outdoor recreation in the province of québec: an assessment

Transcription

Tourisme & Territoires / Tourism & Territories (2009)
OUTDOOR RECREATION
IN THE PROVINCE OF QUÉBEC:
AN ASSESSMENT
Denis AUGER
82
Abstract
The province of Québec is crisscrossed by several different
ecosystems and geographic regions, a wide variety of fauna and
flora and four very clear and distinct seasons which offer a variety
of different opportunities and experiences for outdoor recreation
and nature-based tourism. Presently, there is no accurate
assessment of outdoor recreation in Canada and specifically in the
province of Québec. The purpose of this paper is to try and profile
outdoor recreation in the province of Québec. The content of this
paper is based on several research techniques. The review of
existing literature on outdoor recreation provides the
background. It is also based on secondary data analysis through
review of documentation prepared by the government of Québec.
The Québec system is made up of more than 20 categories of land
managed by several levels of government. More than 4.7 million
people in the province of Québec participated in activities linked
to the outdoors in these territories. The organization, its
designated areas, network and data available to understand
outdoor recreation and outdoor recreation trends in the province
need to be reorganized.
Key Words: outdoor recreation, participation, trends, Québec,
parks, conservation
82
Denis Auger, Ph.D. Professor; Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières;
Département d’études en loisir, culture et tourisme.
The data used in this study was made available by the Société de la faune et
des parcs du Québec, the Ministère des ressources naturelles et de la faune,
the Ministère de développement durable, environnement et parcs, and Mr.
Pierre Bouchard of the Ministère des ressources naturelles et de la faune. This
paper would not have been possible without their help and support.
Auger
Tourter.com
114
T
he province of Québec is the biggest in Canada. Its size is
approximately 1.7 million square kilometers (Tourisme
Québec, 2002). Interestingly, 92% of this territory is public
domain and under the management of the province. It is
characterized by its Nordic environment and its important
hydrographic basins such as the St. Lawrence and Saguenay rivers.
The province is crisscrossed by several different ecosystems and
geographic regions, a wide variety of fauna and flora and four,
very clear and distinct seasons which offer a variety of different
opportunities and experiences (Tourisme Québec, 2002).
Consequently, with this type of environment and these resources,
the province can offer a wide range of outdoor recreation
activities, some of which include: hunting, fishing, cross-country
skiing, downhill skiing, hiking, canoeing, rafting, etc.
The provincial government is directly involved in the provision of
several of these outdoor recreation activities by offering
recreational opportunities in parks and indirectly through policies
that encourage recreational participation on public or even
private land. They have to make decisions in 17 administrative
regions (see Map 1), therefore, information is needed to be able
to make appropriate development and management decisions.
O UTDOOR
A MERICA
RECREATION PA RTICIPATION IN
N ORTH
Data on participation and economic effects of participation in
activities taking place on sites where the Québec government has
an involvement is necessary to better plan and manage these
recreational opportunities. This information is important to
decision makers since it enables them to justify budgets and
activities for the development of such areas.
According to Cordell (1997, 1999), an estimated 94.5% of
Americans reported having participated in some form of outdoor
recreation activity. This figure is based on the information
gathered from a 1994-1995 National Survey on Recreation and
the Environment. Other studies such as Recreation Roundtable
(1999, 2000) have found that outdoor recreation is an important
part of Americans’ lives. More than three-quarters of Americans
(78%) were participating in outdoor recreation at least once a
month. This number has been rising for several years and
increased 11 points between 1999 and 2000.
Auger
Tourter.com
115
Abitibi-Témiscamingue (08)
Bas-Saint-Laurent (01)
Capitale-Nationale (03)
Centre-du-Québec (17)
Chaudière-Appalaches (12)
Côte-Nord (09)
Estrie (05)
Gaspésie – Ïles-de-la-Madeleine (11)
Lanaudière (14)
Laurentides (15)
Laval (13)
Mauricie (04)
Montérégie (16)
Montréal (06)
Nord-du-Québec (10)
Outaouais (07)
Saguenay – Lac-Saint-Jean (02)
Source: Gouvernement du Québec (2005)
Map 1 – Map of Québec Administrative Regions
Another study by Cordell (1999) mentioned that the number of
people visiting federal sites and areas increased by over 40% since
1986, with the major increase, some 222 million visitor days,
occurring in Forest Service, Corps of Engineers, and Bureau of
Land Management managed areas.
Furthermore, from a Canadian perspective, Environment Canada
(2000b) states that in 1996, 20 million or 84.6% of Canadians took
part in one or more nature-related activities in Canada. Eagles
(2001) indicates that visitation trends in Ontario provincial parks,
as measured in visitor days of recreation, have increased over the
last decade from approximately 61 million visitor days to nearly
90 million.
Auger
Tourter.com
116
Unfortunately, the most recent survey (Environment Canada,
2000a, 2000b) has changed drastically from the earlier versions
and trends are difficult to establish with the previous surveys.
The Environment Canada (1992) studies discuss the growing
importance of outdoor recreation activities in terms of how
Canadians spend their leisure time as well as the increasing
recreational demands placed on wildlife resources. A comparison
of the results of the 1991 survey with those from the previous
surveys shows there was a growth of participation in wildliferelated activities. The number of participants in wildlife-related
activities increased by approximately 13 percent over the decade
(1981-1991). The study also discussed how the total expenditures
on wildlife-related activities increased by 32.9 percent for that
same period (Environment Canada, 1992).
Furthermore, since Canadian and Québec demographics are
changing, these changes are having an influence on recreation
and outdoor recreation participation (Foot, 2004). The
diversification of the population has very important implications
for the development of outdoor recreation resources (Carr &
Williams, 1993; Floyd, 1999) in order to insure proper
management of the resource. Outdoor recreation land managers
must react to the changing needs and values of the new and
diverse users (Gobster, 2002; Walker, Deng, & Dieser, 2001).
Thus, outdoor recreational decision makers will need to recognize
this shift in usage and participation, and they will need to develop
strategies to encourage participation.
Outdoor recreation is a large and expanding industry in North
America. Canadians and Americans spend millions of dollars on
nature-based leisure and travel. The money spent on these
activities has steadily increased over the years and decades.
Studies such as Cordell (1999) state that the total consumer
spending patterns on goods and services related to outdoor
recreation increased steadily between 1985 and 1995 (27.4 billion
dollars to 35.6 billion dollars).
As stated by Environment Canada (2000a), 20 million Canadians
spent 11.0 billion dollars in 1996 to pursue nature-related
activities. Furthermore, when taking into account U.S. visitors to
Canada, the amount spent increased by an additional 700 million
dollars with regard to activities such as wildlife viewing and
recreational fishing. The number would have been even higher if
U.S. visitors in Canada, had also been included in activities such
Auger
Tourter.com
117
as: sightseeing, camping, boating and hiking (Environment
Canada, 2000a).
As previously stated, not only are eco-tourism and outdoor
recreation important today for North Americans, but they will
continue to be important in the future. A study by Cordell (1999)
has developed a model that examines outdoor recreation trends
to the year 2050. The model predicts that days spent and
numbers of participants in winter, water-based, and developed
land activities will generally increase faster than population
growth. Furthermore, another study by Booker (2001) also
predicts, with the help of a model, that nature-based tourism and
outdoor recreation in Alaska is projected to increase steadily over
the next 20 years. However, trends and projections of outdoor
recreation in Canada are very difficult to find today. Considering
similar patterns with relation to spending and participation, it is
fairly safe to assume that similar trends can be expected in all of
North America.
O UTDOOR
RECREATION RE SOURCES
Considering that outdoor recreation participation is an important
part of North American and, specifically, Canadians’ lives, and that
it seems to be growing, there is a need for areas in which to
practice nature-based tourism and outdoor recreation activities.
Nature-based tourism and outdoor recreation are land-use
activities (Wall, 1989) which are dependent on attributes of the
natural environment where the activity is occurring. Sessoms
(1994) even suggests that all activities of a recreational nature
resulting from interest in the environment and relationship to its
elements are outdoor recreation.
Furthermore, Hammit and Cole (1998) state, for wild recreation,
the importance of the environment and setting for the activities is
greater than in developed recreation situations. Douglas (1993)
says that outdoor recreation requires a lot of space, a suitable
climate and accessibility. Hammit and Cole (1998) also mention
that wilderness recreation occurs in wild lands that can be defined
as largely natural.
Typically, according to Jenson (1995), outdoor resources are
organized into three major categories: land resources, water
resources, and living resources. As stated by Zinser (1995),
recreational resources refer to the natural resources that are used
to obtain conscious enjoyment during leisure. In other words, it is
Auger
Tourter.com
118
a source of supply of recreational opportunities (Chubb & Chubb,
1981; Wall, 1989).
O UTDOOR RECREATION
OF Q UÉBEC
RE SOURCES IN THE
P ROVINCE
As previously stated, there is presently no accurate assessment of
outdoor recreation in Canada, specifically in the province of
Québec. There are bits and pieces available through several
ministries and organizations that oversee and offer outdoor
recreation opportunities in the province. The purpose of this
paper is to try and profile outdoor recreation in the province of
Québec. To do this, the paper will try to answer the following
questions.
What are the outdoor recreation resources in the
province of Québec?
What are outdoor participation practices in the province
of Québec?
What is the importance of outdoor recreation for the
province of Québec?
What are the implications for the future of outdoor
recreation?
M ETHODOLOGY
The content of this paper is based on several research techniques.
The review of existing literature on outdoor recreation provides
the background, and is based on secondary data analysis through
review of documentation prepared by the government of Québec,
specifically, «Le Ministère de Éducation, Loisir et Sport», «Le
Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune», «Le
Ministère du Développement Durable, Environnement et Parcs»,
«La Société de la Faune et des Parcs du Québec», and «La Société
des Établissements de Plein Air du Québec (SEPAQ)». The
information gathered from these sources provides information on
demand, supply and situation of outdoor recreation in the
province of Québec.
Data on participation and the economic impact of outdoor
recreation comes from a series of reports entitled «La faune et la
nature: Ça compte». These reports were published by the
Québec government in 2005. This is presently the best
information available for the province of Québec. However, it is
Auger
Tourter.com
119
important to note that even if the greatest care was taken to put
this information together, there are still real issues with the
validity and the reliability of the data. The data is already 5 to 10
years old and because it was gathered from a wide variety of
sources, it is not clear if all the sources gathered the information
using the same concepts, definitions and processes.
Part of the data comes from two Canadian studies on recreational
fishing undertaken between 1996 and 2000 in collaboration with
Statistics Canada, Environment Canada and Fisheries and Ocean
Canada. Furthermore, the data also comes from studies done by
«l’Institut de la statistique du Québec», «le Groupe-conseil
Roche», U.S. Fish and Wildlife, «Centre de recherche industrielle
du Québec», and «Société des établissements de plein air du
Québec». Finally, the data was completed from outfitter and
Controlled Exploitation or Harvesting Zones (ZECS) annual reports.
Some definitions (Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la
Faune, 2002)
Outdoor recreation: Activities related to nature: hiking,
camping, canoeing, kayaking, snowmobiling, etc.
Wildlife observation: Activities related to wildlife that
requires a trip but no harvesting of wildlife (ex:
photography).
Hunting and fishing: Traditional activities of strictly
harvesting (including catch and release) wildlife through
the acts of hunting and fishing.
R ESULTS
O U T DO O R R E CR E AT I O N R E SO U R C ES I N T H E P R O V I N C E O F
QUÉBEC
The province of Québec has a very complex territory classification
system, which is managed by private and public organizations.
From the public stand point, several levels of government are
involved which include the federal, provincial and local levels.
Each level has different ministries or departments managing
different categories of land. Furthermore, the actual classification
of land is very difficult to pin point the whole picture. There is no
master list that defines all categories of land.
In order to paint a picture of the situation in the province of
Québec all levels of government and all ministries or departments
need to be contacted. After this has been accomplished, a picture
Auger
Tourter.com
120
starts to emerge. The Québec system is made up of more than 20
categories of land (Table 1) managed by several levels of
government.
Of these territories, the Québec Government has identified four
(Provincial Parks, Wildlife Reserves, Controlled Exploitation or
Harvesting Zones (ZECs) and Outfitters) as being the main
categories of territories where outdoor recreation is practiced
(Table 2).
P R O V I N CI AL O R N AT I O N A L P A RK S
Provincial parks system, also called the Québec National Parks
system, in the province of Québec, was created in 1977. However,
provincial parks have existed in the province for more than 100
years (Parc du Mont Tremblant created in 1894). Initially, the
system was divided into two broad categories: conservation parks
and recreation parks (Ministère du loisir, de la chasse et de la
pêche (MLCP) 1982, 1982a, 1982b, 1982c, 1982d; Ministère des
Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune, 2004). However, the law
(«Loi sur les parcs») was amended in 2001 and now all Québec
provincial parks have the same proprietary goal; which is: «The
discovery and conservation of natural environments with
activities and services which are compatible with the mission of
these territories».
There are 23 parks in the Québec system and they cover a little
more than 7500 km2 (Map 2 and Table 2). They were created for
the conservation of Québec’s natural settings, flora and fauna.
Recreational activities such as fishing, hiking and camping are
permitted in the system, however hunting and trapping are not
permitted within park boundaries. Furthermore, exploitation
activities like mining, prospecting, and timber cutting are not
permitted.
Auger
Tourter.com
121
TABLE 1
CLASSIFICATION OF QUÉBEC TERRITORIES THAT HAVE A SPECIAL STATUS
Government
level
Federal
Provincial
Ministry or department
Environment Canada
Parks Canada
Canadian Wildlife Service
Classification
National Parks
Migratory Bird Refuges
National Wildlife Reserves
Ministère du Développement Durable,
Environnement et Parcs
Écological Reserves
Aquatic Reserves
Biodiversity Reserves
Natural Reserves on Private land
Forest Stations
Forest Education Centres
Crown Land
Société des établissements de
plein air du Québec (SÉPAQ)
Provincial Parks (Actually called
Québec National Parks)
Ministère de Affaires Municipales
Regional Parks
Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et
Faune
Exceptionnal Forest Ecologies
Special agreements between the
Québec Government and private
land owners
Outfitters
Community Wildlife Areas
Developed Small Lac
Controlled Exploitation Zones
(ZECs)
Wildlife Reserves
Wildlife Refuges
Beaver Reserves
Trapping Areas
Special agreements with private
land owners negociated by the
Wildlife Foundation
Special agreements between
native Americans and the
Québec Government
Protected Wildlife Habitats on
Crown Land
Auger
Tourter.com
122
W H ER E
TABLE 2
S CO P E O F T H E M AI N T ER RI T O RI ES
M O ST O UT DO O R R EC R E AT I O N T AK ES
I N T H E P RO V I N C E O F Q U ÉB E C
Territory
Provincial Parks
Wildlife Reserves
Controlled Exploitation
Zones (ZECs)
Outfitters
Number
23
21
86
686
P LA C E
Area (km2)
7,545
66,886
47,877
25,470*
Source: Ministère des
Ressources Naturelles et de la
Faune (2002)
* Outfitters with exclusive
rights
Presently, the parks and the system are managed by the
provincial government, through the « Ministère du
Développement Durable, Environnement et Parcs ». The actual
management is done by a public corporation (Société des
établissements de plein air du Québec).
Auger
Tourter.com
123
Source: Gouvernement du Québec (2004)
Map 2 – Map of Québec Provincial Parks
Auger
Tourter.com
124
W I L D LI F E R ES E RV ES
The wildlife reserve system in the province of Québec is made up
of 21 reserves covering almost 67 000 km2 (Table 2 and Map 3).
The first wildlife reserve was created in 1895 (now called Réserve
Faunique des Laurentides) and since the beginning, these reserves
were created for the purpose of conservation and controlled
exploitation as the park system recreational activities are
encouraged and managed. However, wildlife reserves also allow
strictly controlled timber cutting and mining which is not allowed
in Québec parks.
The management of the wildlife reserves is assumed by the
Québec government, through its public corporation, the «Société
des Établissements de Plein Air du Québec». The basic principal
of the wildlife reserve system is to allow equal access to natural
resources. When demand exceeds supply, priority is given to
Quebecers and a random draw is used to select usage priorities
from the recreational perspective.
Source: Gouvernement du Québec (2005c)
Map 3 – Map of Québec Outfitters with exclusive rights
Auger
Tourter.com
125
C O N T R O LL E D E XP LO I T AT I O N
OR
H AR V E ST I N G Z O N E S (ZEC S )
ZECs are a unique land management approach. It is different from
anything else in the world, insofar as, the management of these
zones is entrusted to non-profit organizations. These
organizations are responsible for the management and
conservation of wildlife on the territories that are still public
property. They must manage the wildlife according to the
parameters set forth by the law on conservation and valorization
of wildlife. They must also coordinate with the «Ministère des
Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune» and timber companies with
regard to the cutting of timber and construction of roads with in
the ZECs.
The ZECs territorial infrastructure was set up to take over from
private clubs on public land which were abolished in 1978. There
are 86 (Table 1 and Map 4) ZECs in the province of Québec. There
are 64 hunting, fishing and recreational ZECs and in addition to
these territorial entities, the Government also created 22 salmon
fishing ZECs throughout the province. ZECs cover almost 50,000
km².
As stated by the Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la
Faune (2005), the ZEC concept is based on four broad objectives:
Wildlife conservation: Management organizations must oversee
the monitoring and control of wildlife harvesting in order to
ensure a balance between the demand by users and the wildlife
supply;
Access to wildlife resources: Organizations must see to it that
everyone has equal access to the territory and to the recreational
use of wildlife;
Participation of users: The participation of users constitutes an
essential element in the ZEC concept. These zones are democratic
entities, managed and administered by users acting on a
volunteer basis;
Operations must be self-financing: ZEC operations must be selffinancing. This is achieved through revenues from the sale of
membership cards and daily access rights, as well as the sale of
hunting or fishing packages or packages combining both these
activities.
Auger
Tourter.com
126
Source: Gouvernement du Québec (2005b)
Map 4 – Map of Québec ZECs
O U T FI T T ER S
The province of Québec has a network of outfitters that falls
under two broad categories: outfitters with exclusive rights and
outfitters without exclusive rights. The first category, outfitters
with exclusive rights, has the exclusive right of exploitation of
wildlife over a certain territory. The agreement for the rights and
the territory is done through a lease format that is signed with
the «Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune». The
outfitter only has rights over the wildlife for hunting, fishing
and/or trapping purposes. The wildlife on these territories must
be managed as it is in wildlife refuges or ZECs, according to the
parameters set forth by the law on conservation and valorization
of wildlife.
Auger
Tourter.com
127
The second category, outfitters without exclusive rights, does not
have this exclusivity agreement for hunting, fishing and/or
trapping of wildlife. Its clients participate in activities that occur
on
crown
(public
domain)
or
private
land.
The network of outfitters in the province of Québec includes 686
businesses, where 193 have exclusive rights (28%) and 493 do not
(Table 2). Outfitters with exclusive rights cover an area of over
25,000 km2 (Table 2 and Map 5)
Source: Gouvernement du Québec (2005a)
Map 5 – Map of Québec Wildlife Reserves
P AR T I CI P A T I O N I N O UT DO O R R E C R EA T I O N I N T H E P RO V I N C E
O F Q U É BE C
As presented in Table 3, the bulk of all days dedicated to wildlife
and nature activities are spent doing outdoor recreation activities
(51%). More traditional activities such as hunting and fishing only
represent 8% and 16% of wildlife and nature recreation activities
in the province of Québec. Furthermore, there seems to be a
difference between urban and rural settings for the types of
outdoor recreation activities that are practiced. Urban settings
such as Montréal, Laval and Québec City have the lowest
percentage for hunting and fishing days dedicated to the activity,
while more rural settings like Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Saguenay-
Auger
Tourter.com
128
Lac-Saint-Jean and Bas Saint-Laurent put more time into those
types of activities.
P E R C EN T A G E
TABLE 3
O F D AY S D E DI C AT E D T O W I LD LI F E A N D N A T UR E AC T I V I T I ES
BY Q U É B E C A D MI N I ST R AT I V E R E GI O N
Region
Hunting
Fishing
Wildlife
Observation
Abitibi-Témiscamingue
15.9
32.4
15.7
Bas-Saint-Laurent
19.0
13.3
24.2
Capitale-Nationale
6.9
13.4
26.0
Centre-du-Québec
3.2
18.7
28.7
Chaudière-Appalaches
13.8
17.6
20.8
Côte-Nord
18.6
15.1
20.8
Estrie
7.8
14.8
26.7
Gaspésie - Iles-de-la-Madeleine
18.2
16.9
20.1
Lanaudière
7.6
17.6
25.2
Laurentides
8.8
13.9
24.9
Laval
5.0
14.6
19.3
Mauricie
10.8
17.2
22.2
Montérégie
5.5
16.7
23.0
Montréal
3.2
11.1
27.0
Nord-du-Québec
21.9
3.5
10.7
Outaouais
8.5
16.7
32.8
Saguenay – Lac-Saint-Jean
13.0
21.7
21.2
All Regions
8.3
16.0
24.5
Source: Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune (2002)
Outdoor
Recreation
36.0
43.5
53.7
49.4
47.8
45.5
50.7
44.8
49.6
52.4
61.6
49.8
54.8
58.7
36.9
42.0
44.1
51.2
Total
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
More than 4.7 million people in the province of Québec
participated in outdoor activities (Table 4), and of these,
approximately 3.2 million people participated in nature and
wildlife related activities (hunting: over 400 000: fishing: over
800,000 and wildlife observation: over 1.2 million) and more than
2.3 million people did outdoor recreation activities like hiking,
kayaking and camping. The regions which have the most
participants are Montréal and the Montérégie with well over
800,000 participants. Interestingly, areas with a large urban
center do not keep their participants in the region. They tend to
practice their activities out of region, with the most notable being
Montreal, where only 180,000 of the 856,000 participants stayed
in the region to practice their activities.
Auger
Tourter.com
129
TABLE 4
OF
Region
AbitibiTémiscamingue
Bas-Saint-Laurent
Capitale-Nationale
Centre-du-Québec
ChaudièreAppalaches
Côte-Nord
Estrie
Gaspésie - Iles-dela-Madeleine
Lanaudière
Laurentides
Laval
Mauricie
Montérégie
Montréal
Nord-du-Québec
Outaouais
Saguenay – LacSaint-Jean
All Regions
N U M B ER O F P A R T I CI P A N T S (P RO V I N C E W I D E A N D W I T HI N T H E R E GI O N )
W I L DLI F E AN D N A T UR E A C T I V I T I ES BY Q U É BE C A D MI N I ST R AT I V E R E GI O N
Hunting
Province
In
wide
Region
21,624
17,337
Fishing
Province In region
wide
40,868
37,078
Wildlife Observation
Province
In region
wide
21,972
15,843
Outdoor Recreation
Province
In
wide
region
51,713
44,075
Total
Province
In
wide
region
136,177
114,333
24,888
28,968
5,304
28,968
15,621
12,608
1,847
13,163
24,816
82,533
25,290
44,647
20,214
53,917
8,534
18,871
38,056
119,304
46,605
65,376
24,101
66,498
11,160
26,298
63,465
225,658
70,518
108,128
46,068
166,076
25,874
53,789
151,225
465,463
147,717
247,119
106,004
299,099
47,415
112,121
17,544
19,584
14,688
17,080
12,973
11,645
19,791
26,598
12,961
18,194
19,095
8,176
20,975
50,382
14,982
16,937
32,635
11,394
37,610
89,323
28,207
33,014
67,240
25,092
95,920
185,887
70,838
85,225
131,943
56,307
18,768
37,128
9,384
17,544
59,976
36,312
4,896
30,192
32,232
4,649
16,943
966
11,488
20,471
4,593
3,543
20,198
19,818
49,711
66,105
27,369
39,708
139,540
96,556
8,163
48,520
60,415
25,321
41,734
2,367
33,124
47,376
14,750
6,358
39,475
55,675
61,518
104,183
47,223
50,467
221,407
230,188
5,926
65,317
47,919
23,414
51,690
4,925
30,947
105,452
48,496
2,908
42,025
33,788
129,283
173,944
101,076
101,076
465,419
493,626
9,402
117,530
84,622
46,609
108,806
8,166
72,169
251,530
111,366
4,973
85,330
67,920
259,280
381,360
185,052
208,795
886,342
856,682
28,387
261,559
225,188
99,993
219,173
981,458
147,728
424,829
179,205
17,782
187,028
177,201
408,000
1169,977
813,591
450,258
1,211,800
548,511
2,350,600
1,218,097
4,783,991
3,386,844
Overall, Quebecers spent approximately 71 million days
participating in wildlife and nature activities. This means that
participants, on average, had 14 days dedicated to their outdoor
activities of choice. Again, Montréal and the Montérégie have the
most recreation days with 10 and 12 million days respectively.
The number is significantly higher than the other regions,
specifically with regard to the outdoor recreation numbers where
they both have more than 6 million recreation days. Most rural
settings tend to keep their participants in the region to practice
their activities since the resources are readily available (Table 5).
Auger
Tourter.com
130
TABLE 5
N U M B ER O F R E CR E AT I O N D A YS (P RO V I N CE W I D E AN D W I T HI N T H E R E GI O N )
O F W I L DLI F E AN D N A T UR E A C T I V I T I ES BY Q U É BE C A D MI N I ST R AT I V E R E GI O N .
Region
Bas-Saint-Laurent
Capitale-Nationale
Centre-du-Québec
Côte-Nord
Estrie
Lanaudière
Laurentides
Laval
Mauricie
Montérégie
Montréal
Nord-du-Québec
Outaouais
All Regions
Hunting
Province
In
wide
Region
378,624
358,704
Fishing
Province In region
wide
772,937
680,270
Province
In region
wide
375,485
289,500
Outdoor Recreation
Province
In
wide
region
874,416
n/a
Province
wide
2,401,462
Total
In
region
n/a
408,204
479,196
59,160
396,372
327,223
250,879
27,360
266,128
289,099
928,450
376,300
506,018
225,069
538,293
122,060
217,876
527,735
1,798,215
577,115
597,690
405,833
868,543
173,135
365,788
947,284
3,789,136
947,284
1,348,058
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
2,172,322
6,994,997
1,959,859
2,848,138
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
366,792
236,640
254,388
336,168
164,964
210,968
298,440
450,697
236,890
255,639
323,059
142,220
409,433
813,723
281,871
386,507
556,590
227,753
947,284
1,493,794
619,378
n/a
n/a
n/a
2,021,949
2,994,854
1,392,527
n/a
n/a
n/a
248,472
603,432
118,320
248,472
674,424
354,960
94,656
420,036
573,852
63,385
592,909
303,972
962,209
3,125
347,617
181,338
509,546
259,767 2,060,441
21,526 1,215,060
44,233
131,447
267,642
820,498
441,892
926,004
258,791
550,308
32,201
380,911
631,537
171,879
103,909
618,865
858,444
848,699
302,138
1,725,175 1,066,166
459,840
9,196
658,384
377,256
2,845,465 1,456,885
2,964,797
569,244
46,293
38,562
1,616,130
921,201
904,250
724,310
1,712,398
3,315,494
1,457,360
1,530,228
6,886,026
6,412,384
109,302
2,149,606
1,894,568
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
3,402,478
6,606,310
2,383,137
2,946,630
12,466,356
10,947,201
381,698
5,006,270
4,298,674
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
11,424,562 6111,331
17,450,300 6,219,129
36,434,000
n/a
71,224,862
n/a
5,916,000
3529,274
As stated in Table 6, almost 3 billion dollars are spent annually on
wildlife and nature activities. Interestingly, fishing and outdoor
recreation activities are the categories in which participants spent
the most money with 1.0 and 1.3 million dollars respectively. This
result is surprising, considering that there are almost triple the
numbers of outdoor recreation participants (2.3 million) than
there are anglers (813,591) and almost 3.5 more outdoor
recreation days (36 million) than there are fishing days (11
millions).
Auger
Tourter.com
131
TABLE 6
A MO UN T O F M O N E Y S P EN T A N N U AL Y (P RO V I N C E W I DE AN D W I T HI N T H E R EGI O N )
O F W I L DLI F E AN D N A T UR E A C T I V I T I ES BY Q U É BE C A D MI N I ST R AT I V E R E GI O N
( N U M B ER S I N T H O U SA N D S )
Region
Bas-Saint-Laurent
Capitale-Nationale
Centre-du-Québec
Côte-Nord
Estrie
Lanaudière
Laurentides
Laval
Mauricie
Montérégie
Montréal
Nord-du-Québec
Outaouais
All Regions
Hunting
Province
In
wide
Region
37,005
24,186
Fishing
Province In region
wide
48,371
45,369
Province
In region
wide
5,461
3,959
Outdoor Recreation
Province
In
wide
region
38,083
n/a
Total
Province
wide
128,922
In
region
n/a
15,727
17,885
6,475
12,026
11,540
8,314
3,877
6,187
22,423
91,718
25,700
40,038
20,566
71,536
23,477
35,277
13,046
31,554
8,192
12,439
9,811
22,531
5,683
9,078
25,389
105,364
26,658
66,011
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
76,586
246,524
67,027
130,516
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
27,137
12,026
6,475
19,622
7,702
5,079
31,660
41,370
15,604
29,629
38,548
13,956
6,674
12,743
4,551
4,747
9,044
3,375
31,736
44,430
13,964
n/a
n/a
n/a
97,209
110,571
40,596
n/a
n/a
n/a
13,568
39,163
8,326
13,876
25,286
17,269
4,317
13,260
38,855
7,959
31,731
2,411
7,288
10,380
6,581
1,681
7,594
26,526
79,940
88,979
41,138
46,719
186,152
120,496
12,909
81,920
72,646
73,234
81,488
35,153
43,037
166,274
100,204
12,208
76,511
68,152
12,743
27,306
8,798
11,832
48,848
55,827
910,227
23,665
18,811
8,916
19,706
6,559
8,669
34,602
40,521
713,324
16,705
13,904
91,400
99,017
60,933
44,430
217,077
255,160
3,808
62,203
83,784
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
197,652
254,467
119,197
116,860
477,365
448,754
21,945
181,050
214,097
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
188,658 1,047,793
934,619
303,409
931,134
1,269,456
n/a
2,929,343
n/a
308,684
E CO N O MI C I M P O RT AN C E O F O UT DO O R R E C R EA T I O N I N T H E
P R O V I N C E O F Q UÉ B E C
Overall, outdoor recreation activities have an important impact on
the Québec economy. More than 7,000 jobs are created within
parks (589), ZECs (656), wildlife reserves (467) and outfitters
(5,933) (Table 7). The outfitters have the most employees since
they have the most entities (686), and they are private businesses
where the service aspect is particularly important. The region
having the most jobs is Northern Québec with nearly 1,900 jobs
and almost all employed by the outfitting industry. This can be
explained by the very important caribou hunting that occurs in
that region. For the other types of territories, the region that has
the most employees includes: 196 jobs in parks in the
«Laurentides» region, 140 jobs in Wildlife Reserves in the Québec
City region, and 149 jobs in ZECs in the «Gaspésie-Îles-de-laMadeleine» region.
Auger
Tourter.com
132
N U M B ER
TABLE 7
O F J O B S CR E A T E D F O R EA C H O F T H E D I F F E RE N T
BY A D MI N I ST R AT I V E R E GI O N
Region
Québec
Parks
Abitibi-Témiscamingue
Bas-Saint-Laurent
Capitale-Nationale
Centre-du-Québec
Côte-Nord
Estrie
Gaspésie - Iles-de-la-Madeleine
Lanaudière
Laurentides
Laval
Mauricie
Montérégie
Montréal
Nord-du-Québec
Outaouais
Saguenay – Lac-Saint-Jean
Total
16
24
64
0
8
1
81
53
0
196
0
0
76
0
0
0
70
589
Wildlife
Reserve
s
33
34
140
0
0
12
0
13
37
34
0
49
0
0
21
54
40
467
ZECs
T YP E S
OF
T E R RI T O RI E S
Outfitters
Total
$
33
54
60
0
17
56
4
149
35
43
0
70
0
0
0
26
109
656
498
53
113
6
53
807
n/a
148
309
338
0
973
6
0
1,857
576
196
5,933
%
580
165
377
6
78
876
85
363
381
611
0
1,092
82
0
1,878
656
415
7,645
7.6
2.2
4.9
0.1
1.0
11.5
1.1
4.7
5.0
8.0
0.0
14.3
1.1
0.0
24.6
8.6
5.4
100
More than 103 million dollars were paid in salaries to employees
in parks, wildlife reserves, ZECs and outfitters (Table 8). Outfitters
pay the most in salaries with almost 55 million dollars. They are
followed with parks with salaries of just over 21 million dollars. As
expected, the Northern Québec is the region where the most
salaries are paid, considering that they have the most employees.
The regions of the «Laurentides» and «Mauricie» come in second
and third place with nearly 12 million dollars in salaries.
Auger
Tourter.com
133
W A G ES
FO R E A CH O F T H E
Region
TABLE 8
D I FF E R EN T T YP E S O F T E RRI T O RI ES
A DM I N I ST RA T I V E R EGI O N
ZECs
Outfitters
568,320
Wildlife
Reserves
896,714
745,691
4,594,870
841,955
935,145
1,213,576
492,308
3,482,984
3.4
2,294,327
3,855,870
1,330,550
1,039,316
8,520,063
8.3
0
0
0
54,700
54,700
0.1
294,684
0
380,156
492,308
1,167,148
1.1
42,098
2,883,695
1,915,447
330,065
0
345,875
1,257,440
87,728
3,319,058
7,439,311
0
1,367,521
9,068,914
2,971,423
6,947,901
8.8
2.9
6.7
0
6,988,226
0
0
2,736,353
0
0
1,012,006
935,145
0
1,345,071
0
0
563,649
774,934
950,391
0
1,549,868
0
0
0
2,844,442
3,117,947
0
8,970,935
54,700
0
17,120,907
4,631,382
11,991,709
0
11,865,874
2,791,053
0
17,684,556
4.5
11.6
0.0
11.5
2.7
0.0
17.1
0
2,483,767
1,485,983
1,101,677
584,856
2,427,152
5,305,980
1,805,127
7,376,819
7,817,723
7.1
7.6
12,807,200
14,621,400
Total 21,048,872
54,700,372
103,177,844
100
Bas-SaintLaurent
CapitaleNationale
Centre-duQuébec
Côte-Nord
Estrie
Gaspésie - Ilesde-la-Madeleine
Lanaudière
Laurentides
Laval
Mauricie
Montérégie
Montréal
Nord-duQuébec
Outaouais
Québec Parks
BY
Total Spending
$
%
6,805,595
6.6
Total management expenditures in the different types of
territories were approximately 149.5 million dollars (Table 9). This
amount can be sub-divided as follows: slightly more than 25
million for parks, 13.5 million dollars for wildlife reserves, 19
million dollars for ZECs, and almost 92 million dollars for
outfitters. Almost 20% of the total amount is spent by outfitters in
the Northern Québec.
Auger
Tourter.com
134
O F T HE
Region
Bas-Saint-Laurent
Capitale-Nationale
Centre-du-Québec
Côte-Nord
Estrie
Gaspésie - Iles-de-laMadeleine
Lanaudière
Laurentides
Laval
Mauricie
Montérégie
Montréal
Nord-du-Québec
Outaouais
Saguenay – Lac-SaintJean
Total
TABLE 9
A MO UN T O F M O N E Y S P EN T FO R T H E O P ER AT I O N
D I FF E R EN T T Y P E S O F T ER RI T O RI E S B Y A D MI N I S T R AT I V E R E GI O N
Québec
Parks
675,999
Wildlife
Reserves
952,000
1,001,480
2,729,033
0
350,518
50,074
3,430,069
2,278,367
ZECs
Outfitters
Total Spending
$
%
10,313,466
6.9
978,433
7,707,034
992,800
4,093,600
0
0
353,600
0
367,200
1,597,898
1,738,301
0
499,945
1,643,874
111,752
4,354,620
825,754
1,743,258
91,750
825,754
12,478,054
n/a
2,293,760
4,417,932
10,304,192
91,750
1,676,217
14,525,602
3,541,821
9,293,947
3.0
6.9
0.1
1.1
9.7
2.4
6.2
0
8,312,284
0
0
3,254,810
0
0
0
2,954,366
1,074,400
992,800
0
1,428,000
0
0
598,400
1,577,600
1,169,600
1,013,782
1,239,649
0
2,026,109
0
0
0
758,574
3,172,216
4,771,021
5,229,773
0
15,047,065
91,750
0
28,717,875
8,899,789
3,027,763
6,859,203
15,774,506
0
18,501,174
3,346,560
0
29,316,275
11,235,963
10,323,945
4.6
10.5
0.0
12.4
2.2
0.0
19.6
7.5
6.9
25,037,000
13,600,000
19,135,153
91,750,400
149,522,553
100
D ISCUSSION
O U T DO O R R E CR E AT I O N RE SO UR C E S I N T H E P RO V I N C E O F
QUÉBEC
The province of Québec has one of the most pristine
environments in the world and the development of outdoor
recreation is very important. The province has already established
this through the development of an ecotourism policy Tourisme
Québec 2002), its sustainable tourism policy (Tourisme Québec,
2005) and its 2007 marketing plan (Tourisme Québec, 2007).
The province has more than 130, 000 km2 of designated outdoor
recreation areas which do not include the provincial crown land
covering more than 85% of the province. There are more than 800
designated areas where outdoor recreation may be practiced.
However, there is a major problem with the management of all
this land, since it is managed by a wide variety of public and paraAuger
Tourter.com
135
public organizations, and the goals and objectives of these
organizations vary drastically. For example, the SEPAQ, which
manages Québec parks and wildlife reserves, manages these
public lands as commercial enterprises. This does not always
match very well with the original purpose of the existence of
parks which is the preservation and enjoyment of the citizens of
the province (MLCP, 1982). There needs to be a centralization of
the management of these resources and cohesion in the policies
that oversee the territories.
O U T DO O R P ART I CI P A T I O N AN D I MP O RT AN C E O F P R A CT I C E S I N
T H E P R O V I N CE O F Q U É B EC
The provincial study of the early 2000s has clearly established that
outdoor recreation in the province is very significant. There are
100,000s of people that participate in outdoor recreation and
spend millions of dollars in several regions and in all sorts of
different categories of land across the province of Québec.
However, there are two main difficulties with the results of the
study. First, the sources of information are very wide spread with
relation to the time span the data was collected and there can be
some problems with reliability and validity of the data.
Furthermore, and probably more importantly, this study seems to
be a one-time thing –a snap shot. To understand participation and
its trends, longitudinal data is indispensable. In the 1980s and the
1990s the province participated in a study on the importance of
nature and fauna to Canadians (Statistics Canada, 1982, 1988
1992, 1996), but they have decided not to participate in the study
anymore. To obtain data on outdoor recreation trends at the
present time the only sources of information are available from
the United States through their big national studies or the state
SCORP programs. The province needs to develop a systematic
approach to gathering data on outdoor recreation where they go
back to the 1980s program or develop a new one.
I MP LI CA T I O N S FO R T H E FUT U R E O F O UT DO O R R E CR E AT I O N I N
T H E P R O V I N C E O F Q U É B EC
First, the province needs to centralize and simplify its land
management. This would allow all decision makers to be on the
same wave length and would allow a clear understanding of the
territories in the province. Second, it needs to develop a
Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan (CORP) to allow an
integration of all outdoor recreation in the province of Québec.
Auger
Tourter.com
136
This plan needs to go much further than the present park strategic
plans that are not based on baseline data.
As stated by several American states (New York, 2003; Colorado,
2003; Maine, 2003), a CORP needs to be prepared on a regular
basis (every 5 or 7 years) by the Québec government to provide
the province with a strategic direction. A CORP would then be
used as a tool that could help with the planning and development
process of outdoor recreation resources in the province. It would
be the basis for all decision makers in all branches of the
provincial government, for recreation and environmental interest
groups and Québec’s population. Different stakeholders such as:
planners, researchers, administrators, legislators, educators,
special interest groups, the general public and private sector
entrepreneurs could then use this information as the basis for the
provinces decision making.
As presented by the South Carolina government (1995), the
minimum requirements for such a plan include:
A description of the methodology chosen by the province to
gather the data;
The importance for the opportunity for public participation
in the planning process;
Comprehensive coverage
comprehensive if it:
–
it
will
be
considered
1. Identifies and describes outdoor recreation issues;
2. Evaluates demand for outdoor recreation;
3. Evaluates the supply of outdoor recreation
resources and facilities.
Recommendations for the province’s strategies, priorities
and actions.
A CORP is a process, it is not a snapshot of outdoor recreation at
one period in time, but an overview of trends over the years and
it should evolve with those trends. This allows the development of
a dynamic model which will constantly evolve with the changes in
society (New York, 2003; Colorado, 2003; Maine, 2003).
Stakeholders responsible for the management and development
of Québec’s natural resources need data provided by a CORP in
order to make educated and appropriate decisions with relation
to outdoor recreation resources in the province of Québec (New
Auger
Tourter.com
137
York, 2003; Colorado, 2003; Maine, 2003). Unfortunately,
presently there is virtually no information with regard to
attitudes, perceptions and participation trends of outdoor
recreation participants in Québec. Such a system would allow
managers and planners to make decisions based on real data and
would help in the management of the province’s outdoor
recreation resources and provide Québec’s residents and visitors
with an enhanced experience.
C ONCLUSION
It is clear from the data presented in this study that outdoor
recreation is very important for citizens of the province of Québec
and its economy. However, the organization its designated areas
network and data available to understand outdoor recreation and
outdoor recreation trends in the province need to be reorganized.
This will help in the planning and development process of outdoor
recreation in the province and allow it to be systematic and data
based.
R EFERENCES
Booker, J. M. (2001). Outdoor Recreation by Alaskans: Projections
for 2000 through 2020. [Report #PNW-GTR-527]. USFS:
Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Carr, D.S. & Williams, D.R. (1993) Understanding the Role of
Ethnicity in Outdoor Recreation Experiences. Journal of
Leisure Research, 25(1).
Chubb, M. & Chubb, H. R. (1981). One Third of Our Time? New
York: John Wiley and Sons.
Colorado (2003). Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation
Plan (SCORP).
http://parks.state.co.us/Trails/LWCF/SCORPPlan/Resource
sandDocuments.htm. Retrieved on December 17, 2007.
Cordell, H. K. (1999). Outdoor Recreation in American Life: A
National Assessment of Demand and Supply Trends.
Champaign, IL: Sagamore Publishing.
Cordell, H. K., Teasley, J. & Super, G. (1997). Outdoor Recreation in
the United States: Results from the National Survey on
Recreation and the Environment. Athens, GA: USDA Forest
Service.
Douglas, R. W. (1993). Forest Recreation, 4th Ed. Prospect Heights,
IL: Waveland Press.
Auger
Tourter.com
138
Eagles, P. F. J. (2001). International Trends in Park Tourism.
Matrei, Austria: Europarc.
Environment Canada (1992). The Importance of Wildlife to
Canadians: Highlights of the 1991 Survey. FederalProvincial-Territorial Task Force on the Importance of
Nature to Canadians. Ottawa, ON: Ministry of Public Works
and Government Services.
Environment Canada (2000a). The Importance of Nature to
Canadians: The Economic Significance of Nature-related
Activities. Federal-Provincial-Territorial Task Force on the
Importance of Nature to Canadians. Ottawa, ON: Ministry
of Public Works and Government Services.
Environment Canada (2000b). The Importance of Nature to
Canadians: Survey Highlights. Federal-Provincial-Territorial
Task Force on the Importance of Nature to Canadians.
Ottawa, ON: Ministry of Public Works and Government
Services.
Floyd, M. (1999) Race, Ethnicity and Use of the National Park
System. Social Science Review Spring/Summer.
Foot, D. (2004). Leisure Futures: A Change in Demography? In K.
Weiermair, & C. Mathies (Eds.), The Tourism and Leisure
Industry: Shaping the Future (pp.21-33). Binghamton, N.Y.:
The Haworth Hospitality Press.
Gobster, P.H. (2002) Managing Urban Parks for a Racially and
Ethnically Diverse Clientele. Leisure Sciences, 24.
Gouvernement du Québec (2004). Carte du réseau des parcs
nationaux du Québec.
http://www.fapaq.gouv.qc.ca/fr/parc_que/reseau_carte.ht
m Retreived on June 12, 2006.
Gouvernement du Québec (2005). Map of Québec Administrative
Regions.
http://www.gouv.qc.ca/wps/portal/pgs/commun/portailsr
egionaux?lang=fr. Retrieved on April 11, 2006.
Gouvernement du Québec (2005a). Map of Québec Wildlife
Reserves.
http://www.fapaq.gouv.qc.ca/fr/territoi/pdf/MRNFTerritoiresFauniques-Reserves.pdf . Retrieved on June 12,
2006.
Gouvernement du Québec (2005b). Map of Québec ZECs.
http://www.fapaq.gouv.qc.ca/fr/territoi/pdf/MRNFTerritoiresFauniques-ZECS.pdf . Retrieved on June 12,
2006.
Auger
Tourter.com
139
Gouvernement du Québec (2005c). Map of Québec Outfitters with
Exclusive Access to a Territory.
http://www.fapaq.gouv.qc.ca/fr/territoi/pdf/MRNFTerritoiresFauniques-Pourvoiries.pdf
.
http://www.fapaq.gouv.qc.ca/fr/territoi/terrfaun.htm
Retrieved on June 12, 2006.
Hammit, W. & Cole, D. (1998). Wildland Recreation: Ecology and
Management. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.
Jenson, C. R. (1995). Outdoor Recreation in America. (5th Ed).
Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Maine (2003). Maine’s Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor
Recreation Plan or SCORP.
http://www.maine.gov/doc/parks/programs/SCORP/index.
html Retrieved on December 17, 2007.
Ministère du Loisir, de la Chasse et de la Pêche (MLCP) (1982). Les
parcs québécois: La politique. Québec City, QC:
Gouvernement du Québec.
Ministère du Loisir, de la Chasse et de la Pêche (MLPC) (1982a).
Les parcs québécois: L’organisation du réseau. Québec
City, QC: Gouvernement du Québec.
Ministère du Loisir, de la Chasse et de la Pêche (MLPC) (1982b).
Les parcs québécois: L’aménagement. Québec City, QC:
Gouvernement du Québec.
Ministère du Loisir, de la Chasse et de la Pêche (MLPC) (1982c).
Les parcs québécois: Les activités et services. Québec City,
QC: Gouvernement du Québec.
Ministère du Loisir, de la Chasse et de la Pêche (MLPC) (1982d).
Les parcs québécois: La gestion des ressources naturelles.
Québec City, QC: Gouvernement du Québec.
Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune (2002). Des
activités et des retombées considérables pour tout le
Québec.http://www.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca/faune/natureenchiffres/activites.jsp. Retrieved on June 12, 2006.
Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune (2004). Les
parcs nationaux du Québec.
http://www.fapaq.gouv.qc.ca/fr/parc_que/parc_existe.ht
m. Retrieved on June 12, 2006.
New York (2003). Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation
Plan 2003.
http://www.nysparks.state.ny.us/agency/scorp/.
Retrieved on December 17, 2007.
Auger
Tourter.com
140
Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune (2005).
Territoires fauniques: Territoires ayant un statut particulier
ou faisant
l'objet
d'une
protection
particulière.
http://www.fapaq.gouv.qc.ca/fr/territoi/terrfaun.htm.
Retrieved on June 12, 2006.
Les Parcs Québécois (2003).
http://www.tourisme.gouv.qc.ca/anglais/. Retrieved on
June 12, 2006.
Sessoms, H. D. & Henderson, K. A. (1994). Introduction to Leisure
Services. 7th edition. State College, PA: Venture Publishing
Inc.
South Carolina government (1995). Scorp Planning and
Participation Process.
http://www.discoversouthcarolina.com/files/RPE/scorp/SC
ORP%202002%20Draft%20-%20ID%20%20Planning%20and%20Participation%20Process.pdf.
Statistics Canada (1996). Enquête sur l'importance de la faune aux
yeux des Canadiens.
http://www.statcan.ca/francais/Dli/Data/Ftp/siwc_f.htm.
yeux des Canadiens
yeux des Canadiens
yeux des Canadiens.
http://www.statcan.ca/francais/Dli/Data/Ftp/siwc_f.htm
The Recreation Roundtable (1999). Outdoor Recreation in America
1999:
The
Family
and
the
Environment.
http://www.funoutdoors.com/Rec99/index.html. Retrieved
on June 6, 2006.
The Recreation Roundtable (2000). Outdoor Recreation in America
2000: Addressing Key Societal Concerns.
http://www.funoutdoors.com/Rec00/index.html. Retrieved
on June 6, 2006.
Tourisme Québec (2002). Nature et tourisme : L’écotourisme au
Québec en 2002. Québec City, QC: Gouvernement du
Québec.
Auger
Tourter.com
141
Tourisme Québec (2005). Vers un tourisme durable - Politique
touristique du Québec Un nouveau partenariat industriegouvernement. Québec City, QC: Gouvernement du
Québec.
Tourisme Québec (2007). Plan de marketing 2007-2008. Québec
City, QC: Gouvernement du Québec.
Wall, G. (1989). Outdoor Recreation in Canada. Toronto, ON: John
Wiley and Sons.
Zinser, C. I. (1995). Outdoor Recreation: United States National
Parks. Forests and Public Lands. New York, NY: John Wiley
and Sons.
Walker, G.J., Deng, J. & Dieser, R.B. (2001) Ethnicity,
Acculturation, Self-Construal, and Motivations for Outdoor
Recreation. Leisure Sciences, 23.
Auger
Tourter.com
142

outdoor recreation in the province of québec: an assessment

Transcription

Documents pareils

travel agent workshops 2012

Door 44 mm (1 ¾``) Leaded

The region mobilises for healthy lifestyles

Bonnes Idées! - Minnesota Chapter, American Association of

Welcome to Montreal / Bienvenue à Montréal Weather / Météo

Pathways for admission to a medical residency program

ABBEY of SAN LUIGI

Power of Attorney - Ministère de l`Éducation et de l`Enseignement

1st semester of 2015 - Emploi

Chief`s Promotional Products - Ministère de la Sécurité publique