Republic of Texas

Republic of Texas
1
Republic of Texas
Republic of Texas
←
→
1836–1846
Flag (1839-46)
Seal
Map of the Republic of Texas in green. The claimed area is in light green, while administered territory is in dark
green.
Capital
Washington-on-the-Brazos 1836 (provisional)
Harrisburg 1836 (provisional)
Galveston 1836 (provisional)
Velasco 1836 (provisional)
Columbia 1836-37
Houston 1837-39
Austin 1839-46
Language(s)
English (de facto) Spanish, French, German and American Indian languages regionally
Government
Republic
President1
- 1836
David G. Burnet
- 1836-1838
Sam Houston
- 1838-1841
Mirabeau B. Lamar
- 1841-1844
Sam Houston
- 1844-1846
Anson Jones
Vice President1
- 1836
Lorenzo de Zavala
- 1836-1838
Mirabeau B. Lamar
- 1838-1841
David G. Burnet
- 1841-1844
Edward Burleson
Republic of Texas
- 1844-1845
2
Kenneth L. Anderson
History
- Independence from Mexico
March 2, 1836
- Annexation by the United States of America December 29, 1845
- Transfer of power
February 19, 1846
Area
- 1840
1,007,935 km2 (389,166 sq mi)
Population
- 1840 est.
70,000
Density
0.1 /km2 (0.2 /sq mi)
Currency
Republic of Texas Dollar ($)
1
Interim period (March 16-October 22, 1836): President: David G. Burnet, Vice President Lorenzo de Zavala
The Republic of Texas was an independent sovereign state in North America
which existed from March 2, 1836, to February 19, 1846. It was bordered by the
nation of Mexico to the southwest, the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast, the two US
states of Louisiana and Arkansas to the east and northeast, and the United States
territories encompassing the current US states of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado,
Wyoming, and New Mexico to the north and west.
Flag (1836-1839)
Formed as a separate nation after gaining independence from Mexico in 1836, the
republic claimed borders that included all of the present US state of Texas as well as parts of present-day Oklahoma,
Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, and New Mexico based upon the Treaties of Velasco between the newly created Texas
Republic and Mexico. The eastern boundary with the United States was defined by the Adams-Onís Treaty between
the United States and Spain in 1819. Its southern and western-most boundary with Mexico was under dispute
throughout the entire existence of the republic with Texas claiming the boundary as the Rio Grande (known as the
Río Bravo del Norte or Río Bravo in Mexico), and Mexico claiming the boundary as the Nueces River. This dispute
would later become a trigger for the Mexican–American War from 1846 to 1848 between Mexico and the United
States after the annexation of Texas by the United States on December 29, 1845.
History
Establishment
The Republic of Texas was created from part of the Mexican state, Coahuila y Tejas, as a result of the Texas
Revolution. Mexico was in turmoil as leaders attempted to determine an optimal form of government. In 1835, when
President Antonio López de Santa Anna abolished the Constitution of 1824, granting himself enormous powers over
the government, wary colonists in Texas began forming Committees of Correspondence and Safety. A central
committee in San Felipe de Austin coordinated their activities.[1] In the Mexican interior, several states revolted
against the new centralist policies.[2] The Texas Revolution officially began on October 2, 1835, in the Battle of
Gonzales. Although the Texians originally fought for the reinstatement of the Constitution of 1824, by 1836, the aim
of the war had changed. The Convention of 1836 declared independence on March 2, 1836, and officially formed the
Republic of Texas.
Republic of Texas
1836–1845
The first Congress of the Republic of Texas convened in October 1836 at Columbia (now West Columbia). Stephen
F. Austin, known as the Father of Texas, died December 27, 1836, after serving two months as Secretary of State for
the new Republic. In 1836, five sites served as temporary capitals of Texas (Washington-on-the-Brazos, Harrisburg,
Galveston, Velasco and Columbia), before President Sam Houston moved the capital to Houston in 1837. The capital
was moved to the new town of Austin in 1839 by the next president, Mirabeau B. Lamar. The first flag of the
republic was the "Burnet Flag" (a gold star on an azure field), followed shortly thereafter by official adoption of the
Lone Star Flag.
Internal politics of the Republic were based on the conflict between two factions. The nationalist faction, led by
Lamar, advocated the continued independence of Texas, the expulsion of the Native Americans, and the expansion
of Texas to the Pacific Ocean. Their opponents, led by Houston, advocated the annexation of Texas to the United
States and peaceful coexistence with Native Americans. The Texas Congress even passed a resolution over
Houston's veto claiming the Californias for Texas.[3] The 1844 presidential election split dramatically, with the
newer western regions of the Republic preferring the nationalist candidate Edward Burleson, while the cotton
country, particularly east of the Trinity River, went for Anson Jones.[4]
The Comanches were the main Native American opposition to the Texas Republic. In the late 1830s, Sam Houston
negotiated a peace between Texas and the Comanches. Lamar replaced Houston as president in 1838, and reversed
the Indian policies. He launched a genocidal war against the Comanches and invaded Comancheria itself. In
retaliation, the Comanches attacked Texas in a series of raids. After peace talks in 1840 ended with the massacre of
34 Comanche leaders in San Antonio, the Comanches launched a major attack deep into Texas, known as the Great
Raid of 1840. Under command of Potsanaquahip (Buffalo Hump), 500-700 Comanche cavalry warriors swept down
the Guadalupe River valley, killing and plundering all the way to the shore of the Gulf of Mexico, where they sacked
the towns of Victoria and Linnville. Houston became president again in 1841 and, with both Texans and Comanches
exhausted by war, a new peace was established.[5]
Although Texas governed itself, Mexico refused to recognize its independence.[6] On March 5, 1842, a Mexican
force of over 500 men, led by Ráfael Vásquez, invaded Texas for the first time since the revolution. They soon
headed back to the Rio Grande after briefly occupying San Antonio. About 1,400 Mexican troops, led by the French
mercenary general Adrián Woll, launched a second attack and captured San Antonio on September 11, 1842. A
Texas militia retaliated at the Battle of Salado Creek.[7] A reinforcement militia, however, was defeated by Mexican
soldiers and Texas Cherokee Indians on September 18 during the Dawson Massacre.[8] The Mexican army would
later retreat from the city of San Antonio.
Among the effects of Mexico's attacks on Texas was the intensification of conflicts between political factions,
including an incident known as the Texas Archive War. To "protect" the Texas national archives, President Sam
Houston ordered them removed from Austin. The archives were eventually returned to Austin, albeit at gunpoint.
The Texas Congress admonished Houston for the incident, and this episode in Texas history would solidify Austin as
Texas's seat of government for the Republic and the future state.[9]
There were also domestic disturbances. The Regulator–Moderator War was a land feud in Harrison and Shelby
Counties in East Texas from 1839 to 1844. The feud eventually involved Nacogdoches, San Augustine, and other
East Texas counties. Harrison County Sheriff John J. Kennedy and county judge Joseph U. Fields helped end the
conflict, siding with the law and order party. Sam Houston ordered 500 militia to help end the feud.
3
Republic of Texas
4
Government
After gaining their independence, the Texas voters had
elected a Congress of 14 senators and 29 representatives in
September 1836. The Constitution allowed the first
president to serve for only two years, and set a three-year
term for all later presidents.
Sam Houston and Stephen F. Austin depicted on a 1936 US
postage stamp commemorating 100th anniversary of the Texas
Republic
The first Congress of the Republic of Texas convened in
October 1836 at Columbia (now West Columbia). Stephen
F. Austin, often referred to as the "Father of Texas," died
on December 27, 1836, after serving just two months as
the republic's secretary of state. Due mainly to the ongoing
war for independence, five sites served as temporary
capitals of Texas in 1836: (Washington-on-the-Brazos,
Harrisburg, Galveston, Velasco and Columbia). The
capital was moved to the new city of Houston in 1837.
In 1839, a small pioneer settlement situated on the Colorado River in central Texas was chosen as the republic's
seventh and final capital. Incorporated under the name Waterloo, the town was renamed Austin shortly thereafter in
honor of Stephen F. Austin.
The court system inaugurated by Congress included a Supreme Court consisting of a chief justice appointed by the
president and four associate justices, elected by a joint ballot of both houses of Congress for four-year terms and
eligible for re-election. The associates also presided over four judicial districts. Houston nominated James
Collinsworth to be the first chief justice. The county-court system consisted of a chief justice and two associates,
chosen by a majority of the justices of the peace in the county. Each county was also to have a sheriff, a coroner,
justices of the peace, and constables to serve two-year terms. Congress formed 23 counties, whose boundaries
generally coincided with the existing municipalities.
In 1839, Texas became the first nation in the world to enact a homestead exemption under which a person's primary
residence could not be seized by creditors.
Republic of Texas
5
Boundaries
The Texan leaders at first intended to
extend their national boundaries to the
Pacific Ocean, but ultimately decided
to claim the Rio Grande as boundary,
including much of New Mexico, which
the Republic never controlled. They
also hoped, after peace was made with
Mexico, to run a railroad to the Gulf of
California to give "access to the East
Indian,
Peruvian
and
Chilean
[10]
trade."
When negotiating for the
possibility of annexation to the US in
late 1836, the Texan government
instructed its minister Wharton in
Washington that if the boundary were
an issue, Texas was willing to settle for
a boundary at the watershed between
the Nueces River and Rio Grande, and
leave out New Mexico.[11]
A map of Mexico, 1835-1846 with separatist movements highlighted
Diplomatic relations
On March 3, 1837, US President Andrew Jackson appointed Alcée La Branche American chargé d'affaires to the
Republic of Texas, thus officially recognizing Texas as an independent republic.[12] France granted official
recognition of Texas on September 25, 1839, appointing Alponse Dubois de Saligny to serve as chargé d'affaires.
The French Legation was built in 1841, and still stands in Austin as the oldest frame structure in the city.[13]
Conversely, the Republic of Texas embassy in Paris was located in what is now the Hotel de Vendome, adjacent to
the Place Vendôme in Paris' 2e arrondissement.[14]
The Republic also received diplomatic recognition from Belgium, the Netherlands, and the Republic of Yucatán. The
United Kingdom never granted official recognition of Texas due to its own friendly relations with Mexico, but
admitted Texan goods into British ports on their own terms. In London, the original Embassy of the Republic of
Texas still stands. Immediately opposite the gates to St. James's Palace, Sam Houston's original Embassy of the
Republic of Texas to the Court of St. James's is now a hat shop, but is clearly marked with a large plaque and a
nearby restaurant is called Texas Embassy.[15] A plaque on the exterior of 3 St. James's Street in London notes the
upper floors of the building (which have housed the noted wine merchant Berry Brothers and Rudd since 1698)
housed the Texas Legation.
Presidents and vice presidents
Republic of Texas
6
Presidents and Vice Presidents of the Republic of Texas with election results
From
March 16, 1836
To
October 22, 1836
President
Vice president
David G. Burnet
Lorenzo de Zavala
(interim)
Presidential
candidates
Pres.
votes
Vice pres.
candidates
Sam Houston
Henry Smith
Stephen F.
Austin
5119 Mirabeau B.
743 Lamar
587
V.P.
votes
(interim)
October 22, 1836
December 10,
1838
December 10, 1838
Sam Houston
Mirabeau B.
Lamar
December 13, 1841 Mirabeau B. Lamar David G. Burnet
Mirabeau B.
Lamar
Robert Wilson
6995 David G. Burnet
252
7915 Edward Burleson
3619 Memucan Hunt
December 13,
1841
December 9, 1844
Sam Houston
Edward Burleson
Sam Houston
David G. Burnet
December 9,
1844
February 19, 1846
Anderson died in office July
3, 1845
Anson Jones
Kenneth L.
Anderson
Anson Jones
Edward Burleson
6141
4336
— Kenneth L.
— Anderson
Statehood
On February 28, 1845, the US Congress passed a bill that would authorize the United States to annex the Republic of
Texas. On March 1, US President John Tyler signed the bill. The legislation set the date for annexation for
December 29 of the same year. Faced with imminent American annexation of Texas, Charles Elliot and Alphonse de
Saligny, the British and French ministers to Texas, were dispatched to Mexico City by their governments. Meeting
with Mexico's foreign secretary, they signed a "Diplomatic Act" in which Mexico offered to recognize an
independent Texas with boundaries that would be determined with French and British mediation. Texas President
Anson Jones forwarded both offers to a specially elected convention meeting at Austin, and the American proposal
was accepted with only one dissenting vote. The Mexican proposal was never put to a vote. Following the previous
decree of President Jones, the proposal was then put to a vote throughout the republic.
Republic of Texas
Texas statehood100th anniversary issue of 1945
7
On October 13, 1845, a large majority of voters in the republic
approved both the American offer and the proposed constitution that
specifically endorsed slavery and emigrants bringing slaves to
Texas.[16] This constitution was later accepted by the US Congress,
making Texas a US state on the same day annexation took effect,
December 29, 1845 (therefore bypassing a territorial phase).[17] One
of the motivations for annexation was the Texas government had
incurred huge debts which the United States agreed to assume upon
annexation. As part of the Compromise of 1850, in return for this
assumption of debt ($10,000,000), Texas dropped claims to territory
which included parts of present-day Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma,
New Mexico, and Wyoming.
The annexation resolution has been the topic of some historical
myths: One that remains is that the resolution granted Texas the
explicit right to secede from the union. This is a right argued by some
to be implicitly held by all states, although the Supreme Court of the
United States of America ruled in Texas v. White in 1869 that no state
has the right to unilaterally secede. The resolution did include two
unique provisions: First, it said up to four additional states could be
created from Texas' territory with the consent of the State of Texas
(and that new states north of the Missouri Compromise Line would be
Proposals for Texas's north and west boundaries
free states). The resolution did not include any special exceptions to
in 1850 debate
the provisions of the US Constitution regarding statehood. The right
to create these possible new states was not "reserved" for Texas, as is
[18]
sometimes stated.
Second, Texas did not have to surrender its public lands to the federal government. While
Texas did cede all territory outside of its current area to the federal government in 1850, it did not cede any public
lands within its current boundaries. Consequently, the lands in Texas owned by the federal government are those
which were subsequently purchased by it. This also means the state government has control over oil reserves which
were later used to fund the state's public university system through the Permanent University Fund.[19] In addition,
the state's control over offshore oil reserves in Texas runs out to 3 nautical leagues (9 nautical miles, 10.357 statue
miles, 16.668 km) rather than three nautical miles (3.45 statue miles, 5.56 km) as with other states.[20] It is also a
common fallacy that Texas is the only state that was its own independent entity before it became a US state. This is
untrue, as the Republic of Vermont was an independent state from 1777 until it joined the American Union in 1791.
The people of Vermont took part in the American Revolution and considered themselves Americans, even if
Congress did not recognize the jurisdiction. Because of vehement objections from New York, which had conflicting
property claims, the Continental Congress declined to recognize Vermont, then called the New Hampshire Grants.
Overtures by Ethan Allen to the organizers to join the Province of Quebec failed. In 1791 Vermont was admitted to
the United States as the 14th state. Hawaii was an independent state prior to joining the Union, having been governed
as an ancient settlement, a kingdom, a republic, and finally as a U.S. territory prior to statehood in 1959.
Republic of Texas
Notes
[1] Huson 1974, p. 4 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?ei=WKe1SfbVJp-OkASpxPj8Bg& id=THI8AAAAIAAJ& q="Committee+ of+ San+
Felipe+ de+ Austin"& pgis=1#search_anchor).
[2] Lack 1992, p. 7.
[3] #Fehrenbach, page 263 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=z4x4xEZZ_xsC& pg=PA263)
[4] #Fehrenbach, page 265 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=z4x4xEZZ_xsC& pg=PA265)
[5] Hämäläinen 2008, pp. 215–217.
[6] Jack W. Gunn, "MEXICAN INVASIONS OF 1842," Handbook of Texas Online (http:/ / www. tshaonline. org/ handbook/ online/ articles/
qem02), accessed May 24, 2011. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
[7] Thomas W. Cutrer, "SALADO CREEK, BATTLE OF," Handbook of Texas Online (http:/ / www. tshaonline. org/ handbook/ online/ articles/
qfs01), accessed May 24, 2011. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
[8] "Dawson Massacre". Handbook of Texas Online. (http:/ / www. tshaonline. org/ handbook/ online/ articles/ DD/ qfd1. html) Retrieved
Sep.24, 2006.
[9] "The Archives War" (http:/ / www. tsl. state. tx. us/ treasures/ republic/ archwar/ archwar. html). Texas Treasures- The Republic. The Texas
State Library and Archives Commission. 2005-11-02. . Retrieved 2009-01-03.
[10] George Rives, The United States and Mexico vol. 1, page 390
[11] Rives, p. 403
[12] "LA BRANCHE, ALCÉE LOUIS". Handbook of Texas Online. (http:/ / www. tshaonline. org/ handbook/ online/ articles/ LL/ fla6. html)
Retrieved Apr.7, 2010.
[13] Museum Info (http:/ / www. museumsusa. org/ museums/ info/ 1167504), French Legation Museum.
[14] (http:/ / www. parisdeuxieme. com/ 2007/ 06/ paris-embassy-of-texas. html)
[15] Diplomatic Relations of the Republic of Texas (http:/ / www. tshaonline. org/ handbook/ online/ articles/ DD/ mgd1. html)
[16] http:/ / tarlton. law. utexas. edu/ constitutions/ text/ DART08. html
[17] The Avalon Project at Yale Law School: Texas - From Independence to Annexation (http:/ / www. yale. edu/ lawweb/ avalon/ texan04. htm)
[18] Joint Resolution for Annexing Texas to the United States (http:/ / www. tsl. state. tx. us/ ref/ abouttx/ annexation/ march1845. html)
[19] Texas Annexation : Questions and Answers (http:/ / www2. tsl. state. tx. us/ exhibits/ annexation/ part5/ question8. html), Texas State
Library & Archives Commission.
[20] Overview of US Legislation and Regulations Affecting Offshore Natural Gas and Oil Activity (http:/ / www. eia. doe. gov/ pub/ oil_gas/
natural_gas/ feature_articles/ 2005/ offshore/ offshore. pdf)
References
• Huson, Hobart (1974), Captain Phillip Dimmitt's Commandancy of Goliad, 1835–1836: An Episode of the
Mexican Federalist War in Texas, Usually Referred to as the Texian Revolution (http://books.google.com/
?id=THI8AAAAIAAJ), Austin, TX: Von Boeckmann-Jones Co
• Hämäläinen, Pekka (2008), The Comanche Empire (http://books.google.com/?id=Fmh0AAAAMAAJ), Yale
University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-12654-9
• Lack, Paul D. (1992), The Texas Revolutionary Experience: A Political and Social History 1835–1836 (http://
books.google.com/?id=ZIt5AAAAMAAJ), Texas A&M University Press, ISBN 0-89096-497-1
• Fehrenbach, T. R. (2000), Lone Star: a history of Texas and the Texans (http://books.google.com/
?id=z4x4xEZZ_xsC&pg=PA263), Da Capo Press, ISBN 0-306-80942-7, 9780306809422
• Republic of Texas Historical Resources (http://www.sonofthesouth.net/texas/)
• Republic of Texas (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/RR/mzr2.html) from the Handbook
of Texas Online
• Hosted by Portal to Texas History (http://texashistory.unt.edu/):
• Texas: the Rise, Progress, and Prospects of the Republic of Texas, Vol. 1 (http://texashistory.unt.edu/
permalink/meta-pth-2389), published 1841
• Texas: the Rise, Progress, and Prospects of the Republic of Texas, Vol. 2 (http://texashistory.unt.edu/
permalink/meta-pth-2392), published 1841
• Laws of the Republic, 1836-1838 (http://texashistory.unt.edu/widgets/pager.
php?object_id=meta-pth-5872&recno=1095&path=/data/UNT/GLT/meta-pth-5872.tkl) from Gammel's
Laws of Texas, Vol. I. (http://texashistory.unt.edu/permalink/meta-pth-5872)
8
Republic of Texas
• Laws of the Republic, 1838-1845 (http://texashistory.unt.edu/widgets/pager.
php?object_id=meta-pth-6726&recno=5&path=/data/UNT/GLT/meta-pth-6726.tkl) from Gammel's Laws
of Texas, Vol. II. (http://texashistory.unt.edu/permalink/meta-pth-6726)
• The Avalon Project at Yale Law School: Texas - From Independence to Annexation (http://avalon.law.yale.
edu/19th_century/texan04.asp)
• Early Settlers and Indian Fighters of Southwest Texas by Andrew Jackson Sowell 1900 (http://books.google.
com/books?id=g5wvAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP17&dq=Benjamin+Highsmith&hl=en&
ei=iyQeTKy_OZnwNOrPuJIF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&
ved=0CD8Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Benjamin Highsmith&f=false)
Further reading
• Hardin, Stephen L.; Wade, Mary Dodson (1998), Lone Star: The Republic of Texas, 1836–1846 (http://books.
google.com/?id=FjeoPAAACAAJ), Discovery Enterprises, ISBN 978-1-878668-63-9
• Hogan, William Ransom (2007), The Texas Republic: A Social and Economic History (http://www.worldcat.
org/oclc/76167055&referer=brief_results), Texas State Historical Association, ISBN 978-0-87611-220-5
• Lankevich, George J. (1979), The Presidents of the Republic of Texas: Chronology, Documents, Bibliography
(http://books.google.com/?id=G5RIAAAACAAJ), Oceana Publications, ISBN 978-0-379-12085-1
• Weems, John Edward; Weems, Jane (1971), Dream of Empire: A Human History of the Republic of Texas,
1836-1846 (http://books.google.com/?id=GQJ5AAAAMAAJ), Simon and Schuster
9
Article Sources and Contributors
Article Sources and Contributors
Republic of Texas Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=515673646 Contributors: 1826willie, 198.207.223.xxx, 2112 rush, 52 Pickup, Ab762, Achowat, Acroterion, Adam Keller,
Ahabvader, Alex S, AlexPlank, Amakuru, Amcaja, Amity150, Andonic, AndrewHowse, Andrwsc, Andy Marchbanks, Animum, Anotherclown, Antandrus, Arakunem, Arathjp, Arclem,
Argos'Dad, Arthur Rubin, AstroNomer, Audioiv, Austin Hair, Awbeal, Awiseman, AznBurger, B b b 123456, B0at, B4hand, Bellhalla, Bender235, Benjaminb, Benwbrum, Bevo, BilCat,
Binabik80, Bkonrad, BlendsInWell, Bletch, Bobblewik, Bongwarrior, Bpplowman, Brain Greene, Brian8710, Brianreading, Bringonthe797, Brion VIBBER, Brrryan, Bryan Derksen, Bshirley,
BusterD, CJLL Wright, CME GBM, Calabe1992, Camulod, Carbuncle, Charitwo, Chcgcbs452, Ched, Chris Roy, Citizenposse, Ckatz, ClaudeMuncey, Colinstermon687, Common Man,
CommonsDelinker, Conscious, ContagiousTruth, Conversion script, Courcelles, DLS Texas, Dale Arnett, Dallas Hays, Daniel Quinlan, DanielDeibler, Davidcannon, Davidwr, Deanpries2,
Dec23, Decumanus, Delicious carbuncle, Denisarona, Der Falke, Deus Ex, DevinCook, Differentgravy, Discospinster, DocWatson42, Doczilla, Domino theory, Dr.Kerr, Dralwik, Drumguy8800,
Duguti, Duroy, Dwheeler, Dúnadan, EWS23, EdH, EdRich, Edebundity, Edit Centric, Edward, Eino81, El C, Eluchil404, EnglishEfternamn, Erythromycin, Esobocinski, EthanLeon, Excirial,
Falcon8765, Faustus37, Favonian, Fennessy, Fernirm, Filmcom, Foij00, Foreverprovence, Fort Worth Dawg, Frazzydee, FreakinCrazy, Frehley, Fry1989, Funnyhat, Fyb3roptik, GLaDOS, Gail,
Garion96, Geniac, Getoar, Gigemag76, Gilliam, Glacialfox, GoShox, Goethean, Golbez, Golfandme, Good Olfactory, Gracenotes, Griot, GrooveDog, Grover cleveland, Gwillhickers, H2O,
Hajor, Herald Alberich, Hoodinski, Hpav7, Hu, Hu12, Ian Pitchford, Infrogmation, Invictus, Invmog, IronCrow, Isis, Iss246, J 1982, J.delanoy, JCarriker, JW1805, JWB, Jake Lancaster,
Jamesday, Jengod, Jfitts, Jivee Blau, Jkattchee, Jmcrek, John-1107, Johntex, Jonesjoshua20, Josephabradshaw, Joshmaul, Jpers36, Jtreed22, KJS77, Karanacs, KarenJo90, Katefan0, Kbdank71,
Kelos omos1, Kelovy, Ketiltrout, Kingturtle, Kinneyboy90, Kitch, Koavf, Krenair, Kungfuadam, KurtKowalski, Kuru, LB-Versender, Laurascudder, Leobold1, Leodmacleod, Leszek Jańczuk,
Life of Riley, Lightmouse, Lilac Soul, Little Mountain 5, LlywelynII, Lucas Duke, Lugnut545, MBK004, MJBurrage, MK8, Mableclaid, Mac Torquil, Maile66, Malleus Fatuorum, Malub0ii94,
Marek69, Markaci, Mashford, Mateo SA, Mav, Mcorazao, Member, Metropolitan90, Mexican Sponge, MiLo28, Mic, Midgley, Mild Bill Hiccup, Mitrebox, Mixcoatl, Mjsabby, Monkee13,
Motthoangwehuong, Mr Chuckles, Mrdthree, Mrhoustonian, Mulad, Mycharlie, NThomas, Nagy, Nakon, Nappy2, Natalie Erin, Necropirate, NekoDaemon, Nerrolken, Neustriano,
NewEnglandYankee, Nick518, Nightstallion, Nkcs, Nonenmac, North Shoreman, Novasource, Nueone, Num1dgen, Nv8200p, Odie5533, Oldag07, Omar-Toons, Omicronpersei8, Oren neu dag,
Oxymoron83, PFHLai, Paradoxsociety, Paxsimius, Pcb21, Peyre, Pfly, Phatom87, Philip Trueman, Phoenix B 1of3, Phototex, Polylerus, Ponydepression, Postdlf, Preslethe, ProDwarf, Professor
Storyteller, Pruxo, RG2, RJN, RKill, RadicalBender, Rangerdude, Ratemonth, Rebmamber, Reindeer Flotilla, Renesis, Rich Farmbrough, Richard David Ramsey, Richard75, RickK, Rjensen,
Roadnote, Roadrunner, Robertb-dc, Robth, Rreagan007, SGT141, Saga City, Sagaciousuk, Sardanaphalus, SchfiftyThree, SchnitzelMannGreek, Scott Mingus, Seaphoto, Searchme, Shanemcd,
Shangrilaista, Simply Agrestic, Sketchglasses, Slakr, Sloppy, Smith03, Snigbrook, Snori, Snowolf, SoWhy, Spellcast, Spesh531, Stallions2010, Stephensuleeman, Stevenj, Storpilot,
Sumone10154, Supersexyspacemonkey, Sussmanbern, Svgalbertian, Syvanen, Taw, Tcrow777, Tetryon, TexasAndroid, TexasTides, That-Vela-Fella, The Parting Glass, The Thing That Should
Not Be, TheButterfly, TheMoot, Thehappysmith, Theseus1776, Tide rolls, Titoxd, Tokek, Townhighschoolfriends, Traviswastaken, Trbarrows, Tuckerresearch, Tuggler, Turtle and pie, Txnomad,
Txomin, Tzartzam, Ufwuct, Uncle Dick, Updatebjarni, UserDoe, Valentinian, VanCleave, Ventusa, Versus22, Viking880, Vjopra1, Wai Hong, WatchingYouLikeAHawk, Wbkelley, Wednesday
Next, WereSpielChequers, Wikipelli, Wildcat316, Willtron, Wistex, Witan, WolfmanSF, Woohookitty, Wtmitchell, XXSmissenXx, Yekrats, YeshuaDavid, Youngam, Zombie Hunter Smurf,
Zundark, Zzyzx11, 621 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
File:Flag of Mexico (1823-1864, 1867-1893).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Mexico_(1823-1864,_1867-1893).svg License: Public Domain Contributors:
TownDown
File:US flag 28 stars.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US_flag_28_stars.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Homo lupus, Jacobolus, Zscout370
File:Flag of Texas.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Texas.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Alkari, Anime Addict AA, Awg1010, Dbenbenn,
Duduziq, Dzordzm, Fry1989, Homo lupus, Hydrargyrum, Jrooksjr, Juiced lemon, Juliancolton, Mattes, Nightstallion, Piastu, Serinde, Sterling.M.Archer, Str4nd, Wars, 6 anonymous edits
File:Seal of the Republic of Texas (1839).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Seal_of_the_Republic_of_Texas_(1839).svg License: Creative Commons Zero
Contributors: User:Svgalbertian
File:Location of Republic of Texas.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Location_of_Republic_of_Texas.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader
was Nonenmac at en.wikipedia
File:Flag of Texas (1836–1839).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Texas_(1836–1839).svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Pumbaa80.
File:Alamo 1936 Issue-3c.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alamo_1936_Issue-3c.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: US Post Office
Image:Mexico 1835-1846 administrative map-en.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mexico_1835-1846_administrative_map-en.svg License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Translation by me
File:David g burnet.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:David_g_burnet.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Decumanus at en.wikipedia
File:SHouston.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SHouston.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Centpacrr, Docu, Green Ape, McZusatz, Zzyzx11
File:Mirabeaulamar 2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mirabeaulamar_2.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Mirabeaulamar.jpg: derivative work: Oldag07
(talk)
File:Anson jones.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Anson_jones.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Nv8200p at en.wikipedia
File:Texas Statehood 1945 Issue-3c.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_Statehood_1945_Issue-3c.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: US Post Office
Image:Texas proposed boundaries.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_proposed_boundaries.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors:
USA_Texas_location_map.svg: Alexrk derivative work: JWB (talk)
License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
10