Polluants Chimiques. TBT.
· IFREMER, MEDD (ex MATE). 1999. Surveillance du milieu marin. Travaux du réseau national d’observation de la qualité du milieu marin.
TBT
INERIS C
Santé Canada, 2004, Polybromodphenyléthers, Rapport d’évaluation préalable - Santé.
X
INERIS C
Environnement Canada, 2004, Rapport d'évaluation environnementale préalable des polybromodiphényléthers (PBDE), Loi canadienne sur la protection de l’environnement de 1X
X
INERIS C
FR128 Tronczynski J., Munschy C., Moisan K.,1999. "Des contaminants organiques qui laissent des traces : sources , transport, devenir". Fascicule Seine -AvaX
FR129
FR130
FR131
FR132
INERIS C
X
FR127 RNDE (1999). Les micropolluants dans les cours d’eau français, 3 années d’observations (1995 à 1997) - Document détaillé.
PBDE
INERIS C
INERIS C
end of pipe
(leachate, waste
water treatment,
flue gas removal,
natural
degradation)
Comments
FR126 Remillon, O. (2003). Étude des substances prioritaires à prendre en compte pour l’échéance 2015 de la Directive Cadre sur l’Eau sur le bassin Rhin MeX
Substances
INERIS C
Hg
FR125 Rayzal, M. (1995). Etude sur le relargage de substances à partir de bois traités dans des conditions pratiques d'intempéries. CTBA, Convention ADEMEX
Other
INERIS C
References
X
Title
X
Authors
FR124 Rayzal, M., Deroubaix, G. (1998). La pollution des sols liés aux activités de préservation du bois. ADEME, Direction de l’industrie.
Year
FR123 Pépin, G. (1998). Caractérisation des déchets - Essais de percolation sur deux déchets bitumineux. INERIS.
ID #
Notes
X
X
http://www.ospar.org/documents/
dbase/publications/p00085_PVC
F.pdf
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NL24
NL23
NL22
NL21
NL20
NL16
NL17
NL18
NL19
NL13
NL14
NL15
NL11
NL12
NL10
NL9
NL8
2005 IJpelaar et al.
2005
2006
2006
NL4
NL5
NL6
NL7
RIZA-report 2006.032
Commissie van de Europese
gemeenschappen COM(2006) 398
definitief) SEC 2006 947
Other
STOWA-report 2004-27
Kaderrichtlijnwater
STOWA-report 2004-W-04
RIZA-report 2006-007
Robuustheid huidige zuiveringen DPW-bedrijven tegen ongewenste stoffen
References
Title
Actuele risicos van zware metalen in beeld.
Risicovolle lozingen op de Maas- deel 2
Richtlijn van het Europees parlement en de Raad Inzake miliuekwaliteitsnormen op het gebeid van het
waterbeleid en tot wijziging van Richtlijn 2000/EG
Verkenningen zuiveringstechnieken en KRW
Toenemende cadmiungehalten in de Maas in 2005
Risicovolle lozingen op de Maas; Onderzoek naar het
voorkomen en effect van geloosde risicovolle stoffen
op de Maas door RWZI's in het beheersgebied van
RWS-Limburg
2005 IJpelaar_Hofman_Meer_vd%2E Ongewenste_stoffen_gesignaleerd
_Kruithof
_verwijderen_of_omzetten
2005 Verliefde, Puijker, Bruggen v
Organische_microverontreinigingen_en_de_watervoor
ziening
2004
Prioritering hormoonverstorende stoffen voor
waterbeheer/prioritaire geneesmiddelen voor
waterbeheerder
2007
Kader Richtlijn water: Documenten uit de
2005
Verkennende monitoring van hormoonverstorende
stoffen en pathogenen op rwzi's nageschakelde
zuiveringstechnieken
2005
Ketenaanpak van probleemstoffen
2003
Review oestrogenen geneesmiddelen in het milieu
2004
Vergeten stoffen in de RWZI-effluenten in het
Maasstroomgebied
2004
Vergeten stoffen in Maas en zijrivieren
2006
Bestrijdingsmiddelenescreening in de rijkswateren
2006 Zwolsman et al.
Bescherming drinkwaterfunctie oppervlakte water
2006 Wagenvoort, Hoogh de, Jonker, Watervlooien_detecteren_lozing_van_onbekende_ver
Leerdam v.
ontreiniging
2006 IJpelaar,Harmsen,Krijnen,Knol UV_H2O2 oxidatie mogelijk_met_middendruk en
lagedruklampen
2006
Filtratietechnieken RWZI's; stand van zaken en
ervaringen met zandfiltratie
2006
Quick-scan kostenscenario's vergaande zuivering:
RWZI en KRW
2004
Verkenning van de gevolgen van de kaderrichtlijn
water voor het onderzoeksveld waterbeheer
2005
Emissies van gewasbeschermingsmiddelen uit de
glastuinbouw
Year Authors
2005 Talsma,Wanningen, Zwolsman
2006
2006
ID #
NL1
NL2
NL3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Substances
Hg Cd PAH Nonyl TBT DEHP PBDE HCB Atr
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TNO
TNO
TNO
TNO
TNO
TNO
Kiwa
Kiwa
TNO
TNO
TNO
TNO
TNO
TNO
Kiwa
Kiwa
Kiwa
TNO
TNO
TNO
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
general
detection
general
Comments
Kiwa
TNO
C
tno
C
English summary
English summary
English summary
English summary
English summary
English summary
English summary
English summary
English summary
English summary
English summary
English summary
English summary
English summary
Notes
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
http://www.rijkswaterstaat.nl/rws/riza/home/publicaties/index.html
http://www.stowa.nl
http://www.stowa.nl
http://www.stowa.nl
should be checked for availability external usage
http://www.stowa.nl
http://www.kaderrichtlijnwater.nl/publicaties/
http://www.stowa.nl
http://www.stowa.nl
http://www.stowa.nl
e-C Availability
X http://www.rijkswaterstaat.nl/rws/riza/home/publicaties/index.html
X http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/nl/com/2006/com2006_0397nl01.pdf
PL3
PL2
PL1
ID #
2006 Helman-Grubba, Małgorzata,
Marcin J. Marcinkowski
Year Authors
2004 Nowacki F., Baran E., ĝliwaka
R., MaruĔczuk S., Tyralski M.,
Srafin R.
2003 Klimiuk, E. , M. Łebkowska;
Biotechnologia w ochronie Ğrodowiska, PWN,
Warszawa
Niekonwencjonalne ‘technicznie’ mo_liwo_ci ochrony
wód i rekultywacji zdegradowanych akwenów
wodnych (na przykładzie dorobku technologicznego i
oferty Ekol-Unicon Sp. z o.o.)
[EN: Technicly’ Unconventional
Possibilities Of Water Protection And
Remediation Of Degraded Water
Reservoirs (Based On Example Of
Technological Experience And Quotation
Of Ekol-Unicon Ltd.)] , Rekultywacja i
rewitalizacja terenów zdegradowanych,
Poznan , Puck kwiecie 2006
References
Title
Other
Inwentaryzacja substancji niebezpiecznych
Przegląd Geologiczny vol. 52, nr 11
zrzucanych do Ğrodowiska wodnego w dorzeczu Odry 2004, str. 1094
X
X
Substances
Hg Cd PAH Nonyl TBT DEHP PBDE HCB Atr
X
X
X
X
IETU
IETU
C
C
Comments
Iso Partner Status Keywords Notes
IETU
C
e-C Availability
ANNEXE 4 : SYNTHESE
SUBSTANCES
DES
MONOGRAPHIES
SUR
LES
Le contenu de cette annexe se trouve dans le document Executive_summuries.doc joint à
ce rapport. Il rassemble les 10 synthèses issues des monographies sur les substances du
projet SOCOPSE, à savoir :
les Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques (incluant l’anthracène),
le Mercure,
le Cadmium,
les Nonyphénols,
le Tributyltin,
le Di(2-EthylHexyl)Phtalate,
les PolyBromoDiphénylEthers,
le HexaChloroBenzène,
l’Atrazine,
l’Isoproturon.
Les monographies sont accessibles sur le site internet du projet SOCOPSE :
http://www.socopse.se/,
ou directement :
http://www.socopse.se/content/downloads.4.4a4d22a41128e56161b800011270.html.
Il existe d’autres rapports (en français) sur les rejets de substances prioritaires et pouvant
apporter des informations complémentaires à ces monographies : les fiches technicoéconomiques de l’Action Nationale de Recherche et de Réduction des Rejets des
Substances Dangereuses dans les Eaux (RSDE) (http://rsde.ineris.fr/). Ces fiches se
trouvent directement à l’adresse suivante :
http://rsde.ineris.fr/fiches_technico_eco1.php.
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Annexe 4
PAH
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants
formed mainly by the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels such as wood,
coal, diesel, and oil. Only anthracene and naphthalene are intentionally produced. PAHs
are substances of high concern due to their toxicity and persistence in the environment.
Next table enables to observe principal emission sources of 5 PAHs (Benzo(a)pyrene,
Benzo(k)fluoranthene,
Benzo(b)fluoranthene,
Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,
and
Benzo(a)pyrene) and the different media through which they may reach the aquatic
environment.
Table 1 : MFA diagram for the sum of 5 PAH in Europe at the beginning of the 2000’s
(numbers in tonnes/year)
Emission sources
Pathways to the aquatic environment
Air
Land
WWater
Direct
Energy production
64
15
Coke, petroleum, carbon graphite
134
7
Metal production
433
17
Vehicles and metal products
79
1
Waste management
137
69
2
Urban areas
697
6
Transport
426
1
Agriculture forestry
92
2
7
Other productions
113
37
Coal and oil tar
18
Creosote
1
52
Anthracene oil
11
995
Other products
280
TOTAL
2485
1118
92 + 7
Emissions to air are predominant and require attention in order to lower atmospheric
depositions to water.
Table 2 aims at making correspondences between the main emission sources and
available mitigation options. It shows that either source control or end-of-pipe options are
available.
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Annexe 4
Table 2: Emission sources and possible emission abatement measures
Measures
Source control
Use of pre-bake anodes
Use of inert anodes
Low PAH coal tar pitch blend
Improved transport and storage
at wood impregnation plants
Process modification at wood
impregnation plants
Use of wood preservation
products with a lower PAH
content
Alternative wood preserving
techniques
Use of alternative construction
materials
Combustion optimisation
Fuel replacement
End-of-pipe
Wastewater pre-treatment: Tar
removal
Biological wastewater
treatment
Gas-tight operation of the gas
treatment plant
Wastewater pre-treatment:
Sour water stripping (SWS)
Flue gas incineration
Wet flue gas scrubbing
Dry flue gas scrubbing
Use of condensation and
electrostatic precipitators
Biofilters
Ozonation and anaerobic
digestion
Community level measures
Enhancing user awareness
Regulatory measures
Application
of
product
standards
Sewage sludge
Urban runoff
Waste water
Residential combustion
appliances
Wood treatment plants
Power stations
Waste incinerators
Bitumen production /
refineries
Coke oven plants
Primary aluminium
production
Production of carbon
and graphite
Sources
O
O
O
X
X
X
O
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
O
X
X
X
X
XO
X
X
X
X
O
O
X
X
Note: X = available measure; O = emerging measure;
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Annexe 4
Table 3: Assessment of abatement measures
Measures
Technical
feasibility
Source control
Assessment
Performance
Costs
Use of pre- Total score: + Total score: ++
bake anodes Pol.:
point Eff.: high
source
Rge: wide
Use of inert
anodes
Total score: 0
Pol.:
point
source
Cmp.: medium
/ high
Total score: +
Low PAH
coal tar pitch Pol.:
point
blend
source
Rge: wide
Cmp.: low
Imp.: low
Lim.: ?
Total score: ++
Improved
Pol.:
point
transport and
source
storage at
Rge: wide
wood
Cmp.: low
impregnation
Imp.: low
sites
Lim.: none
Total score: +
Process
Pol.:
point
modification source
at wood
Rge: wide
impregnation Cmp.: low
plants
Imp.: low
Lim.: ?
Use of wood Total score: +
preservation Pol.:
point
products with source
a lower PAH Rge: wide
content
Cmp.: low
Imp.: low
Lim.: ?
Total
score: ?
Alternative
wood
preserving
techniques
Total score: +
Use of
alternative
Pol.:
point
construction source
materials
Rge: wide
Cmp.: low
Imp.: low
Lim.: ?
Total score: –
IC: high
OC: ?
Total score: ++ Total score: 0
Eff.: up to 100% IC: ?
OC: ?
Oth.: yes
En.: reduction
CE: reduction
W: no
Remarks
State of the art
Total score: +
St.: BAT for
primary
aluminium
plants
App.: numerous
Total score: –
St.:
emerging
technology
App.: ?
Applicable
to
new plants only.
Total score: +
Eff.: 40%
En.: no
CE: ?
W: no
Total score: +
IC: medium?
OC: low
Total score: +
Eff.: ?
En.: no
CE: ?
W: no
Total score: ?
IC: ?
OC: ?
-Requires
improvements in
anode
production
processes and
retrofit methods.
-Commercialisation expected by
2010-2015.
Total score: – – Particularly
St.:
emerging suitable for use
in
Søderbergtechnology
type anodes for
App.: ?
aluminium
smelting.
- U.S. patent.
Total score: ++
St.: BAT for
wood treatment
Total score: +
Eff.: high?
En.: yes
CE: ?
W: yes
Total score: ?
IC: ?
OC: ?
Total score: ++
St.: BAT for
wood treatment
Total score: +
Eff.: ?
En.: no
CE: ?
W: no
Total score: ++ Total score: +
IC: none
St.:
existing
OC: low
technology
App.: ?
Total score: ?
Total score: ?
Total score: ?
Total score: +
Eff.: 100%
En.: ?
CE: yes
W: no
Total score: ?
IC: ?
OC: ?
Total score: ++
St.:
existing
technology
App.: ?
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Techniques still
under
development?
Annexe 4
Total score: ++
Pol.:
point
source
Rge: wide
Cmp.: low
Imp.: low
Lim.: none/low
Total score: +
Fuel
replacement Pol.:
point
source
Rge: wide
Cmp.: low
Imp.: low
Lim.: low
Combustion
optimisation
Total score: ++ Total score: ++ Total score: ++
Eff.: >50% to IC: none/low
St.: BAT
OC: none/low App.: yes
>90%
Oth.: yes
En.: no
W: no
Total score: +
Eff.: ?
W: no
IC: none/low
St.:
existing
OC: none/low technology
End-of-pipe
Wastewater
pretreatment:
Tar removal
Total score: ++
Pol.:
point
source
Cmp.: ?
Rge: wide
Lim.: low
Total score: ++
Eff.: 99%
Oth.: ?
W: yes
Total score: ?
IC: low?
OC: low?
Total score: ++
St.: BAT for
coke
oven
plants
App.: yes
Biological
wastewater
treatment
Total score: ++
Pol.:
point
source
Cmp.: ?
Rge: wide
Lim.: low
Total score: +
IC: medium
OC: medium
Total score: ++
St.: BAT for
coke
oven
plants
App.: yes
Gas-tight
operation of
the gas
treatment
plant
Total score: ++
Pol.:
point
source
Cmp.: low
Rge: wide
Lim.: low
Total score: ++
Pol.:
point
source
Cmp.: low
Rge: wide
Lim.: low
Total score: ++
Eff.:
high
(>90%)
Oth.: yes
En.: yes
CE: no
W: yes
Total score: ++
Eff.: high
Oth.: yes
En.: no
CE: no
W: no
Total score: +
Eff.: medium /
high?
Oth.:
En.:
CE:
W:
Total score: ++
Eff.:
high
(100%)
Oth.: yes
En.: yes
CE:
W: no
Total score: +
Eff.:
medium/high
Oth.: yes
En.: yes
CE: yes
W: yes
Total score: ++
Total score: ?
IC: low?
OC: low?
Total score: ++
St.: BAT for
coke
oven
plants
App.: yes
Total score: ?
IC: high?
OC: medium?
Total score: ++
St.:
BAT
in
bitumen blowing
App.: yes
Wastewater
pretreatment:
Sour water
stripping
(SWS)
Flue gas
incineration
Total score: ++
Pol.:
point
source
Cmp.:
Rge: wide
Lim.:
Wet flue gas Total score: ++
scrubbing
Pol.:
point
source
Cmp.:
Rge: wide
Lim.:
Dry flue gas
Total score: ++
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Total score: ?
IC: ?
OC: ?
Recommended
for
pretreatment
of
coal water prior
to
biological
wastewater
treatment.
Recommended
for
pretreatment
of
waste
water
from
bitumen
blowing.
Total score: ++ A
novel
St.:
BAT
in regenerative
bitumen blowing afterburner has
been used in a
App.: yes
number
of
applications.
Total score: ?
IC: high?
OC: high?
Total score: ++
St.:
BAT
in
bitumen blowing
App.: yes
Total score: +
Total score: ++
- A novel oil
scrubber could
be employed at
waste
incinerators.
Annexe 4
scrubbing
Pol.:
point Eff.: high
Oth.: yes
source
En.: yes
Cmp.:
CE:
Rge: wide
W: yes
Lim.:
Use of
condensation
and
electrostatic
precipitators
Total score: +
Pol.:
point
source
Cmp.:
Rge:
Lim.:
Total score: ?
Pol.: diffuse
Cmp.:
Rge:
Lim.:
Biofilters
Ozonation
and
anaerobic
digestion
Total score: ?
Eff.: ?
Oth.: yes
En.: yes
CE: yes
W:
Total score: +
Eff.:
medium/
high
Oth.:
En.:
CE:
W:
Total score: ? Total score: +
Pol.:
point Eff.: medium
Oth.: yes
source
En.:
Cmp.:
CE:
Rge:
W:
Lim.:
IC: low/medium St.: BAT for
OC: low
primary
Alsmelters, power
plants
and
incinerators
App.: yes
Total score: ? Total score: +
IC: ?
St.:
existing
OC: ?
technology
App.: yes
Total score: ++ Total score: – – Potentially
to
IC: low
St.:
emerging applicable
urban runoff.
OC: low
technology
App.: no
Total score: ?
IC: ?
OC: ?
Total score: – –
St.:
emerging
technology
App.: no
Total score: +
IC: none/low
OC:
low/medium
Total score: 0
St.: n/a
App.: ?
Potentially
applicable as a
pre-treatment
for
sewage
sludge prior to
its
use
on
agricultural land.
Enhancing
user
awareness
Pol.:
point Eff.: 30-40%
source
Cmp.: low
Rge: wide
Lim.: none
Regulatory measures
Total score: ? Total score: ++
Application Total score: ++ Total score: ?
of
product Pol.:
point Eff.: ?
IC: ?
St.: yes
standards
OC: ?
App.: ?
source
Cmp.: medium
Rge: wide
Scores (five levels): – – for very bad; – for bad; 0 for average; + for good; ++ for very good;
Sub-criteria (with possible values): Pol. = Type of pollution (point source, diffuse); Rge = Range of
concentration (small, medium, wide); Lim. = Limits and restrictions (low, medium, high); Cmp. =
Complexity of implementation (low, medium, high); Imp. = Impact on the process, on the factory
(low, medium, high); Eff. = Efficiency of emission reduction (in %); Oth. = Removal of other
pollutants (list of other pollutants removed); En. = Consumption of energy (no, low, medium, high);
CE = Cross-effects (list of cross-effects); W = Production of waste (list of waste); IC = Investment
costs (no, low, medium, high); OC = Operational costs (no, low, medium, high); St. = Status of the
technique (BAT, existing, emerging); App. = Number of applications (none, some, numerous).
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Annexe 4
DEHP
Next table enables to observe principal emission sources to the different media through
which DEHP may reach the aquatic environment.
Table 4 : Main pathways to the aquatic environment for DEHP (tonnes per year)
Emission sources
Production of DEHP
Production of polymere
Production of non-polymere
Ink processing
Polymere outdoor use
Non-polymere outdoor use
Polymere indoor use
Non-polymere indoor use
WWTP
Car shreder
Wastes remaining in the environment (from any
emission sources)
TOTAL
Pathways to the aquatic environment
Air
Land
WWater
Direct
682
197
197
120
144
83
6402
46
642
157
157
181
1316
0
314
1082
194
5.5
62
9
7240
2438
595
14943
2699
3431
From this table, we observe that wastes remaining in the environment are the primary
source of indirect water DEHP contamination. In order to reduce these emissions, some
source control options exists concerning industrial processes and users but there is no
literature on options for reducing DEHP emissions from the actual waste remaining in the
environment.
In addition, even if we do not dispose of full data concerning DEHP exchanges between
the different media, figures show that land leaching and air deposition may contribute to
DEHP presence in water. Concerning land, DEHP mitigation options related to wastes
remaining in the environment and outdoor uses of polymers should be relevant but we
dispose of literature on the latter only.
As regards air deposition, relevant options should principally concern the production and
indoor use of polymers which are presented in this document.
There is a need for emissions reduction options for the use of DEHP as an intermediate
for non-polymer production since DEHP emission rate seems a lot higher (144 tons from
2% of the DEHP production) than in polymere production (197 tons from 98% of the
DEHP production).
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Annexe 4
Next tables aim at making correspondences between the main emission sources and
available mitigation options and at assessing options.
Table 5 : Emission sources and possible emission abatement measures
X
Indirect
point
source:
WWTP
X
X
(Non)Polymer
out door
use
(Non)polymer
indoor
use
Prod. of
polymer
X
X
Diffuse
Waste
disposal
into the
env.
Prod. of
DEHP
Main Sources
Source control
Substitution of DEHP
Substitution of PVC
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Measures
End-of-pipe
Main WWTP
Optimization
Advanced Water
treatment
(membranes, UV,
oxidation)
Secondary sludge
treatment (incineration,
digestion agricultural
use)
Regulatory measures
Legislative protocols
O
O
for production (spill
overs)
Legislative protocols
for use
Note: X = available measure; O = emerging measure
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
O
O
Annexe 4
Table 6 : Assessment of abatement measures
Assessment
Performances
Costs
Measures
Technical
feasibility
Optimization
WWTP
Total score: +
Total score: o
Pol.: Point
Rge: all
Cnd.:
conventional
Lim.:
Sludge
contamination
Eff.:
90%
(+10%)
Oth.: ?
En.: normal
CE: W:
Sludge
production
Total score: o
Remarks
State of the
art
Total
score:
++
IC: low
OC: low
Total score:
o
St: existing
App: few
Easily
obtained but
only effective
if diffuse
sources are
dealt with too
Total
score:
++
IC: low
OC: low
Total score:
++
St: yes
App: many
Good option
but less
energy is
produced than
for digestion
Total score: o
Total score: o
Pol.: point
Rge: limited
Cnd.: specific
Lim.: complex
Eff.: 80%
Oth.:
En.: biogas
CE:
W: digestate
IC: moderate
OC:
moderate, but
benefits
as
biogas
Total score:
+
St: existing
App:
multiple
Good option,
but difficult to
control
efficiency
Advanced
Water
treatment
techniques:
separation
Total score: +
Pol.: Point
Rge: all
Cnd.: specific
Lim.:complex
Total score: -IC: high
OC: high
Total score:
St: existing emerging
App: many none
Expensive
and only
point sources
are handled
Advanced
water
treatment
techniques:
oxidation
Total score: +
Total score: +
Eff.:
up
to
100%
Oth.: many
En.: high
CE:
W: brine
Total score: +
Total score: -IC: high
OC: high
Expensive
and complex
and only
point sources
are handled
Substitution
of DEHP
Total score: ++
Eff.:
up
to
100%
Oth.:many
En.: high
CE: W: none
Total score: ++
Total score:
o
St: existing emerging
App: many none
Total score:
+
St: existing
App:
few
products
Realistic for
most
applications,
quantity in
which DEHP
is used has
significant
consequences
throughout
society
Secondary
Sludge
treatment and
reuse:
Incineration
Secondary
Sludge
treatment and
reuse:
Digestion
Total score: ++
Pol.: point
Rge: all
Cnd.:
dry
sludge
Lim.:
decreasing wet
fraction
Total score: +
Pol.: Point
Rge: all
Cnd.: specific
Lim.:complex
Pol.:
diffuse
/point
Cmp.:moderate
Imp.: extremely
high
Lim.:
other
pollutants/
restructuring
chemical
factories
Eff.: 100%
Oth.: all
En.: production
CE: W: CO2
Eff.: ++
En.:
CE: all
society
W: none
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
over
Total score: IC: high (sunk
costs)
OC: moderate
Annexe 4
Substitution
of PVC
Legislative
control
production
Legislative
control use
Total score: ++
Total score: ++
Total score:-
Pol.:
diffuse
/point
Cmp.:moderate
Imp.: extremely
high
Lim.:
other
pollutants/
restructuring
chemical
factories
Total score: ++
Eff.: ++
En.:
CE: all
society
W: none
Total score:-
Pol.: point
Cmp.: low
Imp.: low
Lim.: none
Total score: -
Eff.: marginal
En.: small
CE: none
W: none
Total score:++
over
IC: high (sunk
costs)
OC: moderate
Total score:
+
St: existing
App:
few
products
Realistic for
many
applications.
Quantity in
which DEHP
and PVC has
significant
consequences
throughout
society
Total
score:
++
IC: low
OC: low
Total score:
++
St: BAT
App: all
Already strict
production
demands
Total score: -
Total score:
o
St: existing
App: few
Only long
term effects
IC: Pol.: diffusive
Eff.: high
OC: high
Cmp.: how to En.: none
CE: PVC and
control?
Imp.:
DEHP
production
significant
Lim.: how to W: none
control
Note: Pol. = Type of pollution; Rge = Range of concentration; Cnd. = Needed conditions; Lim. =
Limits and restrictions; Cmp. = Complexity of implementation; Imp. = Impact on the process, on the
factory; Eff. = Efficiency of emission reduction; Oth. = Removal of other pollutants; En. =
Consumption of energy; CE = Cross effects; W = Production of waste; IC = Investment costs; OC =
Operational costs; St = Status of the technique (BAT, existing, emerging); App. = Number of
applications.
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Annexe 4
HCB
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), recognised as a POP (persistent organic pollutant), is
currently an unintentional by-product of several industrial sectors where both chlorine and
carbon are present. In Europe for many years, there is neither use of HCB, nor intentional
production. It was formerly used for a variety of applications, but the main use by far was
as a fungicide. The concentration in the environment is mainly due to historical pollution
and accumulation. Current European emissions of HCB are quite low but still significant.
Releases to water come mainly from air deposition, the remaining from industrials,
pesticide application (past or present) and waste treatment. Options for reducing
emissions are about source control options in industry and agriculture and end-of-pipe
options for waste treatment. These abatement measures are presented below.
Table 7 shows possible emission abatement measures related to emission sources. Table
8 present measure assessments.
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Annexe 4
Waste
treatment
Pesticide
application
Combustion
Chemical
manufacturin
g
Secondary
aluminium
processing
Sources
Measures
Source control
Choice of oil- and
chlorine-free feeds
Pre-treatment of raw
material
Combustion control
Limitation of
demagging impacts
Closure of small-scale
facilities
Implementing green
chemistry
Careful operations and
rigorous maintenance
Process modification
Purification of products
by distillation
Recycling unintentional
HCB generation
Reducing application
rate/frequency
Shifting application
date
Controlling sprayers
Conservation tillage
Ground cover
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
End-of-pipe
Vegetated buffer strips
Constructed wetlands
Industrial end-of-pipe
X
X
techniques
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
X
X
X
X
Annexe 4
Measures
Technical
feasibility
Assessment
Performances
Costs
Remarks
State of the
art
Source control
Choice of oiland chlorinefree feeds
Pre-treatment
of feed
material
Combustion
control
Limitation of
demagging
impacts
Closure of
small-scale
facilities
Implementing
green
chemistry
Careful
operations and
rigorous
maintenance
Process
modification
Purification of
Total score:
Pol.:
diffuse/point
Rge: medium
Cnd.:
Lim.: medium
Imp.:
Total score:
Pol.:
diffuse/point
Rge: wide
Cnd.:
Lim.:
Imp.:
Total score:
Pol.:
diffuse/point
Rge: wide
Cnd.:
Lim.:
Total score:
Pol.:
diffuse/point
Rge: wide
Cnd.:
Lim.:
Total score:
Pol.:
diffuse/point
Rge:
Cnd.:
Lim.:
Total score:
Pol.:
diffuse/point
Rge:
Cnd.:
Lim.:
Total score:
Pol.:
diffuse/point
Rge:
Cnd.:
Lim.:
Total score:
Pol.:
diffuse/point
Rge:
Cnd.:
Lim.:
Total score:
Total score:
Eff.:
Oth.:
En.:
CE:
W:
Total score:
IC:
OC:
Total score:
St: Yes
App:
Numerous
Total score:
Eff.:
Oth.:
En.:
CE: Yes
W:
Total score:
IC:
OC:
Total score:
St: Yes
App:
Numerous
Total score:
Eff.:
Oth.: yes
En.:
CE:
W:
Total score:
Eff.:
Oth.: Yes
En.:
CE:
W:
Total score:
Eff.:
Oth.:
En.:
CE:
W:
Total score:
Eff.:
Oth.:
En.:
CE:
W:
Total score:
Eff.:
Oth.:
En.:
CE:
W:
Total score:
Eff.:
Oth.:
En.:
CE:
W:
Total score:
Total score:
IC:
OC:
Total score:
St: Yes
App:
Numerous
Total score:
IC:
OC:
Total score:
St: Yes
App:
numerous
Total score:
IC:
OC:
Total score:
St: Yes
App:
numerous
Total score:
IC:
OC:
Total score:
St: Yes
App:
numerous
Total score:
IC: none
OC: low
Total score:
St: Yes
App:
numerous
Total score:
IC:
OC:
Total score:
St: Yes
App:
numerous
Total score:
Total score:
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Annexe 4
products by
distillation
Recycling
unintentional
HCB
generation
Reducing
application
rate/frequency
Shifting
application
date
Controlling
sprayers
Conservation
tillage
Ground cover
IC:
OC:
St: Yes
App:
numerous
Total score:
IC:
OC:
Total score:
St: Yes
App:
numerous
Total
score:
++
IC: none
OC: low
Total
score:
++
St: Yes
App:
numerous
Total
score:
++
IC: none
OC: low
Total
score:
++
St: Yes
App:
numerous
Total
score:
++
IC: none
OC: low
Total
score:
++
St: Yes
App:
numerous
Total
score:
++
IC: low
OC: low
Total
score:
++
St: Yes
App:
numerous
Total
score:
++
IC: none
OC: medium
Total
score:
++
St: Yes
App:
numerous
Total score:
Total score: +
Eff.: ?
Oth.: many
En.: low
CE: No
W: No
Total score:
IC: low
OC: medium
Total
score:
++
St: Yes
App:
numerous
Pol.:
diffuse/point
Rge:
Cnd.:
Lim.:
Total score:
Pol.:
diffuse/point
Rge:
Cnd.:
Lim.:
Total score: +
Eff.:
Oth.:
En.:
CE:
W:
Total score:
Eff.:
Oth.:
En.:
CE:
W:
Total score:
Pol.: diffuse
Rge: wide
Cnd.: low
Lim.: medium
Imp.: medium
Total score: +
Eff.: variable
Oth.: Yes
En.: No
CE: No
W: No
Total score:
Pol.: diffuse
Rge: wide
Cnd.: low
Lim.: medium
Imp.: medium
Total
score:
++
Pol.: diffuse
Rge: wide
Cnd.: low
Lim.: low
Imp.: low
Total score: 0
Eff.: variable
Oth.: Yes
En.: No
CE: No
W: No
Total score:
Pol.: diffuse
Rge: wide
Cnd.: low
Lim.: high
Imp.: medium
Total
score:
++
Pol.: diffuse
Rge: wide
Cnd.: low
Lim.: low
Imp.: medium
Eff.: ?
Oth.: Yes
En.: No
CE: No
W: No
Total score:
Total
score:
++
Pol.: diffuse
Rge: wide
Cnd.: low
Lim.: low
Imp.:
Total
score:
++
Eff.: variable
Oth.: Yes
En.: No
CE: No
W: No
Total score:
Eff.: ?
Oth.: Yes
En.: medium
CE: No
W: No
End-of-pipe
Grass stripes
Hedges
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Total score: 0
Total score: +
Annexe 4
Riparian
zones
Constructed
wetlands
Activated
carbon
adsorption
Pol.: diffuse
Rge: wide
Cnd.: low
Lim.: low
Imp.:
Total
score:
++
Pol.: diffuse
Rge: wide
Cnd.: low
Lim.: medium
Imp.:
Total score: +
Pol.: diffuse
Rge: wide
Cmp.: low
Lim.: high
Imp.:
Total score: +
Pol.: point
Rge: wide
Cnd.: medium
Lim.: medium
Gas filtration
Total score:
Pol.: point
Rge: wide
Cnd.:
Lim.:
Sedimentation
of solids
Total
+
Afterburners
Open burning
of waste
score:
Pol.: point
Rge: wide
Cmp.: low
Lim.: medium
Imp.: medium
Total score:
Pol.: point
Rge: wide
Cnd.:
Lim.:
Total score: +
Eff.:
Oth.: many
En.: low
CE: No
W: No
Total score:
IC: medium
OC: medium
St: Yes
App:
numerous
Total score: +
Total score: +
Eff.:
Oth.: many
En.: No
CE: No
W: No
Total score:
Eff.:
Oth.: many
En.: No
CE: No
W: No
Total score:
IC: medium
OC: low
St: Yes
App:
numerous
Total score: IC: high
OC: medium
Total score: 0
St:
App: some
Total score:--
Eff.:
Oth.: many
En.: medium
CE: Yes
W: Yes
Total score:
Eff.:
Oth.: many
En.:
CE: Yes
W: Yes
Total score: 0
IC: high
OC: high
Total
score:
++
St: Yes
App:
numerous
Eff.: medium
Oth.: many
En.:
CE: medium
W: high
Total score:
Eff.:
Oth.:
En.:
CE:
W:
Total score:
Total score:
IC: high
OC: medium
Total score:
St: Yes
App:
numerous
Total score:
Total
score:
++
St: Yes
App:
numerous
IC:
OC:
Total score:
IC:
OC:
Total score:
St:
App:
Total score:
Total
score:
++
St: Yes
App:
Numerous
IC:
Eff.:
OC:
Oth.: many
En.:
CE:
W:
Total score:
Total score:
Total score:
Total score: -Soil
dechlorination
IC:
St: emerging
Eff.:
Pol.:
OC:
App: None
Oth.:
diffuse/point
En.:
Rge: narrow
CE:
Cnd.:
W:
Lim.:
Note: Pol. = Type of pollution; Rge = Range of concentration; Cnd. = Needed conditions; Lim. =
Limits and restrictions; Cmp. = Complexity of implementation; Imp. = Impact on the process, on the
Pol.: diffuse
Rge: wide
Cnd.: medium
Lim.: low
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Annexe 4
factory; Eff. = Efficiency of emission reduction; Oth. = Removal of other pollutants; En. =
Consumption of energy; CE = Cross effects; W = Production of waste; IC = Investment costs; OC =
Operational costs; St = Status of the technique (BAT, existing, emerging); App. = Number of
applications.
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Annexe 4
Nonylphenols
Nonylphenols (NP) or nonylphenolethoxylates (NPEs), a product in the further processing
of nonylphenol, are synthetic organic mass-produced chemicals. The market volume of
nonylphenols is approximately 45,000 ton per year in the EU, produced by three
European companies.
The main areas of use of NP are the production of modified phenolic- and epoxy resins,
phenolic oximes and nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs). In the past NPEs were used as a
surfactant in industrial and institutional cleaning agents, in textiles and leather auxiliaries
as well as an emulsifier in agrochemicals. Since 2005 NPEs are used in non waste water
relevant applications only as e.g. an emulsifier in the polymer production or in water based
paints.
The compartments to which releases occur are a) surface water (rivers, lakes, seas and
their sediments) via industrial and municipal waste water and waste water treatment
plants, b) soil, via sewage sludge containing NP/NPE’s spread on land, and c) air. The
total emission of NP in EU is 2,9 ton/day (surface water) and 108 ton/day of NPE (waste
water).
Because of the high aquatic toxicity of NP (the main pathway of NP to the environment is
via the biodegradation of NPEs in the aquatic environment) the EU Commission has
published marketing & use restrictions (2003/53/EC) for all waste water relevant
applications as a conclusion of an EU risk assessment carried out under the Existing
Substances Regulation 93/793/EEC. Because NP is a so-called endocrine disruptor
chemical, several political initiatives have also banned or restricted the use of NP(E) in
Europe. In some countries the use of NPEs is almost completely phased out.
Options for reducing the NP(E) emission to water are source control options, during the
use of NP(E) containing products, including substitution, and end-of-pipe options for water
treatment. The reduction measures for the different sources are presented below in table
9.
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Annexe 4
Release to
surface water
from different
materials using
NPE prod.
Waste water from
uses of products
containing NPE
Waste water
From NPE prod.
Release to
surface water
from NP/NPE
prod.
Sources
X
X
X
X
X
0
0
0
X
X
X
X
0
0
0
Source Control
Substitutes for NPE
Measures
End-of-pipe techniques
Coal Adsorption
Chemical Oxidation
Nanofiltration/Reverse Osmosis
Electrochemical oxidation
Electro-coagulation
Moving Bed adsorption
Separation zone NPE pesticides
X
X
X
0
0
0
X
X
X
X
0
0
0
Use of end-of- pipe techniques for
effluent municipal waste water
treatment plants
Reuse sewage sludge options
NP(E) containing landfill-leachate
and groundwater
Stormwater runoff options
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Regulatory measures
Ban the use of NP(E) containing
sludge as soil improver
Ban the import of NP(E) containing
X
textiles
X
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Annexe 4
X
X
Measures
Technical
feasibility
Score at Criteria
Performances
Costs
Remarks
State of the
art
Source Control
Total score: +
Total
++
Eff.: 100%
Oth.: no
En.: no
Ce.: yes
W: no
IC: no
OC: medium
St: existing
App.: numerous
Total score: +
Total score: -
Total score: +
Pol.: point source
Rge.: wide
Lim.: low
Cmp.: medium
Eff.: 90%
Oth.: many
En.: medium
Ce.: no
W: yes
IC: high
OC: high
St: BAT
App.: ?
Total
++
Total score: +
Total score: -
Total score: +
Pol.: point source
Rge.: wide
Lim.: low
Cmp.: medium
Eff.: 90%
Oth.: many
En.: significant
Ce.: no
W: no
IC: medium
OC: high
St: BAT
App.:?
Nanofiltration/
Reverse
osmosis
Total
++
Total score: -
Total score: -
Total score: +
Pol.: point source
Rge.: wide
Lim.: low
Eff.: 20-50%
Oth.: many
En.: low
Ce.: no
W: brine
IC: high
OC: high
St: BAT
App.: no?
Electrochemical
oxidation
Total
++
Total score: 0
Total score: 0
Total score: -
Pol.: point source
Rge.: wide
Lim.: low
Eff.50-:90%
Oth.: many
En.: medium
Ce.: no
W: no
IC: medium
OC: medium
St: Emerging
App.: no
Total
++
Total score: +
Total score: 0
Total score: -
Pol.: point source
Rge.: wide
Lim.: low
Eff.: 90%
Oth.: many
En.: medium
Ce.: no
W: yes
IC: medium
OC: medium
St: Emerging
App.: no
Total
++
Total score: +
Total score: -
Total score: +
Pol.: point source
Rge.: wide
Lim.: low
Eff.: 90%
Oth.: many
En.: medium
Ce.: no
W: yes
IC:
mediumhigh?
OC:medium
high?
St: emerging
App.: no
Separation
zone NPE
pesticides
Total
++
Total score: +
Total
++
Total score: +
Pol.: diffuse
Cmp.: simply
Eff.: 50-100%
Oth.: no
En.: no
Ce.: no
W: no
IC: no
OC: low
St: existing
App.: numerous
Use of end-ofpipe techniques
for effluent
municipal
waste water
Total score:+
Total score
Total score
Total score
Pol.: diffuse
Rge.: wide
Lim.: low
Cmp.: medium
Eff.: 50-90%
Oth.: many
En.: medium
Ce.: no
W: yes
IC:mediumhigh
OC: high
St: BAT
App.: ?
Substitutes for
NPE
Total score: +
Total
++
Pol.:
point
source/diffuse
Cmp.: medium?
Imp.: medium
Total
++
score:
score:
Costs
of
substitutes could
be
somewhat
higher that the
costs of NPE
End-of-pipe
Coal adsorption
Chemical
Oxidation
Electrocoagulation
Moving Bed
adsorption
score:
score:
score:
score:
score:
score:
score:
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
score:
Can be operated
with or without
UV
Only tested on
labscale
Only tested on
labscale
Only tested on
pilot scale
Annexe 4
treatment
plants
Reuse sewage
sludge options
Use of end-ofpipe techniques
for P(E)
containing
landfill-leachate
and
groundwater
Stormwater
runoff options
Total score:+
Total score:+
Pol.: diffuse
Eff.: high:
Total score: ?
Total score: ?
Total score: +
Total score:
Total score:
Total score:
Pol.: diffuse
Rge.: wide
Lim.: low
Cmp.: medium
Eff.: 50-90%
Oth.: many
En.: medium
Ce.: no
W: yes
IC:mediumhigh
OC: high
St: BAT
App.: ?
Total score:?
Total score:?
Total score:?
Total score:?
Regulatory measures
Total score:+
Total score:+
Total score:?
Total score:?
Ban the use of
NP(E)
Pol.: diffuse
Eff.: high:
containing
sludge as soil
improver
Total score:+
Total score:+
Total score:?
Total score:?
Ban the import
of NP(E)
Pol.: diffuse
Eff.: high:
containing
textiles
Note: Technical feasibility: Pol. = Type of pollution; Rge = Range of concentration; Lim. = Limits
and restrictions; Cmp. = Complexity of implementation; Imp. = Impact on the process, on the
factory.
Performances: Eff. = Efficiency of emission reduction; Oth. = Removal of other pollutants; En. =
Consumption of energy; CE = Cross effects; W = Production of waste.
Costs: IC = Investment costs; OC = Operational costs.
State of the art: S.t = Status of the technique (BAT, existing, emerging); App. = Number of
applications.
Score: green = positive score, yellow = moderate score and red = negative score
Table 10 shows that substitution of NPEs is a feasible measure. For most of the
applications of NPEs, alcohol ethoxylates are acceptable substitutes. For most industrial
sectors, alcohol ethoxylates are already used as a substitute for NPEs. The most
promising end-of pipe techniques for the removal of NPE from effluents are coal
adsorption and chemical oxidation. Advisable measures at community level are the use of
end-of-pipe techniques for NP(E) containing effluent of municipal waste water treatment
plants and for NP(E) containing groundwater and landfill leachate. A useful measure at
regulatory level is banning the import of NP(E) containing textile.
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Annexe 4
Atrazine
Atrazine was widely used in the European agriculture as an herbicide. Due to its high
mobility Atrazine leaked to the groundwater, surface water and drinking water wells. When
Atrazine enters the environment it will breakdown quit rapidly under a wide range of
normal use conditions (43 days). When Atrazine enters the groundwater it can stay there
for a long time because breakdown of the chemical is very slow.
The European Commission decision 2004/248/EC not to include Atrazine on Annex I to
Directive 91/414/EC specify phase out of the use in the EU. According to Article 3 all
Member States except 4 could allow Atrazine to be used until the 10th Sept. 2005; in 4
countries (ES, GB, IE & PT) Atrazine may be allowed to be used until the 31st Dec. 2007
for specifically listed uses ref, Annex in the above mentioned Commission decision. This
restriction can be considered to be the ultimate source control option for reduction of
Atrazine concentrations in the aquatic environment.
Despite this legislation Atrazine is still present in soil, groundwater, surface water and
drinking water wells. There are several end-of-pipe techniques for reducing Atrazine from
water. These end-of-pipe measures are presented below. Their assessment is presented
in table 12.
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Sewage water
treatment plant
End-of-Pipe measures
Powdered Activated Carbon
X
Granular Activated Carbon
X
Chemically activated Fibres
O
Ozone
X
AOP (Ozone/H2O2)
X
Ozone + Pt-catalyst
O
UV
X
AOP (UV/H2O2)
X
UV/TiO2
O
Stepwise Fenton Process
O
Nanofiltration (NF)
X
Reverse Osmosis (RO)
X
Waste water
For the production
of drinking water
For the production
of drinking water
and groundwater
treatment at
remediation sites
Groundwater
Surface water
X
X
O
X
X
O
X
X
O
O
X
X
X
X
O
X
X
O
X
X
O
O
X
X
Annexe 4
Measure
Technical
feasibility
Assessment
Performances
Costs
Remarks
State of the
art
End-of-pipe
Powdered
Activated
Carbon
(PAC)
Granular
Activated
Carbon
(GAC)
Total score: +
Total score: ++
Total score: +
Pol.: diffuse
Rge: low
Cnd.: NOM
Lim.: no
Eff.: 50-80 %
Oth.: medium
En.: low
CE: Adsorption
of DBP.
W: high
Total score: ++
IC: low
OC: medium
Eff.:
20-50
thousand bed
volumes
Oth.: low
En.: low
CE: Adsorption
of DBP and
biological
breakdown of
organic carbon.
W: medium
Total score: ++
Eff.:
Higher
than GAC
Oth.: low
En.: n.a.
CE: Adsorption
of DBP
W: medium
Total score: Eff.: 20-50 %
Oth.:
disinfection and
other
organic
pollutants
En.: medium
CE: formation
of AOC
W: low
Total score: 0
Eff.: 50-60 %
Oth.:
disinfection and
removal
of
other
organic
pollutants
En.: medium
CE: formation
of AOC
W: low
IC: medium
OC: medium
Total score: 0
Total score: +
Pol.: diffuse
Rge: low
Cnd.: NOM
Lim.: no
Chemically
Activated
Carbonfibres
(CAF)
Total score: +
Pol.: diffuse
Rge: low
Cnd.: n.a.
Lim.:
Ozone
Total score: 0
Pol.: diffuse
Rge: low
Cnd.:
low
NOM
Lim.: no
Ozone/H2O2
Total score: +
Pol.: diffuse
Rge: low
Cnd.:
low
NOM
Lim.: no
Ozone/
Total score: +
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Total
score:
++
St: BAT
App:
numerous
PAC must
be removed
by filtration
or
sedimentati
on
Total
score:
++
St: BAT
App:
numerous
GAC must
be
regenerated
after a
specific time
by steam or
heat.
Total score: -IC: hgh
OC: high
Total score: -St: emerging
App: low
Technique
in
developmen
t
Total score: 0
IC: high
OC: medium
Total score: 0
St:
existing
technique
App: few
ozone
generators
requires
skilled
technicians
and regular
maintenanc
e
OC: medium
Total score: St: existing
App: few
Ozone/H2O2
is a complex
process and
ozone
generators
requires
skilled
technicians
and regular
maintenanc
e
Total score: 0
Total score: -
Technique
Total score: -
Annexe 4
Pt-catalyst
(TiO2)
Pol.: diffuse
Rge: low
Cnd.:
low
NOM
Lim.: no
UV
Total score: +
Pol.: diffuse
Rge: low
Cnd.:
low
turbidity
Lim.: no
UV/H2O2
Total score: +
Pol.: diffuse
Rge: low
Cnd.:
low
turbidity, low
NOM
Lim.: no
Stepwise
Fenton
Process
Total score: +
Pol.: diffuse
Rge: low
Cnd.:
low
NOM
Lim.: no
Nanofiltration (NF)
Total
score:
++
Pol.: diffuse
Rge: low
Cnd.:
no
chlorine
Lim.: depends
on pore size
Total
score:
++
Pol.: diffuse
Cmp.:
Cnd.:
no
chlorine
Lim.: no
Reverse
Osmosis
(RO)
Eff.: 93 % in 30
minutes
Oth.:
disinfection and
removal
of
other
organic
pollutants
En.: medium
CE: formation
of AOC
W: medium
Total score: +
Eff.: 50-80 %
Oth.:
disinfection and
removal
of
other
organic
pollutants
En.: medium
CE: formation
of AOC
W: low
Total score: +
Eff.: 50-80 %
Oth.:
disinfection and
removal
of
other
organic
pollutants
En.: medium
CE: formation
of AOC
W: low
Total score: 0
Eff.: 35 % in 5
minutes
Oth.:
disinfection and
removal
of
other
organic
pollutants
En.: medium
CE: formation
of AOC
W: mdium
Total score: +
IC: n.a.
OC: n.a.
St: emerging
App: low
in
developmen
t
Total score: +
IC: high
OC: Low
Total score: St: Existing
App: few
High
capacity
necessary
to achieve
enough
breakdown
of Atrazine
Total score: +
IC: high
OC: Low
Total score: St: excising
App: few
OC: Medium
Total score: -St: emerging
App: few
Technique
in
developmen
t
Total score: --
Total score: +
Eff.: 50-80 %
Oth.: many
En.: high
CE:
W: high
IC: high
OC: high
St: BAT
App:
numerous
frequently
already a
treatment
step of a
drinking
water plant
Total score: ++
Total score: --
Total score: +
Eff.: 80-100 %
Oth.: many
En.: high
CE:
W: high
IC: medium
OC: high
St: BAT
App:
numerous
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Annexe 4
frequently
already a
treatment
step of a
drinking
water plant
Scores (five levels): – – for very bad; – for bad; o for average; + for good; ++ for very good;
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Annexe 4
Cadmium
Cadmium is a relatively rare, soft, blush-white, transition metal naturally occurring in the
earth’s crust and oceans, and present everywhere in the environment including water
phase. It is recognized to produce toxic effects (e.g. cancer) on humans. Long-term
occupational exposure can cause adverse health effects on the lungs and kidneys. Under
normal condition, adverse human health effects have not been encountered from general
population exposure to cadmium. Potential risk have been studied and now are regulate
by a number of European rules. Cadmium metal is produced as a by-product from the
extraction, smelting and refining of zinc, lead and copper. It is further processed into other
compounds including cadmium oxide. Cadmium is used in various application as
cadmium metal and cadmium oxide in industry and in products commonly consumed.
Cadmium occurs naturally in the environment from the gradual process of erosion and
abrasion of rocks and soils, and from singular events such as forest fires and volcanic
eruptions. Pollution by cadmium is caused by both anthropogenic and natural sources.
Primary and secondary non-ferrous metal production, phosphates fertilisers, steel and
metals production gives around 87% of the emissions to water from production processes
and major uses, followed by various manufacturing processes and uses. Occurrence of
cadmium in water is basically connected with the direct and indirect anthropogenic
discharges (Figure 1).
Figure 1. MFA diagram for Cd in Europe in 2000 (numbers in tonnes/year, unless indicated
otherwise)
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Annexe 4
Options for reducing emissions into water comprise source control options and end-ofpipe options of water treatment. These abatement measures are presented below.
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Annexe 4
Table 13. Emission sources and possible emission abatement measures
Nonferrous
metals
Phosphat
es
fertiliser
Chemical
industry
Uses
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Air
depositio
n
Iron &
steel
productio
n
Sources
Measures
Source control
Recycling and reuse
Pre-treatment of
waste water from
technological process
Run off management
Low Cd phosphate
rock
Cd removal from
phosphate
Cd substitution
electroplating
Battery and cells
substitution
Curbing emissions to
the air
X
X
X
XP
X
XP
X
X
X
End-of-pipe
Optimisation of basic
X
1
wastewater treatment
Ion exchange
X
Sorption
Active carbon
Membrane filtration
Nanofiltration
Electrochemical
techniques
Note: X = available measure, P - potential
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1
Combinations of the following technologies precipitation, flocculation/flocation, sedimentation,
filtration, neutralisation
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Annexe 4
Table 14. Assessment of abatement measures
Measures
Technical
feasibility
Assessment
Performances
Costs
State of the
art
Remarks
evaluation
Source
control
Recycling and
reuse (ferrous
and nonferrous
industries)
Total score: +
Pol.:
point
source
Cmp.: high
Imp.: low
Lim.: specific
processes
Pre-treatment Total score: ++
of wastewater Pol.:
point
from
source
technological
Cmp.: high
process
Imp.: medium
Lim.: low
Total score: +
Run-off
management
Pol.: diffuse
Cmp.: medium
Imp.: low
Lim.: no
Total score: +
Low Cd
phosphate rock Pol.:
point
source
and
diffuse
Cmp.: no
Imp.: no
Lim.:
high
limited
Cd
phosphate rock
Total score: Cadmium
removal from
Pol.:
point
phosphate
source
and
diffuse
Cmp.: high
Imp.: high
Lim.: technical
limitations
Total score: +
Cadmium
substitution
Pol.:
point
electroplating
source
Cmp.: medium
Imp.: high
Lim.: depends
on product
Total score: ++
Battery and
cells
Pol.:
point
substitution
source
Cmp.: no
Imp.: no
Lim.:
restrictions
Total score: ++
Eff.: high
En.: low
CE: low
W: low
Total
score: Total score: ++ -low
++?
IC: medium
St: BAT
OC: medium
App: large
Total score: ++
Eff.: high
En.: medium
CE: medium
W: medium
Total score: +? Total score: ++ -moderate on
global scale.
IC: high
St: BAT
In some
OC: medium
App: large
cases high on
local level
Total score: ++
Eff.: medium
En.: no
CE: no
W: no
Total score: +
Eff.: high
En.: no
CE: + transport
issue
W: no
Total score: +
IC: high
OC: low
Total score: ++ -moderate on
local level
St: BAT
App: large
Total score: + Total score: IC: no
St: Emerging
OC: depends App: low
on
market
limitation
-low on global
scale
moderate on
local/regional
scale
Total score: –
Total score: Eff.: high
IC: high
En.: high
OC: medium
CE: air pollution
W: medium
Total score: St: Emerging
App: a few
-low
moderate on
local/regional
scale
Total score: +
Total score: +
Eff.: high
IC: high
En.: ?
OC: medium
CE:
other
pollutant
W: no
Total score: St: Emerging
App: a few?
-low, locally
high
Total score: +
Total score: +
Eff.: medium
IC: medium
En.: no
OC: medium
CE:
other
pollutant
W: low
Total score: ++
St: Required in
common goods
App: large
-low
high only for
large
municipal
landfill sites
End of pipe
Optimisation of Total score: ++ Total score: +
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Total score: +
Total score: ++ -moderate on
Annexe 4
Pol.:
point Eff.: > 95%
IC: high
St: BAT
regional/local
En.: medium
OC: low
App: large
scales
source
Cmp.: low
CE:
need
Imp.: low
chemicals use
Lim.: no
W: medium
Total score: ++ Total score: ++ -moderate/
Ion exchange
low
IC: medium
St: BAT
Pol.:
point Eff.: > 99%
high in
OC: low
App: ?
En.: medium
source
site/plant
CE: low
Cmp.: low
specific
W: medium
Imp.: low
circumstances
Lim.: depends
on
effluence
quality
Total score: + Total score: ++ -low/moderate
Membrane
filtration
high in local
IC: medium
St: BAT
Pol.:
point Eff.: > 99%
contexts siteOC: low
App: ?
En.: medium
source
specific
CE: low
Cmp.: low
situation high
W: low
Imp.: low
Lim.: depends
on
effluence
quality
Total score: + Total score: ++ -low
Electrochemical Total score: ++ Total score: +
techniques
-moderate in
IC: medium
St: BAT
Pol.:
point Eff.: > 99%
specific
OC: low
App: ?
En.: medium
source
applications
CE: low
Cmp.: no
on local scale
W: low
Imp.: no
Lim.: depends
on
effluence
quality
Note: Pol. = Type of pollution; Lim. = Limits and restrictions; Cmp. = Complexity of implementation;
Imp. = Impact on the process, on the factory; Eff. = Efficiency of emission reduction; Oth. =
Removal of other pollutants; En. = Consumption of energy; CE = Cross-effects; W = Production of
waste; IC = Investment costs; OC = Operational costs; St = Status of the technique (BAT, existing,
emerging); App. = Number of applications.
basic
wastewater
2
treatment
2
precipitation, flocculation/flocation, sedimentation, filtration, neutralisation
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Annexe 4
Isoproturon
Isoproturon is a selective, systemic herbicide mainly used for cereals, and is regulated by
a number of European rules. It is produced in a small number of places and is only used
in agriculture. The current use of isoproturon is explained by the fact that it is a relatively
cheap and easy-to-use herbicide. Pollution by isoproturon is caused by both diffuse and
point sources. Emissions to water come mostly from surface runoff and farm point sources
(runoff from farmyards, storage facilities), and at a lesser extent from field drainflow and
spray drift during field application. Options for reducing emissions are about source
control and land management options in agriculture and end-of-pipe options for water
treatment. These abatement measures are presented below.
Table 15 shows possible emission abatement measures related to emission sources.
Wastewat
er
Farm point
sources
Runoff
water
Sources
Measures
Source control
Application rate reduction
Shifting application date
Conservation tillage
Ground cover
Sprayer inspection
Information campaign
On-farm filling and cleaning
In-field filling and cleaning
Sharing equipment, contractor
No farmyard pesticide application
Good farming practices
Partial substitution
Total substitution
Semi-mechanical weed control
Mechanical weed control
False seedbed
Organic farming
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
End-of-pipe
X
X
X
X
Ozone oxidation
Activated carbon
Nanofiltration
Reverse osmosis
Land management
Grass strips
Hedges
Riparian zones
Constructed wetlands
Note: X = available measure; O = emerging measure;
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
X
X
X
X
Annexe 4
Measures
Technical
feasibility
Assessment
Performance
Costs
Remarks
State of the art
Source control
Total score: +
Application
rate reduction Pol.: diffuse
/ runoff
Cmp.: low
Imp.: medium
Lim.: medium
Shifting
application
date / runoff
Total score: +
Pol.: diffuse
Cmp.: low
Imp.: medium
Lim.: medium
Conservation Total score: o
tillage / runoff Pol.: diffuse
Cmp.: low
Imp.: medium
Lim.: high
Total score: +
Ground cover Pol.: diffuse
/ runoff
Cmp.: low
Imp.: medium
Lim.: low
Sprayer
inspection /
runoff
Information
campaign /
point source
Total score: ++
Pol.: diffuse
Cmp.: low
Imp.: low
Lim.: low
Total score: +
Pol.:
point
source
Cmp.: medium
Imp.: low
Lim.: medium
On-farm filling Total score: +
and cleaning / Pol.:
point
point source source
Cmp.: medium
Imp.: low
Lim.: low
In-field filling
Total score: o
Total score: o
Total score: ++
Eff.: variable
IC: no
En.: no
OC: low
CE: weed less
controlled
W: no
Total score: +
Eff.: 80-100 %
En.: no
CE: weed less
controlled
W: no
Total score: +
Eff.: ?
En.: no
CE: reduction of
erosion; risk of
fungal disease
W: no
Total score: o
Eff.: ?
En.: medium
CE: reduction of
erosion;
cover
destruction issue
W: no
Total score: ++
IC: no
OC: low
Total score: +
Eff.: variable
En.: no
CE: no
W: no
Total score: ++
Eff.: 60-80 %
En.: no
CE:
implementing
other
best
practices
W: no
Total score: ++
St.:
best
practice
in
agriculture
App.: numerous
-Efficiency
equivalent to
the rate
reduction
-Risk of
insufficient
weed control
Total score: ++ -Risk of
St.:
best insufficient
practice
in weed control
agriculture
App.: numerous
Total score: ++
IC: low
OC: low
Total score: ++
St.:
best
practice
in
agriculture
App.: numerous
-Efficiency
unknown
-Risk of fungal
diseases in
humid climate
Total score: ++
IC: no
OC: medium
Total score: ++
St.:
best
practice
in
agriculture
App.: numerous
Total score: ++
IC: no
OC: low
Total score: ++
St.:
best
practice
in
agriculture
App.: numerous
Total score: +
St.: existing
App.: numerous
-Efficiency
unknown
-Reduced
efficiency or
cross-effects
(emissions of
other
chemicals) if
chemical
destruction
-Need for
facility to
organise
sprayer
inspection
-Operational
costs can be
lower but with
a reduced
efficiency
-Need for
facility to
organise
information
campaign
-Risk of
leaching when
the biobed is
not completely
watertight
(bottom and
walls).
-Limitations
Total score: o
IC: low
OC: high
Total score: o
Total score: o
Eff.: 80-100 %
IC: high
En.: low
OC: low
CE:
risk
of
leaching
W: toxic waste
Total score: ++
St.:
best
practice
in
agriculture
App.: numerous
Total score: +
Total score: ++
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Total score: +
Annexe 4
point
and cleaning / Pol.:
point source source
Cmp.: medium
Imp.: low
Lim.: high
Sharing
equipment,
contractor /
point source
No farmyard
pesticide
application /
point source
Good farming
practices /
runoff or point
source
Partial
substitution /
runoff or point
source
Total
substitution /
runoff or point
source
Semimechanical
weed control /
runoff or point
source
Mechanical
weed control /
runoff or point
source
Total score: +
Pol.:
point
source
Cmp.: low
Imp.: medium
Lim.: medium
Total score: ++
Pol.:
point
source
Cmp.: low
Imp.: low
Lim.: low
Total score: +
Pol.: diffuse /
point source
Cmp.: medium
Imp.: low
Lim.: low
Total score: +
Pol.: diffuse /
point source
Cmp.: low
Imp.: low to
medium
Lim.: medium
Total score: +
Pol.: diffuse /
point source
Cmp.: low
Imp.: low to
medium
Lim.: medium
Total score: +
Pol.: diffuse /
point source
Cmp.: low
Imp.: medium
Lim.: medium
Total score: o
Pol.: diffuse /
point source
Cmp.: medium
Imp.: medium
Lim.: medium
Eff.: 80-100 %
IC: medium
En.: no
OC: low
CE: risk of runoff
/ overdosing
W: no
St.:
best
practice
in
agriculture
App.: numerous
Total score: +
Eff.: 60-80 %
En.: no
CE: no
W: no
Total score: ++
IC: no
OC: low
Total score: o
St.: existing
App.: some
Total score: ++
Eff.: 100 %
En.: no
CE: no
W: no
Total score: ++
IC: no
OC: no
Total score: ++ -Need for
St.:
best alternative
practice
in treatments
agriculture
App.: numerous
Total score: +
Eff.: variable
En.: no
CE: no
W: no
Total score: +
IC: low
OC: medium
Total score: ++ -Need for
St.:
best information
practice
in campaign
agriculture
App.: numerous
for in-field
cleaning
(medium) are
lower than for
filling (high)
Requirements
for adapted
sprayers, and
chemical
storage, water
supply, and
personal
protective
equipment in
the field
Total score: o
Eff.: 60 %
En.: no
CE: emissions of
other chemicals
W: no
Total score: +
Total score: +
-Performance
depends on
IC: no
St.: existing
OC:
variable App.: numerous the impacts of
the substitute,
(medium
to
which can be
high)
a new
problem
Total score: +
Total score: o
Total score: +
-Performance
depends on
Eff.: 100 %
IC: no
St.: existing
En.: no
OC: very high
App.: numerous the impacts of
the substitute,
CE: emissions of
which can be
other chemicals
a new
W: no
problem
Total score: +
Total score: o
Total score: +
-Operational
costs should
Eff.: 60-80 %
IC: high
St.: existing
En.: low
OC: low
App.: numerous be low: more
work but less
CE: no
chemicals
W: no
Total score: +
Eff.: 100 %
En.: medium
CE: no
W: no
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Total score: –
IC: medium
OC: high
Total score: +
-Investment
costs could be
St.: existing
App.: numerous low if
conventional
device can be
used
Annexe 4
False
seedbed /
runoff or point
source
Total score: +
Total score: +
Pol.: diffuse / Eff.: 100 %
En.: medium
point source
Cmp.: low
CE: no
Imp.: medium
W: no
Lim.: medium
Total score: +
IC: low
OC: medium
Organic
farming /
runoff or point
source
Total score: –
Total score: ++
Total score: –
Pol.: diffuse / Eff.: 100 %
IC: medium
En.: medium
OC: high
point source
Cmp.: high
CE: reduction of
Imp.: high
other
farm
Lim.: medium
chemicals
W: no
Total score: +
-Reduced
efficiency or
St.: existing
App.: numerous cross-effects
(emissions of
other
chemicals) if
chemical
destruction
Total score: +
-Costs are
supported by
St.: existing
App.: numerous the
consumers
End-of-pipe
Ozone
oxidation /
wastewater
Total score: +
Pol.:
point
source
Cmp.: medium
Rge: wide
Lim.: medium
Total score: +
Eff.: 90-100 %
Oth.:
many
(heavy
metals,
pesticides…)
En.: medium
CE: no
W: harmless byproducts
Activated
carbon /
wastewater
Total score: +
Pol.:
point
source
Cmp.: medium
Rge: wide
Lim.: medium
Total score: +
Eff.: 90-100 %
Oth.:
many
(heavy
metals,
pesticides…)
En.: medium
CE: if GAC: GAC
regeneration
W: if PAC: used
PAC incineration
Nanofiltration Total score: +
Total score: o
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Total score: – –
IC: medium to
high
OC: high
Total score: ++
St.: BAT for
wastewater
treatment
App.: numerous
-To be
considered
only for
industrial sites
or large
WWTP
-Can be
operated with
or without UV
(more costly)
-Can be
combined with
activated
carbon
-By-products
can be easily
degraded (e.g.
in a biofilter)
Total score: – – Total score: ++ -Two forms:
IC: high
St.: BAT for GAC
(Granulated
OC: high
wastewater
Activated
treatment
App.: numerous Carbon) and
PAC
(Powdered
Activated
Carbon)
-To be
considered
only for
industrial sites
or large
WWTP
-Can be
combined with
ozone
oxidation
Total score: – – Total score: ++ -Energy
Annexe 4
/ wastewater
Pol.:
point
source
Cmp.: low
Rge: wide
Lim.: medium
Eff.: 50-80 %
IC: high
Oth.: many
OC: high
En.: medium
CE: no
W: concentrated
brine
Reverse
osmosis /
wastewater
Total score: +
Pol.:
point
source
Cmp.: low
Rge: wide
Lim.: medium
Total score: +
Total score: –
Eff.: 80-100 %
IC: medium
Oth.: many
OC: high
En.: medium
CE: no
W: concentrated
brine
St: BAT
demand can
App: numerous also be high
(depends on
the water
characteristics
)
-Frequently
already a
treatment step
of a drinking
water plant
Total score: ++ -Energy
demand can
St: BAT
App: numerous also be high
(depends on
the water
characteristics
)
-Frequently
already a
treatment step
of a drinking
water plant
Land management
Grass strips / Total score: ++
runoff
Pol.: diffuse
Cmp.: low
Rge: wide
Lim.: low
Hedges /
runoff
Total score: ++
Pol.: diffuse
Cmp.: low
Rge: wide
Lim.: low
Total score: +
Riparian
zones / runoff Pol.: diffuse
Cmp.: low
Rge: wide
Lim.: medium
Constructed
wetlands /
runoff
Total score: +
Pol.: diffuse
Cmp.: low
Rge: wide
Lim.: high
Total score: ++
Eff.: 70-100 %
Oth.:
many
(pesticides,
fertilisers,
metals)
En.: low
CE: no
W: no
Total score: ++
Eff.: 70-100 %
Oth.:
many
(pesticides,
fertilisers,
metals)
En.: low
CE: no
W: no
Total score: o
Eff.: 0-40 %
Oth.:
many
(pesticides,
fertilisers,
metals)
En.: no
CE: no
W: no
Total score: +
Eff.: 40-100 %
Oth.:
many
(pesticides,
fertilisers,
metals)
En.: no
CE: no
W: no
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Total score: +
IC: low
OC: medium
Total score: ++
St.:
best
practice
in
agriculture
App.: numerous
-Operational
costs may
include the
loss of crop
yield due to
the loss of
cultivation
area
Total score: o
IC: medium
OC: medium
Total score: ++
St.:
best
practice
in
agriculture
App.: numerous
-Operational
costs may
include the
loss of crop
yield due to
the loss of
cultivation
area
Total score: +
IC: medium
OC: low
Total score: ++
St.:
best
practice
in
agriculture
App.: numerous
Total score: –
IC: high
OC: medium
Total score: o
St.: existing
App.: some
Annexe 4
Global assessment: green = all scores positive (good or very good); yellow = at least one moderate
score (average) but no negative score (bad or very bad); red = at least one negative score (bad or
very bad);
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Annexe 4
Mercury
Mercury is a naturally occurring element, and is regulated by a number of European rules.
Elemental mercury (Hg(0)) is the only metal in liquid form at room temperature. Mercury is
an extremely rare element in the earth's crust. It is found either as a native metal (rare) or
in cinnabar, corderoite, livingstonite, and other minerals, with cinnabar (HgS) being the
most common ore. The metal is extracted by heating cinnabar in a current of air and
condensing the vapour. Mercury is used in various industry and in products commonly
consumed. At present, some mercury applications are limited or forbidden. Mercury is
emitted into the environment from a number of natural as well as anthropogenic sources.
In contrast with the other heavy metals, mercury and many of its compounds behave
exceptionally in the environment due to their volatility and capability for methylation.
Mercury is outstanding among the global environmental pollutants of continuing concern.
Mercury contamination of water is caused by production processes and major uses,
followed by various manufacturing processes and uses. The main route of water
contamination with mercury is the direct and indirect discharge from point sources. The
most important sources of direct emissions to water are dental amalgam use, chlor-alkali
plants, power plants, ferrous and non-ferrous industries along with waste disposal. The
Material Flow Analysis for mercury is presented in the figure below (Figure 2).
Figure 2. MFA diagram for Hg in Europe in 2000 (numbers in tonnes/year)
Options for reducing mercury emissions into water comprise source control options in
particular and end-of-pipe options of water treatment technologies. These abatement
measures are presented below.
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Annexe 4
Table 17. Emission sources and possible emission abatement measures
Use of
Dental
Use of
Pharmaceuti
cals
Use of
Electric
products
Use of
Measuring &
control
equipment
Use of
Chlor-alkali
Non-ferrous
metal
Iron & steel
production
Large
Combustion
Plant
Sources
Management
Substitution
Process
Source control
Recycling and reuse
Pre-treatment of waste
water from technological
process
Run-off management
Chlor alkali substitution
Dentistry materials
substitution
Electric products
substitution
Separated collection,
recycling and save
disposal
Good management
practices
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X3
XPC
XP
XP
XP
XPC
XPC
XPC
XPC
Water
general
Air
End-of-pipe
Air deposition reduction
Crematoria – emission
reduction techniques
Optimisation of basic
4
wastewater treatment
X
X
X
XP
XP
XP
Ion exchange
X
X
X
X
Membrane filtration
X
X
X
X
Nanofiltration
Riverse osmosis
X
Electrochemical
techniques
Note: X – available measure, XP – producer, XC – consumer.
XP
XP
XP
XP
XP
XP
X
X
Water special
X
X
X
X
X
3
Restrictions in use of mercury and its compounds are already imposed that the potential reduction
effects are of small scale
4
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Annexe 4
Table 18. Assessment of abatement measures
Measures
Technical
feasibility
Assessment
Performances
Costs
Remarks
State of the art reduction
potential
Source control
Total score: +
Pol.:
point
source
Cmp.: high
Imp.: low
Lim.:
specific
processes
Pre-treatment of Total score: ++
wastewater
Pol.:
point
from
source
technological
Cmp.: high
processes
Imp.: medium
Lim.: low
Total score: +
Run-off
management
Pol.: diffuse
Cmp.: medium
Imp.: low
Lim.: no
Total score: ++
Chlor alkali
substitution
Pol.:
point
source
Cmp.: high
Imp.: low
Lim.: no
Total score: ++
Dentistry
materials
Pol.: diffuse
substitution
Cmp.: low
Imp.: no
Lim.: low
Total score: +
Crematoria –
emission
Pol.: diffuse
reduction
Cmp.: medium
techniques
Imp.: low
Lim.: low
Total score: ++
Electric
products
Pol.:
diffuse,
substitution
point source
Cmp.: high
Imp.: medium
Lim.: restriction
for
same
applications
Total score: ++
Separated
collection,
Pol.: diffuse,
recycling and
Cmp.: high
save disposal
Imp.: medium
Lim.: low
Recycling and
reuse (ferrous
and non-ferrous
industries LCP)
Good
Total score: ++
Total score: ++
Eff.: high
En.: low
CE: low
W: low
Total score: ++
IC: medium
OC: medium
Total score: ++
St: BAT
App: large
-low
Total score: ++
Eff.: high
En.: medium
CE: medium
W: medium
Total score: +?
IC: high
OC: mediun
Total score: ++
St: BAT
App: large
-high
regional or
local - older
plants
Total score: ++
Eff.: medium
En.: no
CE: no
W: no
Total score: ++
Eff.: 100%
En.: reduction of
energy
CE: no
W: low
Total score: ++
Eff.: 100%
En.: no
CE: no
W: no
Total score: +
Eff.: high
En.: low
CE: no
W: waste
Total score: ++
Eff.: 100%
En.:
energy
reduction
CE: no
W: no
Total score: +
IC: high
OC: low
Total score: ++
St: BAT
App: large
-moderate
on
regional/loc
al level
Total score: +
IC: high
OC: low
Total score: ++
St: BAT
App: medium
-high
regional and
local level
Total score: ++
IC: low
OC: low
Total score: ++
St: existing
App: common
-moderate
on global/
regional
scale
Total score: +
IC: medium
OC: low
Total score: ++ - moderate
St: in same on regional
level
country BAT
App: low
Total score: +
IC: low
OC: low
Total score: ++
St: regulation
App: large
-generally
low
moderate on
regional/loc
al scale
Total score: ++
Eff.: depends on
product (50 –
95%)
En.: low
CE:
positive
other aspect
W: no additional
Total score: ++
Total score: ++
IC: low
OC: low
Total score: ++
St: regulation
App: large
-moderate/
low on
regional/loc
al scale
Total score: +
Total score: ++
-low
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Annexe 4
management
practices
IC: very low
OC: no
Pol.:
diffuse,
point source
Cmp.: no
Imp.: no
Lim.: no
Eff.: high
En.: no
CE: no
W: no
Total score: ++
Pol.:
point
source
Cmp.: low
Imp.: low
Lim.: no
Total score: +
Total score: +
IC: high
Eff.: > 95%
OC: low
En.: medium
CE:
need
chemicals use
W: medium
St:
BAT, important for
older plants
standards
regulation
App: large
End-of-pipe
Optimisation
Basic
wastewater
5
treatment
Total score: ++
St: BAT
App: large
-moderate,
mostly
implemente
d
improvemen
ts in older
plants
- high on
local scale
and specific
situations
Total score: ++ Total score: ++
IC: medium
St: BAT
Pol.:
point Eff.: > 99%
En.: medium
OC: low
App: ?
source
CE: low
Cmp.: low
W: medium
Imp.: low
Lim.: depends
on
effluence
quality
Total score: ++ Total score: ++ -high on
Membrane
local scale
filtration
IC: medium
St: BAT
Pol.:
point Eff.: > 99%
specific
En.: medium
OC: low
App: ?
source
situations
CE: low
Cmp.: low
W: low
Imp.: low
Lim.: depends
on
effluence
quality
Total score: ++ Total score: ++ -low
Electrochemical Total score: ++ Total score: +
techniques
IC: medium
St: BAT
Pol.:
point Eff.: > 99%
En.: medium
OC: low
App: ?
source
CE: low
Cmp.: no
W: low
Imp.: no
Lim.: depends
on
effluence
quality
Ion exchange
5
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Annexe 4
PBDE
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardant in plastics and to
some extent in textiles, and include a group of 209 aromatic brominated compounds.
PBDEs are marketed under three technical products, pentabromodiphenyl ether
(PentaBDE), octabromodiphenyl ether (OctaBDE), and decabromodiphenyl ether
(DecaBDE), where each commercial product is a mixture of PBDEs with varying degrees
of bromination. PentaBDE is considered as priority hazardous substance with a need for
phasing out discharges.
The production and use of PentaBDE and OctaBDE are now banned in Europe; only
DecaBDE is still permitted. However, there are stocks of all PBDEs from products in
service and waste. Main applications of PBDEs were as flame retardants in (in
descending order of importance): high-impact polystyrene (HIPS), acrylonitrile butadiene
styrene (ABS), flexible polyurethane foam, textile coatings (not clothing), wire and cable
insulation, electrical/electronic connectors and other interior parts.
PBDEs do not occur naturally, so all PBDEs in the environment come from human
activities. Most current PBDE emissions to water come from waste (disposal and sludge
spreading), but some industrial point sources (DecaBDE) as well as fires via extinguishing
water might cause local pollution. However the PBDE concentrations in the environment
are mainly due to historical pollution and accumulation.
Penta- and OctaBDE have been phased out (only DecaBDE is still permitted) and
discharges are regulated. One of the remaining issues is PBDE containing waste all the
more than they are very stable. Options for reducing emissions are about source control
options in industry (DecaBDE), alternatives to PBDEs, and PBDE containing waste
(recycling and disposal).
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Annexe 4
Users
Waste
treatment
Industrial
manufact
uring
Sources
O
X
X
O
O
X
X
O
Measures
Source control
Improving raw material handling
Improving compounding process
Improving conversion/backcoating
Avoiding washing
Chemical substitution
Changing product material
Redesigning the products
X
X
X
X
X
O
End-of-pipe
Recycling
Controlled incineration
Landfilling safely
Note: X = available measure; O = emerging measure.
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
X
X
X
X
X
X
Annexe 4
Measures
Technical
feasibility
Assessment
Performances
Costs
Remarks
State of the art
Source control
Total score: ++
Pol.:
point
source
Cmp.: low
Imp.: low
Lim.: low
Total score: +
Improving
compounding
Pol.:
point
process
source
Cmp.: medium
Imp.: low
Lim.: low
Total score: +
Improving
conversion /
Pol.:
point
backcoating
source
Cmp.: medium
Imp.: low
Lim.: low
Total score: ++
Avoiding
washing
Pol.:
point
source / diffuse
Cmp.: low
Imp.: low
Lim.: low
Total score: +
Chemical
substitution
Pol.:
point
source / diffuse
Cmp.: low
Imp.: low
Lim.: medium
Total score: +
Changing
product material Pol.:
point
source / diffuse
Cmp.: low
Imp.: medium
Lim.: medium
Redesigning the Total score: −
products
Pol.:
point
source / diffuse
Cmp.: medium
Imp.: medium
Lim.: high
Improving raw
material
handling
Total score: +
Eff.: 95%
En.: low
CE: no
W: dust
Total score: ++
IC: low
OC: low
Total score: ++
St.:
voluntary
agreement
App.: numerous
Total score: +
Eff.: 95%
En.: low
CE: no
W: dust, sludge
Total score: +
IC: medium
OC: low
Total score: ++
St.:
voluntary
agreement
App.: numerous
Total score: +
Eff.: 95%
En.: low
CE: no
W: dust, sludge
Total score: +
IC: medium
OC: low
Total score: ++
St.:
voluntary
agreement
App.: numerous
Total score: +
Eff.: variable
En.: no
CE: no
W: no
Total score: ++
IC: no
OC: no
Total score: –
St.: emerging
App.: some
Total score: +
Eff.: 100%
En.: low
CE: emission of
other chemicals
W: no
Total score: +
Eff.: 100%
En.: low
CE: use of other
polymers
W: no
Total score: ++
Eff.: 100%
En.: low
CE: no
W: no
Total score: +
IC: low
OC: medium
Total score: +
St.: existing
App.: numerous
Total score: o
IC: medium
OC: medium
Total score: +
St.: existing
App.: numerous
Total score: o
IC: high
OC: low
Total score: –
St.: emerging
App.: some
End-of-pipe
Recycling
Total score: o
Pol.:
point
source
Cmp.: medium
Rge: medium
Lim.: medium
Total score: +
Total score: +
Eff.: variable
IC: low
Oth.: no
OC: medium
En.: medium
CE: recycling of
plastics
and
metals
W: no
Controlled
Total score: +
Total score: ++
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Total score: –
Total score: ++ -Complexity:
recycling
St.: BAT
App.: numerous requires
specific
plants
-Limits:
mixture of
plastics can
be hardly
recycled
Total score: –
-Conditions
Annexe 4
incineration
Pol.:
point Eff.: 100%
IC: high
Oth.:
other OC: medium
source
Cmp.: high
pollutants
Rge: wide
En.: recovery of
Lim.: low
energy
CE: recycling of
bromine
W: ash
St.: emerging
App.: some
of
incineration
need to be
carefully
controlled to
avoid dioxin
and furan
emissions
-Recycling
of bromine
needs a
chlorine
supply on
site to be
cost efficient
Total score: +
Total score: –
Landfilling
-Landfilling
safely
safely
Pol.:
point Eff.: variable
IC: low
St.: existing
Oth.: no
OC: low
App.: numerous requires
source
leachate
Cmp.: low
En.: no
treatment to
Rge: wide
CE:
possible
avoid further
Lim.: medium
further emissions
emissions
W: yes
(limits)
-PBDEs are
stored in
landfill but
still remain
Global assessment: green = all scores positive (good or very good); yellow = at least one moderate
score (average) but no negative score (bad or very bad); red = at least one negative score (bad or
very bad);
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Annexe 4
Tributyltin
In the EU, the use of organotins was about 19.000 ton/year in 2002. In the same year the
use of tri-substituted organotins was about 1600 ton/year. The main areas of use of TBT
in 2002 are antifouling paints (80%), fungicides, and various biocide uses in preparations
and products. Because the use of TBT in anti fouling paints is nowadays forbidden, the
use of tri-substituted organotins is lowered to about 350 tons/year and the use of TBT to
about 250 tons/year.
Pollution by TBT is caused by diffuse emissions from ship hulls, and emissions of TBT
during activities in ship and dock yards, diffusion of TBT from contaminated (habour and
river) sediments and from effluents of WWTPs from several industrial plants (Metal
industry, basis organic chemicals). The emissions from ship hulls and yards will gradually
diminish.
Options for reducing the TBT emission to water are source control options during the use
of TBT containing products and end-of-pipe options for water treatment. The abatement
measures are presented below.
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Annexe 4
Surface
water
Waste
water
(other)
WWTP
effluent
Shipyard
waste
water
Sources
Measures
Source Control
Avoid disposal of TBT during wood
pretreatment
Avoid disposal of TBT coatings
Substitution of TBT in anti fouling
paint
Substitution of TBT in wood
preservatives
Substitution of TBT as fungicide in
cooling towers
Substitution of TBT containing
stabilisers in PVC
End-of-pipe
Activated sludge system
MBR
Oxidation
Sedimentation
Sand filtration
Micro/Ultrafiltration
Nanofiltration/Reverse Osmosis
Coagulation/flocc. + sand filtration
Coagulation/flocc. + clarification
(DAF)
Coal adsorption
Solvent extraction
Moving Bed Adsorption
Use of environmental friendly
dredging method
Remediation of sediment
effluent municipal waste water
treatment plants
Treatment of TBT containing sewage
sludge/use as a sec. fuel
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Measures at regulatory level
Prohibit dumping at sea of TBT
containing sediment
Ban the use of TBT contaminated
sludge as soil improver
Ban the dumping at sea of TBT
contaminated sludge
Ban the use of chemicals containing
TBT (>0,1% by mass)
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
X
X
X
X
Annexe 4
Measures
Technical
feasibility
Assessment
Performance
Costs
Remarks
State of the
art
Source Control
Avoid disposal
of TBT during
wood pretreatment
(waste water)
Avoid disposal
of TBT
coatings
(shipyard
wastes)
Substitution of
TBT in anti
fouling paint
Total score: +
Total score: ++
Total score: --
Total score: +
Pol.: point source
Cmp.: medium?
Imp.: medium
Eff.: 100%
Oth.: no
En.: no
Ce.: yes
W: yes
IC: high
OC: high
St:
sometimes
disposal to waste
water is forbidden
App.: rarely
Total score: +
Total score: ++
Total score: --
Total score:
Pol.: point source
Cmp.: medium?
Imp.: medium
Eff.: 100%
Oth.: no
En.: no
Ce.: yes
W: yes
IC: high
OC: high
St: not used
App.: rarely
Total score: ++
Total score: ++
Total score: -
Total score: ++
Pol.: diffuse
Cmp.: low
Imp.: high
Eff.: 100%
Oth.: no
En.: no
Ce.: yes
W: no
IC: no
OC: high
St: existing
App.: numerous
Substitution of
TBT in wood
preservatives
Total score: ++
Total score: ++
Total score: ++
Total score: ++
Pol.: diffuse
Cmp.: low
Imp.: high
Eff.: 100%
Oth.: no
En.: no
Ce.: yes
W: no
IC: no
OC: no
St: existing, TBT–
based biocides are
rarely used
App.: numerous
Substitution of
TBT
containing
stabilisers in
PVC
Total score: ++
Total score: ++
Total score: ?
Total score: ++
Pol.: diffuse
Cmp.: ?
Imp.: high
Eff.: 100%
Oth.: no
En.: no
Ce.: yes
W: no
IC: ?
OC: ?
St: existing
App.: ?
Activated
sludge system
(waste water)
Total score: ++
Total score: +
Total score: --
Total score: ++
Pol.: point source
Rge.: wide
Lim.: low
Eff.: 90%?
Oth.: many
En.: significant
Ce.: no
W: yes (sludge)
IC: high
OC: high
St:
BAT
for
communal
and
industrial
waste
water
App.: many
MBR (waste
water)
Total score: ++
Total score: +
Total score: -
Total score: +
Pol.: point source
Rge.: wide
Lim.: low
Eff.: 90%?
Oth.: many
En.: significant
Ce.: no
W: yes (sludge)
IC: high
OC: high
St:
recently
introduces
technique
App.: some
Oxidation
(effluent
Total score: ++
Total score: +
Total score: 0
Total score: +
Pol.: point source
Eff.: 90%?
IC: medium
St: BAT
Costs of
alternative
methods are
high
Costs of
alternative
methods are
high
Since 2003
several
substitutes are
being used.
Mostly copperbases foulings
which are also
causing
seriously
pollution
In 2001 only
one company
produced TBT
containing
biocides and
planned to
withdraw
these products
from the
market
End-of-pipe
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Activated
sludge system
is a general
technique for
treating
communal of
industrial
waste water
and not
specific for
TBT
containing
waste water
MBR is a
general
technique for
treating
communal or
industrial
waste water
and not
specific for
TBT
containing
waste water
Can be
operated with
or without UV
Annexe 4
WWTP)
Rge.: wide
Lim.: low
Oth.: many
En.: significant
Ce.: no
W: no
OC: medium
App.:?
Sedimentation
Total score: ++
Total score: --
Total score: ++
Total score: +
Pol.: point source
Rge.: wide
Lim.: low
Eff.: <50%
Oth.: many
En.: low
Ce.: no
W: yes
IC: low
OC: low
St: BAT
App.: no?
Sand filtration
(shipyard
waste water)
Total score: ++
Total score: -
Total score: ++
Total score: +
Pol.: point source
Rge.: wide
Lim.: low
Eff.: 50%
Oth.: many
En.: low
Ce.: no
W: yes
IC: low
OC: low
St: BAT
App.: no?
Micro/Ultrafiltr
ation
(effluent
WWTP)
Total score: ++
Total score: -
Total score: 0
Total score: +
Pol.: point source
Rge.: wide
Lim.: low
Eff.: 50%
Oth.: many
En.: medium
Ce.: no
W:
yes
(concentrate)
IC: medium
OC: medium
St: BAT
App.: no?
Nanofiltration/
Reverse
Osmosis
(effluent
WWTP)
Coagulation/flo
cc. + sand
filtration
(shipyard
waste water +
effluent
WWTP)
Total score: ++
Total score: 0
Total score: -
Total score: 0
Pol.: point source
Rge.: wide
Lim.: low
Eff.: 90%?
Oth.: many
En.: medium
Ce.: no
W: brine
IC: high
OC: high
St:
BAT
for
drinking
water
production
App.: no?
Total score: ++
Total score: +
Total score: ++
Total score: +
Pol.: point source
Rge.: wide
Lim.: low
Eff.: 90%
Oth.: many
En.: low
Ce.: now
W: yes
IC: low
OC: low
St:
BAT
removing SS
App.: no?
Coagulation/flo
cc. +
clarification
(DAF)
(shipyard
waste water +
effluent
WWTP)
Total score: ++
Total score: +
Total score: +
Total score: +
Pol.: point source
Rge.: wide
Lim.: low
Eff.: 90%
Oth.: many
En.: high
Ce.: now
W: yes
IC: medium
OC: low
St:
BAT
removing SS
App.: no?
Coal
adsorption
(effluent
WWTP)
Total score: ++
Total score: ++
Total score: +
Total score: +
Pol.: point source
Rge.: wide
Lim.: low
Eff.: 99%
Oth.: many
En.: medium
Ce.: now
W: yes
IC:low-medium
OC: medium
St:
BAT
for
polishing effluent
WWTP
App.: no?
Solvent
extraction
(shipyard
waste water)
Total score: ++
Total score: +
Total score: --
Total score: --
Pol.: point source
Rge.: wide
Lim.: low
Eff.: 99%
Oth.: some
En.: high
Ce.: now
W: yes (solvent)
IC: high
OC: high
St: rarely used as
technique
for
waste water
App.: no
Moving bed
Adsorption
(effluent
WWTP)
Total score: ++
Total score: ?
Total score: -
Total score: --
Pol.: point source
Rge.: wide
Lim.: low
Eff.: ?
Oth.: many
En.: medium
Ce.: now
W: yes
IC: medium
OC: medium
St:
Emerging
technique
App.: no
Total score: 0
Total score:
Total score: ++
Sedimentation
is standard
technique in
WWTP; more
effective when
flocc/coagulati
on is used
Sand filtration
is standard
technique in
WWTP; more
effective when
flocc/coagulati
on is used
Cleaning or
treating of the
brine is a
problem
for
for
Emerging
technique
Environmental
Total score: ++
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Annexe 4
friendly
dredging
method
Pol.: diffuse
Rge.: wide
Lim.: low
Cmp: low
Eff.: 50-100%
St:
existing
technique
App.: several
Remediation
of TBT
contaminated
sediment
Total score: ++
Total score: 0
Total score: -
Total score: ++
Pol.: diffuse
Rge.: wide
Lim.: low
Cmp: low
Eff.: 50-100%
IC: high
OC: high
St:
existing
technique
App.: several
Use of end-ofpipe
techniques at
municipal
WWTP
Treatment of
TBT
containing
sewage
sludge/use as
sec. fuel
Total score: ++
Total score: ++
Total score: --
Total score: +
Pol.: diffuse
Eff.: 90%
IC: high
OC: high
St:
BAT
for
polishing effluent
WWTP
App.: several
Total score: ++
Total score: 0
Total score: ?
Total score: ++
Pol.: diffuse
Eff.: 100%
Effect of
measure
depends of
chosen
method
Effect and
costs depends
of chosen
method
Treatment
costs could be
high
Regulatory measures
Total score: ++ Total score: 0
Total score: ?
Total score: ++
Ban dumping
Pol.: diffuse
Eff.: 100%
Costs of
at sea of TBT
alternative
containing
measures
sediment
could be high
Total score: ++
Ban the use of Total score: ++ Total score: ++ Total score: ?
Pol.: diffuse
Eff.: 100%
TBT
contaminated
sludge as soil
improver
Total score: ++ Total score: ++ Total score: ?
Total score: ++
Ban dumping
Pol.: diffuse
Eff.: 100%
Costs of
at sea of TBT
alternative
containing
measures
sludge
could be high
Total score: ++
Ban the use of Total score: ++ Total score: ++ Total score: ?
Pol.: diffuse
Eff.: 100%
chemicals
containing
TBT (> 0,1%
by mass)
Technical feasibility: Pol. = Type of pollution; Rge = Range of concentration; Lim. = Limits and
restrictions; Cmp. = Complexity of implementation; Imp. = Impact on the process, on the factory.
Performance: Eff. = Efficiency of emission reduction; Oth. = Removal of other pollutants; En. =
Consumption of energy; CE = Cross effects; W = Production of waste.
Costs: IC = Investment costs; OC = Operational costs.
State of the art: S.t = Status of the technique (BAT, existing, emerging); App. = Number of
applications.
Global assessment: green = positive score, yellow = moderate score and red = negative score
As the use of TBT in anti fouling is forbidden since 2003, the emission of TBT to water will
decrease the next decade. Attention must be paid to environmental effect of the
substitutes used as anti fouling, especially the copper-containing anti-fouling coatings.
For purification of waste water and effluent of WWTPs contaminated with TBT, the use of
end-of-pipe techniques are advised. A combination of coagulation/flocculation + filtration
(particulate TBT) and coal adsorption (dissolved TBT) is given the best results. End-ofpipe techniques can also be used for polishing the effluent of municipal WWTPs. A
second effective measure at community level is the use of an environmental dredging
method. Effective measures at regulatory level are the ban of dumping TBT containing
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Annexe 4
sludge or sediment to sea, the ban of TBT containing sludge as soil improver and a ban
for the use of TBT containing chemicals (e.q. plastics).
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Annexe 4
ANNEXE 5 : ETUDE DE CAS RHIN-MEUSE
Ci-dessous :
Rapport d’activité 2008 de l’INERIS pour le work package 5 (études de cas) de
SOCOPSE ;
Compte rendu de la réunion à l’Agence de l’eau Rhin-Meuse du 15 mai 2008.
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Annexe 5
Activity report year 2: WP5 – Meuse case study – INERIS
1. Overview of activities carried out by the consortium
The main tasks INERIS carried out in relation to WP 5 are:
Presenting and Discussing SOCOPSE and its DSS with French Meuse River Basin
Authorities, and French National Authorities in charge of WFD
For Cadmium, collecting PS inventories and identifying main PS sources
Defining potential management options
Evaluating costs and benefits for different management options
Modelling
2. Description of progress toward the objectives of WP5
WP5/Task 5.1: Case study methods and reporting routines
WP5/Task 5.2: Case studies
Step 1: PS inventory and identification of main PS sources
An inventory for Cd was made from:
French database on industrial discharge “RSDE data base” : As part of the “RSDE
action” : collected data on PS emissions among industries under authorisation
(IPPC sites) in 2006.
Water agency data basis: PS concentration data in data basis such as the
« réseau de bassin » concerning superficial and underground waters, and,
regional inventories of underground water quality.
Identification of PS sources: it consisted in first identifying areas where emissions come
from; within these areas, identification of industries where emissions come from.
Step 2: Define potential management options
A data basis on management options is available in the Rhin-Meuse water agency. It
gathers data classified by pollution type (pollution by organic, nitrogen and phosphate
maters; pollution by phytosanitary products, pollution by toxic and dangerous substances)
and by pollution source (urban, industrial, agricultural and from the hydrology). This
database with complement the WP3 database.
Step 3: Evaluate costs and benefits for different management options (with WP4
DSS)
The water agency data basis also provides some general cost information of the different
management options. However, data on benefits are missing.
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Annexe 5
Step 4: Modelling
Cd concentrations in the Meuse river are being modelled with PEGASE model of the
AQUA. Interim calibration results are available since September 2008.
Final calibration results are expected for December 2008.
Scenarios based on different management option combinations, and are not planned to
be modelled before 2009.
Step 4: Interact with stakeholders (during whole process) (with support from WP6)
During year 2:
Meeting with Meuse Regional Water authorities in June 2008.
October the 28th: meeting at the MEEDDAT. Discussed issues: data collection, modelling
results presentation.
More interactions are planned during year 3:
At least 2 meetings:
On November the 27th 2008: water agency, local ministry representatives, from all
regions of France will be present.
Issues to be discussed:
o substance concentration modelling (based on presentation on results on
the Meuse obtained so far)
o how to build emissions reductions strategies at the river basin scale and
determine emission limit values at the local scale, in a consistent manner.
In March 2009 : Same issues but 1) a larger audience is expected with presence of
industry, scientists, …2) presentation of more advanced modelling results on the
Meuse and other watersheds.
Step 5: Use experiences to improve DSS
Planned during year 3
WP5/Task 5.3: Synthesis and generalisation of results for European-wide
application
Planned during year 3
3. Meetings
See “Step 4 Interaction with stakeholders” above.
4. Identification of any problems encountered and corrective actions taken
Data from the water agency data basis do not link management options with substances.
A detailed study of each management option would enable to find these links.
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Annexe 5
Meeting with French water Agency Rhin-Meuse
15th May 2008
1. Meeting Objectives and Main Conclusions
The meeting was held at the main office of Agence de l’eau Rhin-Meuse (French Water
Agency Rhin-Meuse) in Moulins-Lès-Metz (15/05/2008). The main objectives were to:
¾ Give a general presentation of project SOCOPSE to the Water Agency
¾ Discuss the interest of Water Agency in the priority substances (PS) in general and the
SOCOPSE Decision Support System (DSS) in particular
The presentation of SOCOPSE consisted in giving a general overview of SOCOPSE, a
presentation of the DSS, and an overview of the case studies. Then the Maas case study
was presented and the discussion was organised through a questionnaire.
The main conclusions are:
¾ The DSS is similar to the approach followed by the 6 French Water Agencies for
implementing the Water Framework Directive;
¾ The application of the DSS to the Maas case would be interesting;
¾ PEGASE (pollutant dispersion model) will be applied in a specific study on the Maas
watershed for managing Cadmium and Zinc (building of cost/effectiveness scenarios).
Concerning the last point, the specific study actually consists in achieving the steps 3 to 5
of the DSS (Definition of a baseline scenario, Inventory of possible measures,
Assessment of the effects of the measures). Note that the steps 0 to 2 of the DSS
(System definition, Problem definition, Inventory of sources) are considered to have
already been done in previous works. Step 6 (selection of the best solutions) is not
planned in the specific study.
Participants and questions and answers from the questionnaire are given below.
2. Participants
Participants
Organisation
e-mail
Céline CONAN
Agence de l’eau Rhin-Meuse
[email protected]
Claire RIOU
[email protected]
Sophie NICOLAI
nicolaï@eau-rhin-meuse.fr
Jean-Marc
BRIGNON
INERIS
[email protected]
Aurélien GOUZY
INERIS
[email protected]
Aurélien GENTY
INERIS
[email protected]
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Annexe 5
3. Questionnaire
Q1 Implication of interviewees in WFD
A1:
- Ms RIOU has carried out Monitoring programmes and data exploitation on chemicals,
and participated in the definition of chemical status for the WFD
- Ms CONAN has carried out PAH, diuron, and nickel modelling, but the results were
not considered valid enough to be considered for planning measures in the WFD
- Ms NICOLAI, as an economist, supervised the cost calculation on some measures for
the WFD (measures on: chlorinated solvents, PAHs, emission reduction of IPPC
sites…)
Q2: Opinion on the WFD requirements for PS
A2: The cessation of release does not seem realistic for PAHs, DEHP, and contaminated
sediments; and more generally the FWD is too ambitious regarding the substances which
are used outside the industry.
It is difficult to identify the emission sources. And it is difficult to set objectives for emission
reduction and assess the decrease in emissions because the number and the location of
sources vary in time in the watershed. Moreover phasing out the substance will not
automatically lead to the cessation of emissions (e.g. atrazine).
Until now, the PS issue is more focussed on industrial releases and not much on the
release from WWTP.
Q3: What has been done and remains to be done for substances in the Maas basin?
A3: Very little has been actually undertaken so far to reduce emissions. In France there is
no legal framework for local authorities to ask for industrials to reduce their emissions.
Local authorities can only inform the industrials.
Q4: Point vs. diffuse sources?
A4: Generally, it has been considered that pesticides concerned diffuse sources, and
other chemicals point sources (industry).
Q5: Emission control vs. end-of pipe?
A5: Both (end-of-pipe solutions and process modification/chemical substitution) are
considered, even if end-of-pipe is the simplest.
The prohibition of substances sometimes can be a good and much simpler solution but it
can raise some social and economic risks. In any case the decision of phasing out should
be taken at the EU level.
Q6: Enough info on emissions? If not, how to improve the situation?
A6: Not enough, but in the future: the self-monitoring emission data of industrial sites will
be accessible through a national database, and if PHS are monitored it will improve
access to emission data (for each activity sector, systematic measurements of relevant
substances should be undertaken).
Q7: Enough info on uses? If not, how to improve the situation?
A7: the work done in France by INERIS (monographs on around 50 substances) is useful;
but more is needed, especially for substances found everywhere: how to identify the main
uses and the means of actions?
Q8: Enough info on control options? If not, how to improve the situation?
A8: Nothing available, support is critically needed.
Q9: Cost efficiency criteria for PHS
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Annexe 5
A9: There are some cost efficiency studies but PHS were not taken into account: only
« classical » pollution (DCO, DBO, MES…) has been considered so far. The assessment
of efficiency was done by expert judgement.
The calculation of costs was done at the water body level (not at the industrial level).
Q10: Which are the most cost efficient measures?
A10: No idea.
Q11: what support is received/needed from national and EU level?
A11: From national level, there is a lack of guidelines on costing (some water basins
include maintenance costs, some not). In that way, a database on the costs and efficiency
of control options would be helpful (Water Agency interested), because this is not in the
competence of public authorities.
UE guidance felt too general to be useful for more advanced countries.
Q12: Is the transboundary issue on the Maas important for the Agency, how it is taken into
account?
A12: The approach varies among countries, so applying a common detailed DSS seems
difficult (the German have a different approach, the Netherlands are interested mostly in
drinking water quality, etc.). The state of the art on the basin has been achieved
separately, but there is a joint effort for harmonising the costs. A common river basin
management plan is foreseen; however the program of measures is developed in each
country.
Q13: Do you need the DSS? What for?
A13: The DSS could be useful for the French part of the Maas in parallel with model
PEGASE.
Q14: Additional contacts?
A14: Some contacts were given: two contacts in the French local authorities for industry
and the environment, and one contact in the industry.
- DRIRE Lorraine: Maxime COURTY
- DIREN Lorraine: Pascal DUCHENE
ARMUE (Association for the industrial water users in water basin Rhein-Maas): Patrick
SIVRY ([email protected]).
Réf. : INERIS – DRC-09-95308-00288A
Annexe 5

RAPPORT D`ÉTUDE 18/12/2008 N° DRC-09-95308

Transcription

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