Les Echecs Les Echecs :

Transcription

Les Echecs Les Echecs :
/HV(FKHFV
/HV(FKHFV
/HMHXG·pFKHFVRSSRVHGHX[MRXHXUVV·DIIURQWDQWGHSDUWHWG·DXWUHG·XQSODWHDXDSSHOp
pFKLTXLHUFRPSRVpGHVRL[DQWHTXDWUHFDVHVDOWHUQDWLYHPHQWFODLUHVHWVRPEUHVVXUOHTXHO
pYROXHQWKXLWSLqFHVHWKXLWSLRQVFODLUVDSSHOpVOHV©%ODQFVªDLQVLTXHKXLWSLqFHVHWKXLW
SLRQVVRPEUHVOHV©1RLUVª/HEXWGXMHXHVWGHFUpHUXQHVLWXDWLRQTXLDERXWLVVH
LPSDUDEOHPHQWjODSULVHGXURLDGYHUVHVLWXDWLRQGLWHG
pFKHFHWPDW
&HMHXMRXLWG·XQSUHVWLJHSDUWLFXOLHUGDQVGHQRPEUHXVHVFXOWXUHV,OHVWVXUQRPPpHQ)UDQFH©
OHURLGHVMHX[ªRXHQFRUH©OHQREOHMHXª
'XSRLQWGHYXHGHODWKpRULHGHVMHX[LOV·DJLWG·XQMHXGHVWUDWpJLHFRPELQDWRLUHDEVWUDLWGH
UpIOH[LRQSXUHILQLVDQVF\FOHHWjLQIRUPDWLRQFRPSOqWH
/HPRQGHGHVpFKHFVFRPSRUWHGHX[GRPDLQHVWUqVLQGpSHQGDQWV
OHGRPDLQHGHODSDUWLHTXLHVWOHMHXG·pFKHFVSURSUHPHQWGLWHWGDQVOHTXHOOHPDWILQDOUpVXOWH
GHO·DIIURQWHPHQWHQWUHGHX[MRXHXUV
OHGRPDLQHGXSUREOqPHTXLHVWXQGRPDLQHGHFUpDWLRQDUWLVWLTXHGDQVOHTXHOLOQ·\DSDV
G·DIIURQWHPHQWHWROHPDWILQDOUpVXOWHXQLTXHPHQWGHODYRORQWpGXFRPSRVLWHXUSUpVHQWpH
GDQVXQHSRVLWLRQLQLWLDOHTXLQ·DSDVIRUFpPHQWGHUHODWLRQDYHFXQHSRVLWLRQGHSDUWLHUpHOOH
+LVWRLUH
+LVWRLUH
'HQRPEUHX[P\WKHVHWWKpRULHVH[LVWHQWVXUO
RULJLQHGXMHX
/HVOpJHQGHV
/HVOpJHQGHV
/HP\WKHGXEUDKPDQH6LVVD
/DOpJHQGHODSOXVFpOqEUHVXUO
RULJLQHGXMHXG
pFKHFV>@UDFRQWHO
KLVWRLUHGXURL%HONLE,QGHV
DQVDYDQWQRWUHqUHTXLFKHUFKDLWjWRXWSUL[jWURPSHUVRQHQQXL,OSURPLWGRQFXQH
UpFRPSHQVHH[FHSWLRQQHOOHjTXLOXLSURSRVHUDLWXQHGLVWUDFWLRQTXLOHVDWLVIHUDLW/RUVTXHOH
16
VDJH6LVVDILOVGX%UDKPLQH'DKLUOXLSUpVHQWDOHMHXG
pFKHFVOHVRXYHUDLQHQWKRXVLDVWH
GHPDQGDj6LVVDFHTXHFHOXLFLVRXKDLWDLWHQpFKDQJHGHFHFDGHDXH[WUDRUGLQDLUH
+XPEOHPHQW6LVVDGHPDQGDDXSULQFHGHGpSRVHUXQJUDLQGHEOpVXUODSUHPLqUHFDVHGHX[
VXUODGHX[LqPHTXDWUHVXUODWURLVLqPHHWDLQVLGHVXLWHSRXUUHPSOLUO
pFKLTXLHUHQGRXEODQWOD
TXDQWLWpGHJUDLQjFKDTXHFDVH/HSULQFHDFFRUGDLPPpGLDWHPHQWFHWWHUpFRPSHQVHHQ
DSSDUHQFHPRGHVWHPDLVVRQFRQVHLOOHUOXLH[SOLTXDTX
LOYHQDLWGHVLJQHUODPRUWGXUR\DXPH
FDUOHVUpFROWHVGHO
DQQpHQHVXIILUDLHQWjV
DFTXLWWHUGXSUL[GXMHX(QHIIHWVXUODGHUQLqUHFDVH
GHO
pFKLTXLHULOIDXGUDLWGpSRVHUJUDLQHVVRLWSOXVGHQHXIPLOOLDUGVGHPLOOLDUGVGHJUDLQV
JUDLQVSUpFLVpPHQWHW\DMRXWHUOHWRWDOGHVJUDLQVGpSRVpVVXUOHV
FDVHVSUpFpGHQWHVFHTXLIDLWXQWRWDOGHJUDLQVODIRUPXOHGH
FDOFXOHVWDORUV
'HVYDULDQWHVGHFHWWHOpJHQGHH[LVWHQWO
XQHVXJJpUDQWTXHOHURLDFFHSWDjFRQGLWLRQTXHOH
VDJHFRPSWHOHVJUDLQHVOXLPrPHXQHDXWUHDIILUPDQWTXH6LVVDHXWODWrWHWUDQFKpHSRXUXQH
WHOOHHIIURQWHULH&HUWDLQHVYHUVLRQVGLVHQWTXH6LVVDQHGHPDQGDULHQHQpFKDQJHPDLVTXHOH
URLLQVLVWDQW6LVVDDXUDLWDORUVGpFLGpGHVHPRTXHUGXURLHQOXLGHPDQGDQWXQHUpFRPSHQVH
TX
LOQHSRXUUDLWGRQQHU
/pJHQGHJUHFTXH
8QHDXWUHOpJHQGHSODFHO
LQYHQWLRQGXMHXGXUDQWOD*XHUUHGH7URLH3DODPqGHO
XQGHVKpURV
JUHFVDXUDLWLQYHQWpOHMHXSRXUUHPRQWHUOHPRUDOGHVWURXSHVGXUDQWOHVLqJHGHODFLWpHQ
DY-&&
HVWFHWWHRULJLQHTXLDPqQHUDOHVFUpDWHXUVGHODSUHPLqUHUHYXHpFKLTXpHQQHjOD
QRPPHU/H3DODPqGH'
DXWUHVSHUVRQQDJHVGXPRQGHJUHFVHVRQWYXDWWULEXHUO
LQYHQWLRQGHV
pFKHFV2QSHXWQRWDPPHQWFLWHU3\UUKXV
2ULJLQHVRULHQWDOHV
2ULJLQHVRULHQWDOHV
/HVUHFKHUFKHVKLVWRULTXHV
-HXQH3HUVDQMRXDQWDX[pFKHFVDYHFGHX[SUpWHQGDQWV,OOXVWUDWLRQWLUpHGH+DIW$ZUDQJGH
-DPLGDQVO
KLVWRLUH©8QSqUHDYLVHVRQILOVjSURSRVGHO
DPRXUª/·RULJLQHGXMHXG·pFKHFV
UHVWHXQVXMHWFRQWURYHUVp(QHIIHWFRPPHO
pFULW5LFKDUG(DOHVGDQVVRQOLYUH&+(667KH
KLVWRU\RIDJDPH>@ODUHFKHUFKHGHVRULJLQHVGHVpFKHFVHVWVLPLODLUHjODUHFKHUFKHGX©
FKDvQRQPDQTXDQWªGDQVO
pYROXWLRQKXPDLQH
2QDGPHWJpQpUDOHPHQWTXHVRQDQFrWUHFRQQXOHSOXVDQFLHQHVWXQMHXLQGLHQOHFKDWXUDQJD
6HVWUDFHVOHVSOXVDQFLHQQHVVHUHSqUHQWHQWUHOHV9HHW9,,HVLqFOHV'HX[SDVVDJHVGHWH[WHV
VDQVNULWVPHQWLRQQHQWO
H[LVWHQFHGXMHXVDQVGRQQHUG
DXWUHVLQIRUPDWLRQV,OV
DJLWGH
9DVDYDGDWWDpFULWHQSDU6XEDQGKXTXLpYRTXHGHVMRXHXUVG
pFKHFVHWVXUWRXWGH
+DUVKDVFKDULWDpFULWSDU%DQDYHUV,OGpFULW7KH$DVKWDSDGDXQpFKLTXLHUGHFDVHVTXL
SHUPHWG
DSSUHQGUHOH&KDWXUDQJDOHQRPVDQVNULWGHVpFKHFV
&HVOLYUHVVXLYLVGHGHX[DXWUHVRXYUDJHVpFULWVHQSDU5DWQDNDUDHW5XGUDWDjODILQGX
QHXYLqPHVLqFOHSHUPHWWHQWGHSUHQGUHFRQQDLVVDQFHGHVSLqFHVGXMHXTXLVRQWFHOOHVG
XQH
DUPpHIDQWDVVLQVFDYDOLHUVFKDUVHWpOpSKDQWV
/
RULJLQHGHFHVGHX[DXWHXUVGDQVOH1RUG2XHVWGXUR\DXPHGX&DFKHPLUHVXJJqUHDLQVLXQH
WUDQVPLVVLRQSRVVLEOHGXEDVVLQFHQWUDOGX*DQJHYHUVO
,UDQOD3HUVH
17
$XGHOjGHFHWWHpSRTXHFHUWDLQVVXSSRVHQWTXHOHMHXDpYROXpjSDUWLUGHMHX[GHSDUFRXUV
LQGLHQVG·DXWUHVOXLSUrWHQWXQDQFrWUHH[WpULHXUHQ&KLQHRXHQ$VLHFHQWUDOH8QMHXWUqV
VLPLODLUHHVWpJDOHPHQWFRQQXGDQVODFLYLOLVDWLRQFKLQRLVHOH[LDQJTLGRQWOHVSOXVDQFLHQQHV
WUDFHVUHPRQWHUDLHQWjLO\DXQHFRQWURYHUVHjFHVXMHWVRQH[LVWHQFHHVWDWWHVWpHHQ
>@
'LIIXVLRQ
'LIIXVLRQ
/HMHXVHSURSDJHMXVTX·HQ3HUVHDX[DOHQWRXUVGHO·DQRLOGHYLHQWOHFKDWUDQJ/RUVTXH
OHV$UDEHVHQYDKLVVHQWOD3HUVHLOVO·DGRSWHQWVRXVOHQRPGHVKDWUDQM/HVpFKHFVFRQQDLVVHQW
DORUVXQGpYHORSSHPHQWUHPDUTXDEOH&·HVWDXFRXUVGHV,;HHW;HVLqFOHVTX·DSSDUDLVVHQWOHV
SUHPLHUVFKDPSLRQVHWOHVSUHPLHUVWUDLWpV/HVSLqFHVVRQWVW\OLVpHVHQUDLVRQGHO·LQWHUGLFWLRQ
GHUHSUpVHQWHUGHVrWUHVDQLPpV>@2QUHWURXYHDORUV
OHURL6KkKF
HVWOXLTXLGRQQHVRQQRPDXMHXVHGpSODFHG·XQSDVGDQVWRXWHVOHVGLUHFWLRQV
OHFRQVHLOOHU)DU]LQRX9L]LUGRQWOHPRXYHPHQWHVWOLPLWpjXQHVHXOHFDVHHQGLDJRQDOH
O·pOpSKDQW)LODYHFXQGpSODFHPHQWFRUUHVSRQGDQWjXQVDXWGHGHX[FDVHVHQGLDJRQDOH
OHFKHYDO)DUDVLGHQWLTXHDXFDYDOLHUPRGHUQH
OH5RXNKVHPEODEOHjODWRXUDFWXHOOH
OHVROGDW%DLGDTO·pTXLYDOHQWGXSLRQPDLVGpSRXUYXGXGRXEOHSDVLQLWLDO
18
/H5RXNKpWDLWSDUIRLVUHSUpVHQWpFRPPHXQFKDUGHJXHUUH/HV$UDEHV\YR\DLHQWXQJpQpUDO
FRPPDQGDQWO·DUPpH0DLVVRQVHQVOLWWpUDOUHVWHREVFXU,OVHPEOHTXHSRXUOHV$UDEHVFHPRW
Q·DYDLWSDVG·DXWUHVHQVTXHFHOXLGHGpVLJQHUFHWWHSLqFHDX6KDWUDQMXQSHXFRPPHOHPRW
URRNSRXUOHVDQJORSKRQHVDXMRXUG·KXL
8QHWKpRULHVpGXLVDQWHGRQQHO·RULJLQHGXPRGHGHGpSODFHPHQWGHVSLqFHVSDUOHVGLIIpUHQWV
WUDMHWVpOpPHQWDLUHVSRVVLEOHVGHSXLVOHFHQWUHG·XQHVSDFHGHFLQTFDVHVVXUFLQTFDVHV(OOH
GRQQHXQHERQQHH[SOLFDWLRQDXGpSODFHPHQWFXULHX[GXFDYDOLHU) )DUDVOHVHXOjrWUHUHVWp
©VDXWHXUªHWjFRXUWHSRUWpH(OOHODLVVHDXURL6 6KkKXQGpSODFHPHQWSOXVOLPLWpTXDWUH
FDVHVPDLVTXLFRUUHVSRQGDXGpSODFHPHQWGHVRQKRPRORJXHFKLQRLVOH©JpQpUDOª(OOH
GRQQHDXVVLjSHQVHUTXHOHFKDU5 5RXNKGHYDLWrWUHSULPLWLYHPHQWXQHSLqFH©FRXUWHª
FRPPHOHVDXWUHVHWVHGpSODoDLWSDUVDXWGHGHX[FDVHVVHORQFRORQQHRXUDQJpH
$UULYpHHQ(XURSHHWpYROXWLRQ
$UULYpHHQ(XURSHHWpYROXWLRQ
0DQXVFULWF/·DUULYpHGHVpFKHFVHQ(XURSHVHIDLWVDQVGRXWHSDUO·(VSDJQHPXVXOPDQH
DX[DOHQWRXUVGHO
DQPLOOHYRLUHO·,WDOLHGXVXG,OHVWGpPRQWUpTXHOHMHXTXH&KDUOHPDJQH
DXUDLWUHoXGHODSDUWGXFDOLIH+DURXQDO5DFKLGFRQVHUYpjOD%LEOLRWKqTXH1DWLRQDOHGH
)UDQFHDpWpHQIDLWIDEULTXpSUqVGH1DSOHVjODILQGX;,HVLqFOH(Q>@VDSUHPLqUH
PHQWLRQpFULWHHQ2FFLGHQWDpWpWURXYpHGDQVXQWHVWDPHQWGXFRPWHG
8UJHOHQ&DWDORJQH
'qVVRQDUULYpHGDQVOD&KUpWLHQWpO·pFKLTXLHUHWOHVSLqFHVV
RFFLGHQWDOLVHQWOHSODWHDXGHYLHQW
ELFRORUHDYHFOHVFDVHVURXJHVHWQRLUHVTXLGHYLHQGURQWSOXVWDUGEODQFKHVHWQRLUHVOHYL]LU
GHYLHQWILHUJHRXYLHUJHSXLVUHLQHHWRXGDPHLOHVWGLIILFLOHGHGpWHUPLQHUOHTXHOGHVGHX[
WHUPHVSUpYDODLW³VDQVGRXWHVpWDLHQWLOVXWLOLVpVLQGLIIpUHPPHQWO
pOpSKDQWDOILOHQDUDEHTXL
UHVWHDOILOHQHVSDJQRODXMRXUG
KXLGHYLHQWDXILQSXLVIRXELVKRSpYrTXHHQDQJODLVOHURXNK
DUDEHGHYLHQWURFFHQRPGRQQHUDURRNHQDQJODLVOHYHUEH©URTXHUªHQIUDQoDLVHWGpVLJQHUD
ODWRXUG
pFKHFVHQKpUDOGLTXHSXLVWRXUYHUVODILQGX;9,,HVLqFOH'DQVFHUWDLQHVUpJLRQV
G
(XURSHOHGRXEOHSDVLQLWLDOGXSLRQHVWSUDWLTXp(QILQGHVUqJOHVSHUPHWWHQWDXURLRXjOD
UHLQHGDPHG
HIIHFWXHUXQVDXWjGHX[FDVHVVDQVSULVHjOHXUSUHPLHUPRXYHPHQW&HGHUQLHU
SRLQWHVWODGLIIpUHQFHSULQFLSDOHDYHFOHVUqJOHVGX6KDWUDQMGHVSD\VPXVXOPDQV
0DLVO·pYROXWLRQODSOXVLPSRUWDQWHDOLHXjODILQGX0R\HQÇJHYHUVHQ(VSDJQHORUVTXH
OHVPRXYHPHQWVOLPLWpVGHODUHLQHGDPHHWGXIRXVRQWUHPSODFpVSDUFHX[TXHQRXV
FRQQDLVVRQVDFWXHOOHPHQW/HMHXGHYLHQWWHOOHPHQWUDSLGHTX·RQMXJHSUpIpUDEOHG·DQQRQFHU©
eFKHFDXURLªHW©*DUGH]ODUHLQHª
/HVMRXHXUVGHFHWWHpSRTXHQRPPHQWFHVQRXYHOOHVUqJOHV©HVFKpVGHODGDPHªRX©MHXGH
ODGDPHHQUDJpHª>@
3RXUSDUHUDX[HIIHWVGpYDVWDWHXUVGHFHVSLqFHVDX[SRXYRLUVUHQIRUFpVOHURTXHHVWLQYHQWp
YHUVHWSURJUHVVLYHPHQWLOUHPSODFHOHVDXWLQLWLDOGXURLRXGHODUHLQHGDPHTXL
GHYLHQQHQWREVROqWHV9HUVRQSHXWFRQVLGpUHUTXHOHVUqJOHVGXMHXPRGHUQHVRQWjSHX
SUqVpWDEOLHV6LOHVSUHPLHUVOLYUHVWUDLWDQWGHVpFKHFVUHPRQWHQWjO
pSRTXHDUDEHOD
VWDELOLVDWLRQGHVUqJOHVHQ(XURSHGRQQHQDLVVDQFHjXQHOLWWpUDWXUHWKpRULTXHWUqVULFKHHWRQ
REVHUYHQRWDPPHQWO
pODERUDWLRQGHVSUHPLHUVV\VWqPHVG
RXYHUWXUH
/HVpFKHFVPRGHUQHV
/HVpFKHFVPRGHUQHV
3LqFHVGHW\SH©6WDXQWRQª/·DVSHFWGHVSLqFHVOHSOXVFRXUDQWDXMRXUG·KXLOHVW\OH©6WDXQWRQª
GDWHGH&·HVWpJDOHPHQWGXUDQWODVHFRQGHPRLWLpGX;,;HVLqFOHTX·pPHUJHQWOHVpFKHFV
19
PRGHUQHV/HVSUHPLqUHVFRPSpWLWLRQVLQWHUQDWLRQDOHVRQWOLHXOHVSURJUqVWKpRULTXHVGHO·DUW
GHODGpIHQVHPHWWHQWXQWHUPHjO·qUHURPDQWLTXH
$X;;HVLqFOHO·8566HQDVVXUHXQHSURPRWLRQWUqVDFWLYHOHFRQVLGpUDQWFRPPHXQH[FHOOHQW
RXWLOGHIRUPDWLRQLQWHOOHFWXHOOH&·HVWHQRXWUHXQHYLWULQHGHODIRUPDWLRQLQWHOOHFWXHOOH
VRYLpWLTXHTXLOHXUSHUPHWGHGRPLQHUODUJHPHQWXQHGLVFLSOLQHSUHVWLJLHXVH
'XUDQWODJXHUUHIURLGHO·DSSDULWLRQGH%REE\)LVFKHUOHSUHPLHU2FFLGHQWDOjGpILHUOHV
6RYLpWLTXHVDXSOXVKDXWQLYHDXSXLVGH9LNWRU.RUWFKQRwGLVVLGHQW6RYLpWLTXHTXLSDUYLQWIRLV
HQILQDOHGXFKDPSLRQQDWGXPRQGHGRQQHQWjFHWWHFRPSpWLWLRQXQHYpULWDEOHGLPHQVLRQ
SROLWLTXH3OXVWDUGOHVWHQVLRQVHQWUHFRQVHUYDWHXUVUXVVHVHWSDUWLVDQVGHODSHUHVWURwNDVH
FULVWDOOLVHURQWDXWRXUGHO·DIIURQWHPHQWHQWUH$QDWRO\.DUSRYHW*DUU\.DVSDURY
­ODILQGX;;HVLqFOHODFRQIXVLRQFRQFHUQDQWOHWLWUHGHFKDPSLRQGXPRQGHYRLUSOXVEDV
DPqQHO·DWWHQWLRQPpGLDWLTXHjVHFRQFHQWUHUVXUO·RSSRVLWLRQHQWUHO·KXPDLQHWODPDFKLQH
FRPPHHQWpPRLJQHOHUHWHQWLVVHPHQWPpGLDWLTXHGHVPDWFKVHQWUH.DVSDURYHW'HHS%OXH
/HVIHPPHVIRQWpJDOHPHQWOHXUDSSDULWLRQGDQVXQGRPDLQHORQJWHPSVFRQVLGpUpTXDVL
H[FOXVLYHPHQWPDVFXOLQ$LQVLGHSXLVDYULO-XGLW3ROJiUILJXUHWHOOHUpJXOLqUHPHQWSDUPL
OHVGL[PHLOOHXUVMRXHXUVPRQGLDX[GXFODVVHPHQWGHOD)pGpUDWLRQLQWHUQDWLRQDOHGHVpFKHFV
'HSXLVDR€WOHVpFKHFVVRQWGHYHQXVHQ)UDQFHXQVSRUWUHFRQQXSDUOH0LQLVWqUHGHOD
-HXQHVVHHWGHV6SRUWV'HQRPEUHXVHVFRPSpWLWLRQVVSRUWLYHVVRQWRUJDQLVpHVGDQVOHPRQGH
HQWLHU'HSXLVOHGpEXWGHO
DQQpHO·HQWUpHGHFHVSRUWDX[-HX[RO\PSLTXHVHVW
GLVFXWpH>@
/·DFWXHOFKDPSLRQGXPRQGHHVWO·,QGLHQ9LVZDQDWKDQ$QDQGTXLDVXFFpGpDX5XVVH9ODGLPLU
.UDPQLN
/DFRPSpWLWLRQpFKLTXpHQQH
/DFRPSpWLWLRQpFKLTXpHQQH
)pGpUDWLRQLQWHUQDWLRQDOHGHVpFKHFV
)pGpUDWLRQLQWHUQDWLRQDOHGHVpFKHFV
/D),'(V
RFFXSHG
pGLFWHUOHVUqJOHVGXMHXGHSXEOLHUOHFODVVHPHQW(ORLQWHUQDWLRQDOTXDWUH
IRLVSDUDQG
RFWUR\HUOHVWLWUHVGHJUDQGPDvWUHLQWHUQDWLRQDOPDvWUHLQWHUQDWLRQDOPDvWUH),'(
HWOHXUVSHQGDQWVIpPLQLQVDLQVLTXHOHVWLWUHVG
DUELWUH),'(HWG
DUELWUHLQWHUQDWLRQDO(OOH
RUJDQLVHpJDOHPHQWOHV2O\PSLDGHVG
pFKHFVHWOHFKDPSLRQQDWGXPRQGHG
pFKHFV/HV
PHPEUHVGHOD),'(VRQWOHVIpGpUDWLRQVQDWLRQDOHVWHOOHVOD)pGpUDWLRQIUDQoDLVHGHVpFKHFV
/D),'(DXQHFRPPLVVLRQSHUPDQHQWHSRXUODFRPSRVLWLRQpFKLTXpHQQHTXLJqUHFHTXL
FRQFHUQHOHGRPDLQHGHVSUREOqPHVG
pFKHFVHWHQSDUWLFXOLHUOHVFRPSpWLWLRQVOLpHVDX[
SUREOqPHVG
pFKHFV
/HVMRXHXUVSDUFRUUHVSRQGDQFHGpSHQGHQWG
XQHIpGpUDWLRQ,&&)TXLUHSUHQGOHVUqJOHVGHOD
),'(PDLVGRQWOHFODVVHPHQW(ORHVWLQGpSHQGDQW
20
/HVFKDPSLRQVGXPRQGH
/HVFKDPSLRQVGXPRQGH
-RVp5D~O&DSDEODQFDHW(PDQXHO/DVNHUj0RVFRXHQ$UWLFOHGpWDLOOp&KDPSLRQQDWGX
PRQGHG
pFKHFV
:LOKHOP6WHLQLW]
(PDQXHO/DVNHU
-RVp5D~O&DSDEODQFD
$OH[DQGUH$OHNKLQH,
0D[(XZH
$OH[DQGUH$OHNKLQH,,PRUWGX&KDPSLRQGXPRQGH
(QWUHHWLOQ
\HXWSDVGHFKDPSLRQGXPRQGH/D),'(RUJDQLVDOHVQRXYHDX[
FKDPSLRQQDWVGXPRQGHjSDUWLUGH
0LNKDwO%RWYLQQLN,
9DVVLO\6P\VORY
0LNKDwO%RWYLQQLN,,
0LNKDwO7DO
0LNKDwO%RWYLQQLN,,,
7LJUDQ3HWURVVLDQ
%RULV6SDVVN\
%REE\)LVFKHU
$QDWRO\.DUSRY
21
*DUU\.DVSDURY
(Q*DUU\.DVSDURYSURYRTXDXQHVFLVVLRQDYHFOD),'(HWFUpDVDSURSUHIpGpUDWLRQOD
3&$3URIHVVLRQDO&KHVV$VVRFLDWLRQ,O\HXWDORUVGHX[FKDPSLRQVGXPRQGHO
XQGLW©
FODVVLTXHªVHUHYHQGLTXDQWGHODOLJQpHGHVPDWFKVHQWDPpHSDU6WHLQLW]O
DXWUHGLW©),'(ª
YDLQTXHXUGX©&KDPSLRQQDWGXPRQGH),'(ªPDLVGRQWOHVWHQDQWVpWDLHQWSRXUFHUWDLQV
GHVMRXHXUVGHVHFRQGHFDWpJRULHLOVQHVXUHQWSDVV
LPSRVHUORUVGHVJUDQGVWRXUQRLVPRQGLDX[
VXLWHjOHXUWLWUH
'Hj
'Hj
&KDPSLRQVGXPRQGH©FODVVLTXHVª
*DUU\.DVSDURY
9ODGLPLU.UDPQLN
/
LQGLHQ9LVZDQDWKDQ$QDQGO
DFWXHOFKDPSLRQGXPRQGH&KDPSLRQVGXPRQGH©),'(ª
$QDWRO\.DUSRY
$OH[DQGHU.KDOLIPDQ
9LVZDQDWKDQ$QDQG
5XVODQ3RQRPDULRY
5XVWDP.DVLPG]KDQRY
9HVHOLQ7RSDORY
22
(QHXWOLHXOHPDWFKGHUpXQLILFDWLRQGHVGHX[WLWUHV9ODGLPLU.UDPQLNEDWWLW9HVHOLQ
7RSDORY
­FRPSWHUGHFKDPSLRQGXPRQGH©XQLILpª
­FRPSWHUGHFKDPSLRQGXPRQGH©XQLILpª
9ODGLPLU.UDPQLN
9LVZDQDWKDQ$QDQG
eFKHFVHWLQIRUPDWLTXH
eFKHFVHWLQIRUPDWLTXH
3URJUDPPH2SHQ6RXUFH;%RDUGVRXV/LQX[$UWLFOHGpWDLOOp3URJUDPPHG
pFKHFV
/HVpFKHFVRQWFRQVWLWXpO
XQGHVSUHPLHUVGpILVSRXUOHVGpYHORSSHXUVLQIRUPDWLTXHV
(Q,%0Q
KpVLWHSDVjLQYHVWLUWUqVORXUGHPHQWGDQVOHSURMHW'HHS%OXHGRQWODVHFRQGH
PRXWXUHHQVHUDODSUHPLqUHPDFKLQHjEDWWUHXQFKDPSLRQGXPRQGHGDQVXQPDWFK
IDLVDQWDSSHOjXQFRQWU{OHGHWHPSVWUDGLWLRQQHOjFHWWHpSRTXHOHVRUGLQDWHXUVVRQWGpMjGHV
DGYHUVDLUHVUHGRXWDEOHVHQSDUWLHUDSLGH.DVSDURYFRQWHVWHUDQpDQPRLQVODYDOHXUGHFHWWH
YLFWRLUHHQVRXOLJQDQWTXHFRQWUDLUHPHQWDX[FRQGLWLRQVG
XQPDWFKGHFKDPSLRQQDWGXPRQGH
FRQWUHXQKXPDLQLOQ
DSDVHXDFFqVDX[SDUWLHVGLVSXWpHVSDUO
RUGLQDWHXUDXSDUDYDQWOD
UpFLSURTXHpWDQWIDXVVHFHTXLFRPSOLTXHODSUpSDUDWLRQ,OUHOqYHGHSOXVTX
XQHLQWHUYHQWLRQ
KXPDLQHDpWpQpFHVVDLUHHQFRXUVGHPDWFKDILQTXHODPDFKLQHQHUHSURGXLVHSDVFHUWDLQHV
HUUHXUVSURGXLWHVGDQVOHVSUHPLqUHVSDUWLHV.DVSDURYH[LJHDLWXQHUHYDQFKHTX
,%0UHIXVDGH
OXLDFFRUGHU'HSXLVOHVDIIURQWHPHQWVHQWUHOHVPHLOOHXUVMRXHXUVPRQGLDX[HWOHVPDFKLQHV
.DVSDURYFRQWUH'HHS-XQLRU.UDPQLNFRQWUH'HHS)ULW].DVSDURYFRQWUH;')ULW]RQW
SULVOHUHODLVG
XQFKDPSLRQQDWGXPRQGHGpIDLOODQWGDQVOHVPpGLDV2QSHXWUHPDUTXHUjFH
VXMHWTXHFRQWUDLUHPHQWj'HHS%OXHOHVSURJUDPPHVLQIRUPDWLTXHVRSSRVpVDX[KXPDLQV
VRQWGHVSURJUDPPHVFRPPHUFLDX[WRXUQDQWVXUGHVPLFURRUGLQDWHXUVVWDQGDUGDORUVTXH
'HHS%OXHpWDLWFRQVLGpUDEOHPHQWSOXVHQFRPEUDQW
'HSXLVODYLFWRLUHGH'HHS%OXHOHVWDWXWGHVpFKHFVHQWDQWTXHGpILV
HVWDPRLQGULHW
O
DWWHQWLRQGHVSURJUDPPHXUVV
HVWUHSRUWpHVXUOHJR(QHIIHWGDQVFHFDVODSXUHFDSDFLWpGH
23
FDOFXOTXLIDLWODIRUFHGHVPDFKLQHVMRXHXQHLPSRUWDQFHPLQHXUHIDFHjODVWUDWpJLHHWOD
FDSDFLWpG
pYDOXDWLRQG
XQHSRVLWLRQTXLVRQWEHDXFRXSSOXVFRPSOH[HVjPRGpOLVHU
3RXUWDQWO
H[FHSWLRQ+\GUDDUHIDLWSDUOHUGHVVXSHURUGLQDWHXUVGpGLpVDXMHXG
pFKHFVHQMXLQ
HQEDWWDQWOHJUDQGPDvWUHLQWHUQDWLRQDOHWHPRQGLDO0LFKDHO$GDPVVXUXQVFRUHVDQV
DSSHOGHSRLQWVFRQWUH
(QGpFHPEUHOHFKDPSLRQGXPRQGH.UDPQLNV
HVWIDLWEDWWUHSDUOHQRXYHDXORJLFLHO
'HHSIULW]jGpIDLWHVQXOOHV
6\PEROLTXHGHVpFKHFV
6\PEROLTXHGHVpFKHFV
7UqVUDSLGHPHQWDSUqVOHXUDUULYpHHQ(XURSHOHVpFKHFVDFTXLqUHQWXQVWDWXWSDUWLFXOLHU
'LYHUWLVVHPHQWGHO
pOLWHLOVUHSUpVHQWHQWXQHDFWLYLWpQREOHDXFRXUVGHODTXHOOHV
DIIURQWHQWOHV
HVSULWVGHVSDUWLFLSDQWV/HVSRVVLELOLWpVTXDVLLQILQLHVRIIHUWHVSDUOHMHXIDVFLQHQWHWGRQQHQW
QDLVVDQFHjGHQRPEUHXVHVLQWHUSUpWDWLRQVpVRWpULTXHV&HUWDLQVOHFRQVLGqUHQWQRWDPPHQW
FRPPHXQHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQGXPRQGHRFKDTXHVLWXDWLRQSHXWrWUHPRGpOLVpHHQXQHSRVLWLRQ
TXLSHXWWURXYHUVDVROXWLRQVXUO
pFKLTXLHU
/HVpFKHFVVRQWVXUQRPPpV©OHURLGHVMHX[ªHWFHVWDWXWSDUWLFXOLHUUHQGWRXWHWHQWDWLYHGH
PpFDQLVDWLRQH[WUDRUGLQDLUH6LOHVSUHPLHUVDXWRPDWHVMRXHXUVG
pFKHFVFRPPHOHWXUF
PpFDQLTXHVRQWGHVP\VWLILFDWLRQVODFDSDFLWpjMRXHUDX[pFKHFVVHUDO
XQGHVSUHPLHUVREMHFWLIV
GHVFRQFHSWHXUVG
RUGLQDWHXUVHWO
XQGHVSUHPLHUVWpPRLJQDJHVGHO
DSSDULWLRQGHFHTXLHVW
DORUVFRQVLGpUpFRPPHGHO
LQWHOOLJHQFHDUWLILFLHOOH&
HVWFHWWHSHUFHSWLRQGXMHXG
pFKHFV
FRPPHH[SUHVVLRQGHO
LQWHOOLJHQFHKXPDLQHTXLGUDPDWLVHUDOHVDIIURQWHPHQWVHQWUH*DU\
.DVSDURYHWODPDFKLQH'HHS%OXH/DGpIDLWHGXFKDPSLRQGHO
HVSqFHKXPDLQHPDUTXHDORUV
IRUWHPHQWOHVHVSULWV
/HMHXG
pFKHFVV\PEROLVHIUpTXHPPHQWO
DIIURQWHPHQWGHGHX[SV\FKpVGHX[FDSDFLWpV
LQWHOOHFWXHOOHV&HWWHGLPHQVLRQHQFRXUDJHUDO
8QLRQVRYLpWLTXHjVHGRWHUG
XQHpFROHG
pFKHFV
TXLIRUPDSHQGDQWXQGHPLVLqFOHWRXVOHVFKDPSLRQVGXPRQGH&
HVWpJDOHPHQWXQDVSHFWTXL
HVWIUpTXHPPHQWXWLOLVpGDQVO
DUWSRSXODLUHSRXUILJXUHUO
RSSRVLWLRQHWSDUIRLVODVpGXFWLRQ
HQWUHGHX[SHUVRQQDJHV
24
/LWWpUDWXUH
/LWWpUDWXUH
&HMHXGHVWUDWpJLHVLVXEWLOIDVFLQHHWDLQVSLUpFHUWDLQVDXWHXUV
/H-RXHXUG
pFKHFVGH6WHIDQ=ZHLJ
UXHGHV2UPHVGH3DWULFN6HQpFDO
/D'pIHQVH/RXMLQHGH9ODGLPLU1DERNRY
/H7DEOHDXGXPDvWUHIODPDQGG
$UWXUR3pUH]5HYHUWH
/D9LOOHHVWXQpFKLTXLHU-RKQ%UXQQHU
7KH(LJKW/H+XLW.DWKHULQH1HYLOOH
/
eFKLTXLHUGXPDO'DQ6LPPRQV
/H*DPELWGHVpWRLOHV*pUDUG.OHLQ
)RXVG
pFKHFVGH6HUJH5H]YDQL
8QFRPEDWGH3DWULFN6VNLQGQRXYHOOHUHODWDQWXQHSDUWLHROHJDJQDQWQ
HVWSDVFHOXLTX
RQ
SHQVHLOOXVWUDQWO
LPSRUWDQFHGHODSV\FKRORJLHGDQVOHMHX
=HLWQRWGH(G7RXUULROHW(FN\RPDQJDIUDQoDLVVHGpURXODQWGDQVOHPLOLHXGHVFOXEVG
pFKHFV
O\FpHQV
/HMHXG
pFKHFVHVWpJDOHPHQWPHQWLRQQpSRXUVRQSRXYRLUpYRFDWHXUGDQVGHQRPEUHX[OLYUHV
'HO
DXWUHF{WpGXPLURLU$OLFHSDUWLFLSHjXQHSDUWLH©JUDQGHXUQDWXUHª
/H1HYHXGH5DPHDXGH'LGHURWGDQVO
LQFLSLW'LGHURWIDLWUpIpUHQFHDX&DIpGHOD5pJHQFH
HWjVHVMRXHXUVG
pFKHFVGHO
pSRTXHQRWDPPHQW/pJDOFRQQXSRXUVRQPDWHW3KLOLGRU
FRQQXSRXUODGpIHQVHGXPrPHQRP
25
,VDDF$VLPRYDPLVHQVFqQHOHVpFKHFVGDQVSOXVLHXUVGHVHVURPDQVHWQRXYHOOHVQRWDPPHQW
&DLOORX[GDQVOHFLHORFHMHXHVWSUpVHQWpFRPPHXQHGHVUDUHVFKRVHVTXLQ
RQWSDVFKDQJpDX
FRXUVGHVPLOOpQDLUHV
&LQpPD
&LQpPD
3OXVLHXUVILOPVRQWpJDOHPHQWpWpUpDOLVpVDXWRXUGHODWKpPDWLTXHGXMHXG
pFKHFV
/D)LqYUHGHVpFKHFVGH9VHYRORG3XGRYNLQ
/DOpJHQGHGH=DWRwFKL9R\DJHHQ(QIHUGH.HQML0LVXPLDYHF6KLQWDUR.DWVX
/HV-RXHXUVG
pFKHFV6KDWUDQM.H.KLODGLGH6DW\DMLW5D\DYHF$PMDG.KDQ6DQMHHY.XPDU
6DHHG-DIIUH\
/
eFKLTXLHUGHODSDVVLRQGH:ROIJDQJ3HWHUVHQDYHF%UXQR*DQ]
-RXHUVDYLHGH*LOOHV&DUOH
/D'LDJRQDOHGXIRXGH5LFKDUG'HPER
)DFHjIDFH.QLJKW0RYHVWKULOOHUGH&DUO6KHQNHODYHF&KULVWRSKH/DPEHUW
­ODUHFKHUFKHGH%REE\)LVFKHUDYHF/DXUHQFH)LVKEXUQH
/D3DUWLHG
pFKHFVDYHF&DWKHULQH'HQHXYHHW3LHUUH5LFKDUG
/D'pIHQVH/RXMLQHGH0DUOHHQ*RUULVDYHF-RKQ7XUWXUURHW(PLO\:DWVRQ
*HUL
V*DPHFRXUWPpWUDJHG
DQLPDWLRQSURGXLWHWUpDOLVpSDUOHVVWXGLRV3L[DU
26

Documents pareils

voir l`article

voir l`article FRXUVGHVDSUpSDUDWLRQ FODVVHPHQWDYHFOHVDXWUHVLQWHUQDXWHVPLVHHQFRQGLWLRQVUpHOOHVHWF ODUpGDFWLRQG XQVXMHWGH7DJH0DJHHVWELHQSOXVGLIILFLOHTX¶LOQ¶HQSDUDvWDXFRHXUGHQRWUH...

Plus en détail

Cours et devoir d`Hubert DUVAL hébergés par le Site Eric Ranguin

Cours et devoir d`Hubert DUVAL hébergés par le Site Eric Ranguin /¶$OOHPDJQHHQWDQWTX¶(WDWXQLILpHVWMHXQH3OXVLHXUVpWDSHVjUHWHQLU   XQLILFDWLRQGHV(WDWVDOOHPDQGVGDQVO¶(PSLUH  GLYLVLRQHQGHX[(WDWV 5)$HW5'$  FKXWHGXPXU...

Plus en détail

ª (20h00)

ª (20h00) LQJpQLRVLWpGHVRQVW\OHHWSDUVDSRVLWLRQG DXWHXU LQWHUPpGLDLUHHQWUHOHVOLWWpUDWXUHVUXVVHHWDPpULFDLQH(QRXWUHXQHLPDJLQDWLRQGpERUGDQWH O XVDJHGHODSDURGLHGHODVDWLUHDLQVLTXH...

Plus en détail

Corps des analystes et des techniciens de l`informatique des

Corps des analystes et des techniciens de l`informatique des GH WRXW OHSURJUDPPHG HQFDGUHPHQWPrPHDXFDVRFHUWDLQHVGH VHV pWDSHV VRQW HIIHFWXpHV GDQV XQ RX SOXVLHXUV VHUYLFHV QRQ VRXPLVjVRQDXWRULWp $X FDV R OH IRQFWLRQQDLUH HQFDGUH...

Plus en détail