outdoor recreation in the province of québec: an assessment
Transcription
outdoor recreation in the province of québec: an assessment
Tourisme & Territoires / Tourism & Territories (2009) OUTDOOR RECREATION IN THE PROVINCE OF QUÉBEC: AN ASSESSMENT Denis AUGER 82 Abstract The province of Québec is crisscrossed by several different ecosystems and geographic regions, a wide variety of fauna and flora and four very clear and distinct seasons which offer a variety of different opportunities and experiences for outdoor recreation and nature-based tourism. Presently, there is no accurate assessment of outdoor recreation in Canada and specifically in the province of Québec. The purpose of this paper is to try and profile outdoor recreation in the province of Québec. The content of this paper is based on several research techniques. The review of existing literature on outdoor recreation provides the background. It is also based on secondary data analysis through review of documentation prepared by the government of Québec. The Québec system is made up of more than 20 categories of land managed by several levels of government. More than 4.7 million people in the province of Québec participated in activities linked to the outdoors in these territories. The organization, its designated areas, network and data available to understand outdoor recreation and outdoor recreation trends in the province need to be reorganized. Key Words: outdoor recreation, participation, trends, Québec, parks, conservation 82 Denis Auger, Ph.D. Professor; Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières; Département d’études en loisir, culture et tourisme. The data used in this study was made available by the Société de la faune et des parcs du Québec, the Ministère des ressources naturelles et de la faune, the Ministère de développement durable, environnement et parcs, and Mr. Pierre Bouchard of the Ministère des ressources naturelles et de la faune. This paper would not have been possible without their help and support. Auger Tourter.com 114 Tourisme & Territoires / Tourism & Territories (2009) T he province of Québec is the biggest in Canada. Its size is approximately 1.7 million square kilometers (Tourisme Québec, 2002). Interestingly, 92% of this territory is public domain and under the management of the province. It is characterized by its Nordic environment and its important hydrographic basins such as the St. Lawrence and Saguenay rivers. The province is crisscrossed by several different ecosystems and geographic regions, a wide variety of fauna and flora and four, very clear and distinct seasons which offer a variety of different opportunities and experiences (Tourisme Québec, 2002). Consequently, with this type of environment and these resources, the province can offer a wide range of outdoor recreation activities, some of which include: hunting, fishing, cross-country skiing, downhill skiing, hiking, canoeing, rafting, etc. The provincial government is directly involved in the provision of several of these outdoor recreation activities by offering recreational opportunities in parks and indirectly through policies that encourage recreational participation on public or even private land. They have to make decisions in 17 administrative regions (see Map 1), therefore, information is needed to be able to make appropriate development and management decisions. O UTDOOR A MERICA RECREATION PA RTICIPATION IN N ORTH Data on participation and economic effects of participation in activities taking place on sites where the Québec government has an involvement is necessary to better plan and manage these recreational opportunities. This information is important to decision makers since it enables them to justify budgets and activities for the development of such areas. According to Cordell (1997, 1999), an estimated 94.5% of Americans reported having participated in some form of outdoor recreation activity. This figure is based on the information gathered from a 1994-1995 National Survey on Recreation and the Environment. Other studies such as Recreation Roundtable (1999, 2000) have found that outdoor recreation is an important part of Americans’ lives. More than three-quarters of Americans (78%) were participating in outdoor recreation at least once a month. This number has been rising for several years and increased 11 points between 1999 and 2000. Auger Tourter.com 115 Tourisme & Territoires / Tourism & Territories (2009) Abitibi-Témiscamingue (08) Bas-Saint-Laurent (01) Capitale-Nationale (03) Centre-du-Québec (17) Chaudière-Appalaches (12) Côte-Nord (09) Estrie (05) Gaspésie – Ïles-de-la-Madeleine (11) Lanaudière (14) Laurentides (15) Laval (13) Mauricie (04) Montérégie (16) Montréal (06) Nord-du-Québec (10) Outaouais (07) Saguenay – Lac-Saint-Jean (02) Source: Gouvernement du Québec (2005) Map 1 – Map of Québec Administrative Regions Another study by Cordell (1999) mentioned that the number of people visiting federal sites and areas increased by over 40% since 1986, with the major increase, some 222 million visitor days, occurring in Forest Service, Corps of Engineers, and Bureau of Land Management managed areas. Furthermore, from a Canadian perspective, Environment Canada (2000b) states that in 1996, 20 million or 84.6% of Canadians took part in one or more nature-related activities in Canada. Eagles (2001) indicates that visitation trends in Ontario provincial parks, as measured in visitor days of recreation, have increased over the last decade from approximately 61 million visitor days to nearly 90 million. Auger Tourter.com 116 Tourisme & Territoires / Tourism & Territories (2009) Unfortunately, the most recent survey (Environment Canada, 2000a, 2000b) has changed drastically from the earlier versions and trends are difficult to establish with the previous surveys. The Environment Canada (1992) studies discuss the growing importance of outdoor recreation activities in terms of how Canadians spend their leisure time as well as the increasing recreational demands placed on wildlife resources. A comparison of the results of the 1991 survey with those from the previous surveys shows there was a growth of participation in wildliferelated activities. The number of participants in wildlife-related activities increased by approximately 13 percent over the decade (1981-1991). The study also discussed how the total expenditures on wildlife-related activities increased by 32.9 percent for that same period (Environment Canada, 1992). Furthermore, since Canadian and Québec demographics are changing, these changes are having an influence on recreation and outdoor recreation participation (Foot, 2004). The diversification of the population has very important implications for the development of outdoor recreation resources (Carr & Williams, 1993; Floyd, 1999) in order to insure proper management of the resource. Outdoor recreation land managers must react to the changing needs and values of the new and diverse users (Gobster, 2002; Walker, Deng, & Dieser, 2001). Thus, outdoor recreational decision makers will need to recognize this shift in usage and participation, and they will need to develop strategies to encourage participation. Outdoor recreation is a large and expanding industry in North America. Canadians and Americans spend millions of dollars on nature-based leisure and travel. The money spent on these activities has steadily increased over the years and decades. Studies such as Cordell (1999) state that the total consumer spending patterns on goods and services related to outdoor recreation increased steadily between 1985 and 1995 (27.4 billion dollars to 35.6 billion dollars). As stated by Environment Canada (2000a), 20 million Canadians spent 11.0 billion dollars in 1996 to pursue nature-related activities. Furthermore, when taking into account U.S. visitors to Canada, the amount spent increased by an additional 700 million dollars with regard to activities such as wildlife viewing and recreational fishing. The number would have been even higher if U.S. visitors in Canada, had also been included in activities such Auger Tourter.com 117 Tourisme & Territoires / Tourism & Territories (2009) as: sightseeing, camping, boating and hiking (Environment Canada, 2000a). As previously stated, not only are eco-tourism and outdoor recreation important today for North Americans, but they will continue to be important in the future. A study by Cordell (1999) has developed a model that examines outdoor recreation trends to the year 2050. The model predicts that days spent and numbers of participants in winter, water-based, and developed land activities will generally increase faster than population growth. Furthermore, another study by Booker (2001) also predicts, with the help of a model, that nature-based tourism and outdoor recreation in Alaska is projected to increase steadily over the next 20 years. However, trends and projections of outdoor recreation in Canada are very difficult to find today. Considering similar patterns with relation to spending and participation, it is fairly safe to assume that similar trends can be expected in all of North America. O UTDOOR RECREATION RE SOURCES Considering that outdoor recreation participation is an important part of North American and, specifically, Canadians’ lives, and that it seems to be growing, there is a need for areas in which to practice nature-based tourism and outdoor recreation activities. Nature-based tourism and outdoor recreation are land-use activities (Wall, 1989) which are dependent on attributes of the natural environment where the activity is occurring. Sessoms (1994) even suggests that all activities of a recreational nature resulting from interest in the environment and relationship to its elements are outdoor recreation. Furthermore, Hammit and Cole (1998) state, for wild recreation, the importance of the environment and setting for the activities is greater than in developed recreation situations. Douglas (1993) says that outdoor recreation requires a lot of space, a suitable climate and accessibility. Hammit and Cole (1998) also mention that wilderness recreation occurs in wild lands that can be defined as largely natural. Typically, according to Jenson (1995), outdoor resources are organized into three major categories: land resources, water resources, and living resources. As stated by Zinser (1995), recreational resources refer to the natural resources that are used to obtain conscious enjoyment during leisure. In other words, it is Auger Tourter.com 118 Tourisme & Territoires / Tourism & Territories (2009) a source of supply of recreational opportunities (Chubb & Chubb, 1981; Wall, 1989). O UTDOOR RECREATION OF Q UÉBEC RE SOURCES IN THE P ROVINCE As previously stated, there is presently no accurate assessment of outdoor recreation in Canada, specifically in the province of Québec. There are bits and pieces available through several ministries and organizations that oversee and offer outdoor recreation opportunities in the province. The purpose of this paper is to try and profile outdoor recreation in the province of Québec. To do this, the paper will try to answer the following questions. What are the outdoor recreation resources in the province of Québec? What are outdoor participation practices in the province of Québec? What is the importance of outdoor recreation for the province of Québec? What are the implications for the future of outdoor recreation? M ETHODOLOGY The content of this paper is based on several research techniques. The review of existing literature on outdoor recreation provides the background, and is based on secondary data analysis through review of documentation prepared by the government of Québec, specifically, «Le Ministère de Éducation, Loisir et Sport», «Le Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune», «Le Ministère du Développement Durable, Environnement et Parcs», «La Société de la Faune et des Parcs du Québec», and «La Société des Établissements de Plein Air du Québec (SEPAQ)». The information gathered from these sources provides information on demand, supply and situation of outdoor recreation in the province of Québec. Data on participation and the economic impact of outdoor recreation comes from a series of reports entitled «La faune et la nature: Ça compte». These reports were published by the Québec government in 2005. This is presently the best information available for the province of Québec. However, it is Auger Tourter.com 119 Tourisme & Territoires / Tourism & Territories (2009) important to note that even if the greatest care was taken to put this information together, there are still real issues with the validity and the reliability of the data. The data is already 5 to 10 years old and because it was gathered from a wide variety of sources, it is not clear if all the sources gathered the information using the same concepts, definitions and processes. Part of the data comes from two Canadian studies on recreational fishing undertaken between 1996 and 2000 in collaboration with Statistics Canada, Environment Canada and Fisheries and Ocean Canada. Furthermore, the data also comes from studies done by «l’Institut de la statistique du Québec», «le Groupe-conseil Roche», U.S. Fish and Wildlife, «Centre de recherche industrielle du Québec», and «Société des établissements de plein air du Québec». Finally, the data was completed from outfitter and Controlled Exploitation or Harvesting Zones (ZECS) annual reports. Some definitions (Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune, 2002) Outdoor recreation: Activities related to nature: hiking, camping, canoeing, kayaking, snowmobiling, etc. Wildlife observation: Activities related to wildlife that requires a trip but no harvesting of wildlife (ex: photography). Hunting and fishing: Traditional activities of strictly harvesting (including catch and release) wildlife through the acts of hunting and fishing. R ESULTS O U T DO O R R E CR E AT I O N R E SO U R C ES I N T H E P R O V I N C E O F QUÉBEC The province of Québec has a very complex territory classification system, which is managed by private and public organizations. From the public stand point, several levels of government are involved which include the federal, provincial and local levels. Each level has different ministries or departments managing different categories of land. Furthermore, the actual classification of land is very difficult to pin point the whole picture. There is no master list that defines all categories of land. In order to paint a picture of the situation in the province of Québec all levels of government and all ministries or departments need to be contacted. After this has been accomplished, a picture Auger Tourter.com 120 Tourisme & Territoires / Tourism & Territories (2009) starts to emerge. The Québec system is made up of more than 20 categories of land (Table 1) managed by several levels of government. Of these territories, the Québec Government has identified four (Provincial Parks, Wildlife Reserves, Controlled Exploitation or Harvesting Zones (ZECs) and Outfitters) as being the main categories of territories where outdoor recreation is practiced (Table 2). P R O V I N CI AL O R N AT I O N A L P A RK S Provincial parks system, also called the Québec National Parks system, in the province of Québec, was created in 1977. However, provincial parks have existed in the province for more than 100 years (Parc du Mont Tremblant created in 1894). Initially, the system was divided into two broad categories: conservation parks and recreation parks (Ministère du loisir, de la chasse et de la pêche (MLCP) 1982, 1982a, 1982b, 1982c, 1982d; Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune, 2004). However, the law («Loi sur les parcs») was amended in 2001 and now all Québec provincial parks have the same proprietary goal; which is: «The discovery and conservation of natural environments with activities and services which are compatible with the mission of these territories». There are 23 parks in the Québec system and they cover a little more than 7500 km2 (Map 2 and Table 2). They were created for the conservation of Québec’s natural settings, flora and fauna. Recreational activities such as fishing, hiking and camping are permitted in the system, however hunting and trapping are not permitted within park boundaries. Furthermore, exploitation activities like mining, prospecting, and timber cutting are not permitted. Auger Tourter.com 121 Tourisme & Territoires / Tourism & Territories (2009) TABLE 1 CLASSIFICATION OF QUÉBEC TERRITORIES THAT HAVE A SPECIAL STATUS Government level Federal Provincial Ministry or department Environment Canada Parks Canada Canadian Wildlife Service Classification National Parks Migratory Bird Refuges National Wildlife Reserves Ministère du Développement Durable, Environnement et Parcs Écological Reserves Aquatic Reserves Biodiversity Reserves Natural Reserves on Private land Forest Stations Forest Education Centres Crown Land Société des établissements de plein air du Québec (SÉPAQ) Provincial Parks (Actually called Québec National Parks) Ministère de Affaires Municipales Regional Parks Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et Faune Exceptionnal Forest Ecologies Special agreements between the Québec Government and private land owners Outfitters Community Wildlife Areas Developed Small Lac Controlled Exploitation Zones (ZECs) Wildlife Reserves Wildlife Refuges Beaver Reserves Trapping Areas Special agreements with private land owners negociated by the Wildlife Foundation Special agreements between native Americans and the Québec Government Protected Wildlife Habitats on Crown Land Auger Tourter.com 122 Tourisme & Territoires / Tourism & Territories (2009) W H ER E TABLE 2 S CO P E O F T H E M AI N T ER RI T O RI ES M O ST O UT DO O R R EC R E AT I O N T AK ES I N T H E P RO V I N C E O F Q U ÉB E C Territory Provincial Parks Wildlife Reserves Controlled Exploitation Zones (ZECs) Outfitters Number 23 21 86 686 P LA C E Area (km2) 7,545 66,886 47,877 25,470* Source: Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune (2002) * Outfitters with exclusive rights Presently, the parks and the system are managed by the provincial government, through the « Ministère du Développement Durable, Environnement et Parcs ». The actual management is done by a public corporation (Société des établissements de plein air du Québec). Auger Tourter.com 123 Tourisme & Territoires / Tourism & Territories (2009) Source: Gouvernement du Québec (2004) Map 2 – Map of Québec Provincial Parks Auger Tourter.com 124 Tourisme & Territoires / Tourism & Territories (2009) W I L D LI F E R ES E RV ES The wildlife reserve system in the province of Québec is made up of 21 reserves covering almost 67 000 km2 (Table 2 and Map 3). The first wildlife reserve was created in 1895 (now called Réserve Faunique des Laurentides) and since the beginning, these reserves were created for the purpose of conservation and controlled exploitation as the park system recreational activities are encouraged and managed. However, wildlife reserves also allow strictly controlled timber cutting and mining which is not allowed in Québec parks. The management of the wildlife reserves is assumed by the Québec government, through its public corporation, the «Société des Établissements de Plein Air du Québec». The basic principal of the wildlife reserve system is to allow equal access to natural resources. When demand exceeds supply, priority is given to Quebecers and a random draw is used to select usage priorities from the recreational perspective. Source: Gouvernement du Québec (2005c) Map 3 – Map of Québec Outfitters with exclusive rights Auger Tourter.com 125 Tourisme & Territoires / Tourism & Territories (2009) C O N T R O LL E D E XP LO I T AT I O N OR H AR V E ST I N G Z O N E S (ZEC S ) ZECs are a unique land management approach. It is different from anything else in the world, insofar as, the management of these zones is entrusted to non-profit organizations. These organizations are responsible for the management and conservation of wildlife on the territories that are still public property. They must manage the wildlife according to the parameters set forth by the law on conservation and valorization of wildlife. They must also coordinate with the «Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune» and timber companies with regard to the cutting of timber and construction of roads with in the ZECs. The ZECs territorial infrastructure was set up to take over from private clubs on public land which were abolished in 1978. There are 86 (Table 1 and Map 4) ZECs in the province of Québec. There are 64 hunting, fishing and recreational ZECs and in addition to these territorial entities, the Government also created 22 salmon fishing ZECs throughout the province. ZECs cover almost 50,000 km². As stated by the Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune (2005), the ZEC concept is based on four broad objectives: Wildlife conservation: Management organizations must oversee the monitoring and control of wildlife harvesting in order to ensure a balance between the demand by users and the wildlife supply; Access to wildlife resources: Organizations must see to it that everyone has equal access to the territory and to the recreational use of wildlife; Participation of users: The participation of users constitutes an essential element in the ZEC concept. These zones are democratic entities, managed and administered by users acting on a volunteer basis; Operations must be self-financing: ZEC operations must be selffinancing. This is achieved through revenues from the sale of membership cards and daily access rights, as well as the sale of hunting or fishing packages or packages combining both these activities. Auger Tourter.com 126 Tourisme & Territoires / Tourism & Territories (2009) Source: Gouvernement du Québec (2005b) Map 4 – Map of Québec ZECs O U T FI T T ER S The province of Québec has a network of outfitters that falls under two broad categories: outfitters with exclusive rights and outfitters without exclusive rights. The first category, outfitters with exclusive rights, has the exclusive right of exploitation of wildlife over a certain territory. The agreement for the rights and the territory is done through a lease format that is signed with the «Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune». The outfitter only has rights over the wildlife for hunting, fishing and/or trapping purposes. The wildlife on these territories must be managed as it is in wildlife refuges or ZECs, according to the parameters set forth by the law on conservation and valorization of wildlife. Auger Tourter.com 127 Tourisme & Territoires / Tourism & Territories (2009) The second category, outfitters without exclusive rights, does not have this exclusivity agreement for hunting, fishing and/or trapping of wildlife. Its clients participate in activities that occur on crown (public domain) or private land. The network of outfitters in the province of Québec includes 686 businesses, where 193 have exclusive rights (28%) and 493 do not (Table 2). Outfitters with exclusive rights cover an area of over 25,000 km2 (Table 2 and Map 5) Source: Gouvernement du Québec (2005a) Map 5 – Map of Québec Wildlife Reserves P AR T I CI P A T I O N I N O UT DO O R R E C R EA T I O N I N T H E P RO V I N C E O F Q U É BE C As presented in Table 3, the bulk of all days dedicated to wildlife and nature activities are spent doing outdoor recreation activities (51%). More traditional activities such as hunting and fishing only represent 8% and 16% of wildlife and nature recreation activities in the province of Québec. Furthermore, there seems to be a difference between urban and rural settings for the types of outdoor recreation activities that are practiced. Urban settings such as Montréal, Laval and Québec City have the lowest percentage for hunting and fishing days dedicated to the activity, while more rural settings like Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Saguenay- Auger Tourter.com 128 Tourisme & Territoires / Tourism & Territories (2009) Lac-Saint-Jean and Bas Saint-Laurent put more time into those types of activities. P E R C EN T A G E TABLE 3 O F D AY S D E DI C AT E D T O W I LD LI F E A N D N A T UR E AC T I V I T I ES BY Q U É B E C A D MI N I ST R AT I V E R E GI O N Region Hunting Fishing Wildlife Observation Abitibi-Témiscamingue 15.9 32.4 15.7 Bas-Saint-Laurent 19.0 13.3 24.2 Capitale-Nationale 6.9 13.4 26.0 Centre-du-Québec 3.2 18.7 28.7 Chaudière-Appalaches 13.8 17.6 20.8 Côte-Nord 18.6 15.1 20.8 Estrie 7.8 14.8 26.7 Gaspésie - Iles-de-la-Madeleine 18.2 16.9 20.1 Lanaudière 7.6 17.6 25.2 Laurentides 8.8 13.9 24.9 Laval 5.0 14.6 19.3 Mauricie 10.8 17.2 22.2 Montérégie 5.5 16.7 23.0 Montréal 3.2 11.1 27.0 Nord-du-Québec 21.9 3.5 10.7 Outaouais 8.5 16.7 32.8 Saguenay – Lac-Saint-Jean 13.0 21.7 21.2 All Regions 8.3 16.0 24.5 Source: Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune (2002) Outdoor Recreation 36.0 43.5 53.7 49.4 47.8 45.5 50.7 44.8 49.6 52.4 61.6 49.8 54.8 58.7 36.9 42.0 44.1 51.2 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 More than 4.7 million people in the province of Québec participated in outdoor activities (Table 4), and of these, approximately 3.2 million people participated in nature and wildlife related activities (hunting: over 400 000: fishing: over 800,000 and wildlife observation: over 1.2 million) and more than 2.3 million people did outdoor recreation activities like hiking, kayaking and camping. The regions which have the most participants are Montréal and the Montérégie with well over 800,000 participants. Interestingly, areas with a large urban center do not keep their participants in the region. They tend to practice their activities out of region, with the most notable being Montreal, where only 180,000 of the 856,000 participants stayed in the region to practice their activities. Auger Tourter.com 129 Tourisme & Territoires / Tourism & Territories (2009) TABLE 4 OF Region AbitibiTémiscamingue Bas-Saint-Laurent Capitale-Nationale Centre-du-Québec ChaudièreAppalaches Côte-Nord Estrie Gaspésie - Iles-dela-Madeleine Lanaudière Laurentides Laval Mauricie Montérégie Montréal Nord-du-Québec Outaouais Saguenay – LacSaint-Jean All Regions N U M B ER O F P A R T I CI P A N T S (P RO V I N C E W I D E A N D W I T HI N T H E R E GI O N ) W I L DLI F E AN D N A T UR E A C T I V I T I ES BY Q U É BE C A D MI N I ST R AT I V E R E GI O N Hunting Province In wide Region 21,624 17,337 Fishing Province In region wide 40,868 37,078 Wildlife Observation Province In region wide 21,972 15,843 Outdoor Recreation Province In wide region 51,713 44,075 Total Province In wide region 136,177 114,333 24,888 28,968 5,304 28,968 15,621 12,608 1,847 13,163 24,816 82,533 25,290 44,647 20,214 53,917 8,534 18,871 38,056 119,304 46,605 65,376 24,101 66,498 11,160 26,298 63,465 225,658 70,518 108,128 46,068 166,076 25,874 53,789 151,225 465,463 147,717 247,119 106,004 299,099 47,415 112,121 17,544 19,584 14,688 17,080 12,973 11,645 19,791 26,598 12,961 18,194 19,095 8,176 20,975 50,382 14,982 16,937 32,635 11,394 37,610 89,323 28,207 33,014 67,240 25,092 95,920 185,887 70,838 85,225 131,943 56,307 18,768 37,128 9,384 17,544 59,976 36,312 4,896 30,192 32,232 4,649 16,943 966 11,488 20,471 4,593 3,543 20,198 19,818 49,711 66,105 27,369 39,708 139,540 96,556 8,163 48,520 60,415 25,321 41,734 2,367 33,124 47,376 14,750 6,358 39,475 55,675 61,518 104,183 47,223 50,467 221,407 230,188 5,926 65,317 47,919 23,414 51,690 4,925 30,947 105,452 48,496 2,908 42,025 33,788 129,283 173,944 101,076 101,076 465,419 493,626 9,402 117,530 84,622 46,609 108,806 8,166 72,169 251,530 111,366 4,973 85,330 67,920 259,280 381,360 185,052 208,795 886,342 856,682 28,387 261,559 225,188 99,993 219,173 981,458 147,728 424,829 179,205 17,782 187,028 177,201 408,000 1169,977 813,591 450,258 1,211,800 548,511 2,350,600 1,218,097 4,783,991 3,386,844 Source: Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune (2002) Overall, Quebecers spent approximately 71 million days participating in wildlife and nature activities. This means that participants, on average, had 14 days dedicated to their outdoor activities of choice. Again, Montréal and the Montérégie have the most recreation days with 10 and 12 million days respectively. The number is significantly higher than the other regions, specifically with regard to the outdoor recreation numbers where they both have more than 6 million recreation days. Most rural settings tend to keep their participants in the region to practice their activities since the resources are readily available (Table 5). Auger Tourter.com 130 Tourisme & Territoires / Tourism & Territories (2009) TABLE 5 N U M B ER O F R E CR E AT I O N D A YS (P RO V I N CE W I D E AN D W I T HI N T H E R E GI O N ) O F W I L DLI F E AN D N A T UR E A C T I V I T I ES BY Q U É BE C A D MI N I ST R AT I V E R E GI O N . Region AbitibiTémiscamingue Bas-Saint-Laurent Capitale-Nationale Centre-du-Québec ChaudièreAppalaches Côte-Nord Estrie Gaspésie - Iles-dela-Madeleine Lanaudière Laurentides Laval Mauricie Montérégie Montréal Nord-du-Québec Outaouais Saguenay – LacSaint-Jean All Regions Hunting Province In wide Region 378,624 358,704 Fishing Province In region wide 772,937 680,270 Wildlife Observation Province In region wide 375,485 289,500 Outdoor Recreation Province In wide region 874,416 n/a Province wide 2,401,462 Total In region n/a 408,204 479,196 59,160 396,372 327,223 250,879 27,360 266,128 289,099 928,450 376,300 506,018 225,069 538,293 122,060 217,876 527,735 1,798,215 577,115 597,690 405,833 868,543 173,135 365,788 947,284 3,789,136 947,284 1,348,058 n/a n/a n/a n/a 2,172,322 6,994,997 1,959,859 2,848,138 n/a n/a n/a n/a 366,792 236,640 254,388 336,168 164,964 210,968 298,440 450,697 236,890 255,639 323,059 142,220 409,433 813,723 281,871 386,507 556,590 227,753 947,284 1,493,794 619,378 n/a n/a n/a 2,021,949 2,994,854 1,392,527 n/a n/a n/a 248,472 603,432 118,320 248,472 674,424 354,960 94,656 420,036 573,852 63,385 592,909 303,972 962,209 3,125 347,617 181,338 509,546 259,767 2,060,441 21,526 1,215,060 44,233 131,447 267,642 820,498 441,892 926,004 258,791 550,308 32,201 380,911 631,537 171,879 103,909 618,865 858,444 848,699 302,138 1,725,175 1,066,166 459,840 9,196 658,384 377,256 2,845,465 1,456,885 2,964,797 569,244 46,293 38,562 1,616,130 921,201 904,250 724,310 1,712,398 3,315,494 1,457,360 1,530,228 6,886,026 6,412,384 109,302 2,149,606 1,894,568 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 3,402,478 6,606,310 2,383,137 2,946,630 12,466,356 10,947,201 381,698 5,006,270 4,298,674 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 11,424,562 6111,331 17,450,300 6,219,129 36,434,000 n/a 71,224,862 n/a 5,916,000 3529,274 Source: Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune (2002) As stated in Table 6, almost 3 billion dollars are spent annually on wildlife and nature activities. Interestingly, fishing and outdoor recreation activities are the categories in which participants spent the most money with 1.0 and 1.3 million dollars respectively. This result is surprising, considering that there are almost triple the numbers of outdoor recreation participants (2.3 million) than there are anglers (813,591) and almost 3.5 more outdoor recreation days (36 million) than there are fishing days (11 millions). Auger Tourter.com 131 Tourisme & Territoires / Tourism & Territories (2009) TABLE 6 A MO UN T O F M O N E Y S P EN T A N N U AL Y (P RO V I N C E W I DE AN D W I T HI N T H E R EGI O N ) O F W I L DLI F E AN D N A T UR E A C T I V I T I ES BY Q U É BE C A D MI N I ST R AT I V E R E GI O N ( N U M B ER S I N T H O U SA N D S ) Region AbitibiTémiscamingue Bas-Saint-Laurent Capitale-Nationale Centre-du-Québec ChaudièreAppalaches Côte-Nord Estrie Gaspésie - Iles-dela-Madeleine Lanaudière Laurentides Laval Mauricie Montérégie Montréal Nord-du-Québec Outaouais Saguenay – LacSaint-Jean All Regions Hunting Province In wide Region 37,005 24,186 Fishing Province In region wide 48,371 45,369 Wildlife Observation Province In region wide 5,461 3,959 Outdoor Recreation Province In wide region 38,083 n/a Total Province wide 128,922 In region n/a 15,727 17,885 6,475 12,026 11,540 8,314 3,877 6,187 22,423 91,718 25,700 40,038 20,566 71,536 23,477 35,277 13,046 31,554 8,192 12,439 9,811 22,531 5,683 9,078 25,389 105,364 26,658 66,011 n/a n/a n/a n/a 76,586 246,524 67,027 130,516 n/a n/a n/a n/a 27,137 12,026 6,475 19,622 7,702 5,079 31,660 41,370 15,604 29,629 38,548 13,956 6,674 12,743 4,551 4,747 9,044 3,375 31,736 44,430 13,964 n/a n/a n/a 97,209 110,571 40,596 n/a n/a n/a 13,568 39,163 8,326 13,876 25,286 17,269 4,317 13,260 38,855 7,959 31,731 2,411 7,288 10,380 6,581 1,681 7,594 26,526 79,940 88,979 41,138 46,719 186,152 120,496 12,909 81,920 72,646 73,234 81,488 35,153 43,037 166,274 100,204 12,208 76,511 68,152 12,743 27,306 8,798 11,832 48,848 55,827 910,227 23,665 18,811 8,916 19,706 6,559 8,669 34,602 40,521 713,324 16,705 13,904 91,400 99,017 60,933 44,430 217,077 255,160 3,808 62,203 83,784 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 197,652 254,467 119,197 116,860 477,365 448,754 21,945 181,050 214,097 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 188,658 1,047,793 934,619 303,409 931,134 1,269,456 n/a 2,929,343 n/a 308,684 Source: Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune (2002) E CO N O MI C I M P O RT AN C E O F O UT DO O R R E C R EA T I O N I N T H E P R O V I N C E O F Q UÉ B E C Overall, outdoor recreation activities have an important impact on the Québec economy. More than 7,000 jobs are created within parks (589), ZECs (656), wildlife reserves (467) and outfitters (5,933) (Table 7). The outfitters have the most employees since they have the most entities (686), and they are private businesses where the service aspect is particularly important. The region having the most jobs is Northern Québec with nearly 1,900 jobs and almost all employed by the outfitting industry. This can be explained by the very important caribou hunting that occurs in that region. For the other types of territories, the region that has the most employees includes: 196 jobs in parks in the «Laurentides» region, 140 jobs in Wildlife Reserves in the Québec City region, and 149 jobs in ZECs in the «Gaspésie-Îles-de-laMadeleine» region. Auger Tourter.com 132 Tourisme & Territoires / Tourism & Territories (2009) N U M B ER TABLE 7 O F J O B S CR E A T E D F O R EA C H O F T H E D I F F E RE N T BY A D MI N I ST R AT I V E R E GI O N Region Québec Parks Abitibi-Témiscamingue Bas-Saint-Laurent Capitale-Nationale Centre-du-Québec Chaudière-Appalaches Côte-Nord Estrie Gaspésie - Iles-de-la-Madeleine Lanaudière Laurentides Laval Mauricie Montérégie Montréal Nord-du-Québec Outaouais Saguenay – Lac-Saint-Jean Total 16 24 64 0 8 1 81 53 0 196 0 0 76 0 0 0 70 589 Wildlife Reserve s 33 34 140 0 0 12 0 13 37 34 0 49 0 0 21 54 40 467 ZECs T YP E S OF T E R RI T O RI E S Outfitters Total $ 33 54 60 0 17 56 4 149 35 43 0 70 0 0 0 26 109 656 498 53 113 6 53 807 n/a 148 309 338 0 973 6 0 1,857 576 196 5,933 % 580 165 377 6 78 876 85 363 381 611 0 1,092 82 0 1,878 656 415 7,645 7.6 2.2 4.9 0.1 1.0 11.5 1.1 4.7 5.0 8.0 0.0 14.3 1.1 0.0 24.6 8.6 5.4 100 Source: Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune (2002) More than 103 million dollars were paid in salaries to employees in parks, wildlife reserves, ZECs and outfitters (Table 8). Outfitters pay the most in salaries with almost 55 million dollars. They are followed with parks with salaries of just over 21 million dollars. As expected, the Northern Québec is the region where the most salaries are paid, considering that they have the most employees. The regions of the «Laurentides» and «Mauricie» come in second and third place with nearly 12 million dollars in salaries. Auger Tourter.com 133 Tourisme & Territoires / Tourism & Territories (2009) W A G ES FO R E A CH O F T H E Region TABLE 8 D I FF E R EN T T YP E S O F T E RRI T O RI ES A DM I N I ST RA T I V E R EGI O N ZECs Outfitters 568,320 Wildlife Reserves 896,714 745,691 4,594,870 841,955 935,145 1,213,576 492,308 3,482,984 3.4 2,294,327 3,855,870 1,330,550 1,039,316 8,520,063 8.3 0 0 0 54,700 54,700 0.1 294,684 0 380,156 492,308 1,167,148 1.1 42,098 2,883,695 1,915,447 330,065 0 345,875 1,257,440 87,728 3,319,058 7,439,311 0 1,367,521 9,068,914 2,971,423 6,947,901 8.8 2.9 6.7 0 6,988,226 0 0 2,736,353 0 0 1,012,006 935,145 0 1,345,071 0 0 563,649 774,934 950,391 0 1,549,868 0 0 0 2,844,442 3,117,947 0 8,970,935 54,700 0 17,120,907 4,631,382 11,991,709 0 11,865,874 2,791,053 0 17,684,556 4.5 11.6 0.0 11.5 2.7 0.0 17.1 0 2,483,767 1,485,983 1,101,677 584,856 2,427,152 5,305,980 1,805,127 7,376,819 7,817,723 7.1 7.6 12,807,200 14,621,400 Total 21,048,872 Source: Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune (2002) 54,700,372 103,177,844 100 AbitibiTémiscamingue Bas-SaintLaurent CapitaleNationale Centre-duQuébec ChaudièreAppalaches Côte-Nord Estrie Gaspésie - Ilesde-la-Madeleine Lanaudière Laurentides Laval Mauricie Montérégie Montréal Nord-duQuébec Outaouais Saguenay – LacSaint-Jean Québec Parks BY Total Spending $ % 6,805,595 6.6 Total management expenditures in the different types of territories were approximately 149.5 million dollars (Table 9). This amount can be sub-divided as follows: slightly more than 25 million for parks, 13.5 million dollars for wildlife reserves, 19 million dollars for ZECs, and almost 92 million dollars for outfitters. Almost 20% of the total amount is spent by outfitters in the Northern Québec. Auger Tourter.com 134 Tourisme & Territoires / Tourism & Territories (2009) O F T HE Region AbitibiTémiscamingue Bas-Saint-Laurent Capitale-Nationale Centre-du-Québec Chaudière-Appalaches Côte-Nord Estrie Gaspésie - Iles-de-laMadeleine Lanaudière Laurentides Laval Mauricie Montérégie Montréal Nord-du-Québec Outaouais Saguenay – Lac-SaintJean Total TABLE 9 A MO UN T O F M O N E Y S P EN T FO R T H E O P ER AT I O N D I FF E R EN T T Y P E S O F T ER RI T O RI E S B Y A D MI N I S T R AT I V E R E GI O N Québec Parks 675,999 Wildlife Reserves 952,000 1,001,480 2,729,033 0 350,518 50,074 3,430,069 2,278,367 ZECs Outfitters Total Spending $ % 10,313,466 6.9 978,433 7,707,034 992,800 4,093,600 0 0 353,600 0 367,200 1,597,898 1,738,301 0 499,945 1,643,874 111,752 4,354,620 825,754 1,743,258 91,750 825,754 12,478,054 n/a 2,293,760 4,417,932 10,304,192 91,750 1,676,217 14,525,602 3,541,821 9,293,947 3.0 6.9 0.1 1.1 9.7 2.4 6.2 0 8,312,284 0 0 3,254,810 0 0 0 2,954,366 1,074,400 992,800 0 1,428,000 0 0 598,400 1,577,600 1,169,600 1,013,782 1,239,649 0 2,026,109 0 0 0 758,574 3,172,216 4,771,021 5,229,773 0 15,047,065 91,750 0 28,717,875 8,899,789 3,027,763 6,859,203 15,774,506 0 18,501,174 3,346,560 0 29,316,275 11,235,963 10,323,945 4.6 10.5 0.0 12.4 2.2 0.0 19.6 7.5 6.9 25,037,000 13,600,000 19,135,153 91,750,400 149,522,553 100 Source: Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune (2002) D ISCUSSION O U T DO O R R E CR E AT I O N RE SO UR C E S I N T H E P RO V I N C E O F QUÉBEC The province of Québec has one of the most pristine environments in the world and the development of outdoor recreation is very important. The province has already established this through the development of an ecotourism policy Tourisme Québec 2002), its sustainable tourism policy (Tourisme Québec, 2005) and its 2007 marketing plan (Tourisme Québec, 2007). The province has more than 130, 000 km2 of designated outdoor recreation areas which do not include the provincial crown land covering more than 85% of the province. There are more than 800 designated areas where outdoor recreation may be practiced. However, there is a major problem with the management of all this land, since it is managed by a wide variety of public and paraAuger Tourter.com 135 Tourisme & Territoires / Tourism & Territories (2009) public organizations, and the goals and objectives of these organizations vary drastically. For example, the SEPAQ, which manages Québec parks and wildlife reserves, manages these public lands as commercial enterprises. This does not always match very well with the original purpose of the existence of parks which is the preservation and enjoyment of the citizens of the province (MLCP, 1982). There needs to be a centralization of the management of these resources and cohesion in the policies that oversee the territories. O U T DO O R P ART I CI P A T I O N AN D I MP O RT AN C E O F P R A CT I C E S I N T H E P R O V I N CE O F Q U É B EC The provincial study of the early 2000s has clearly established that outdoor recreation in the province is very significant. There are 100,000s of people that participate in outdoor recreation and spend millions of dollars in several regions and in all sorts of different categories of land across the province of Québec. However, there are two main difficulties with the results of the study. First, the sources of information are very wide spread with relation to the time span the data was collected and there can be some problems with reliability and validity of the data. Furthermore, and probably more importantly, this study seems to be a one-time thing –a snap shot. To understand participation and its trends, longitudinal data is indispensable. In the 1980s and the 1990s the province participated in a study on the importance of nature and fauna to Canadians (Statistics Canada, 1982, 1988 1992, 1996), but they have decided not to participate in the study anymore. To obtain data on outdoor recreation trends at the present time the only sources of information are available from the United States through their big national studies or the state SCORP programs. The province needs to develop a systematic approach to gathering data on outdoor recreation where they go back to the 1980s program or develop a new one. I MP LI CA T I O N S FO R T H E FUT U R E O F O UT DO O R R E CR E AT I O N I N T H E P R O V I N C E O F Q U É B EC First, the province needs to centralize and simplify its land management. This would allow all decision makers to be on the same wave length and would allow a clear understanding of the territories in the province. Second, it needs to develop a Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan (CORP) to allow an integration of all outdoor recreation in the province of Québec. Auger Tourter.com 136 Tourisme & Territoires / Tourism & Territories (2009) This plan needs to go much further than the present park strategic plans that are not based on baseline data. As stated by several American states (New York, 2003; Colorado, 2003; Maine, 2003), a CORP needs to be prepared on a regular basis (every 5 or 7 years) by the Québec government to provide the province with a strategic direction. A CORP would then be used as a tool that could help with the planning and development process of outdoor recreation resources in the province. It would be the basis for all decision makers in all branches of the provincial government, for recreation and environmental interest groups and Québec’s population. Different stakeholders such as: planners, researchers, administrators, legislators, educators, special interest groups, the general public and private sector entrepreneurs could then use this information as the basis for the provinces decision making. As presented by the South Carolina government (1995), the minimum requirements for such a plan include: A description of the methodology chosen by the province to gather the data; The importance for the opportunity for public participation in the planning process; Comprehensive coverage comprehensive if it: – it will be considered 1. Identifies and describes outdoor recreation issues; 2. Evaluates demand for outdoor recreation; 3. Evaluates the supply of outdoor recreation resources and facilities. Recommendations for the province’s strategies, priorities and actions. A CORP is a process, it is not a snapshot of outdoor recreation at one period in time, but an overview of trends over the years and it should evolve with those trends. This allows the development of a dynamic model which will constantly evolve with the changes in society (New York, 2003; Colorado, 2003; Maine, 2003). Stakeholders responsible for the management and development of Québec’s natural resources need data provided by a CORP in order to make educated and appropriate decisions with relation to outdoor recreation resources in the province of Québec (New Auger Tourter.com 137 Tourisme & Territoires / Tourism & Territories (2009) York, 2003; Colorado, 2003; Maine, 2003). Unfortunately, presently there is virtually no information with regard to attitudes, perceptions and participation trends of outdoor recreation participants in Québec. Such a system would allow managers and planners to make decisions based on real data and would help in the management of the province’s outdoor recreation resources and provide Québec’s residents and visitors with an enhanced experience. C ONCLUSION It is clear from the data presented in this study that outdoor recreation is very important for citizens of the province of Québec and its economy. However, the organization its designated areas network and data available to understand outdoor recreation and outdoor recreation trends in the province need to be reorganized. This will help in the planning and development process of outdoor recreation in the province and allow it to be systematic and data based. R EFERENCES Booker, J. M. (2001). Outdoor Recreation by Alaskans: Projections for 2000 through 2020. [Report #PNW-GTR-527]. USFS: Pacific Northwest Research Station. Carr, D.S. & Williams, D.R. (1993) Understanding the Role of Ethnicity in Outdoor Recreation Experiences. 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