docMap 35 Tripolitana - Princeton University Press
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Map 35 Tripolitana - Princeton University Press
Map 35 Tripolitana Compiled by D.J. Mattingly, 1996 Introduction Tripolitana was the name of the fourth century province constituted from a region of Africa Proconsularis that had always been somewhat separate geographically and culturally (Merighi 1940; Haynes 1959; Buck 1985; Mattingly 1989; 1994). Although parts of the coastal zone and the chain of hill ranges to its south (the Tripolitanian Gebel) benefit from a Mediterranean climate and flora, a large proportion of the area shown on the map can be classified as desert or pre-desert lands. It is a region of very few perennial streams and of generally poor water resources, with great ingenuity being shown by its inhabitants in the exploitation of the meager rainfall (Vita-Finzi 1969; Barker 1996). Tripolitana is best known for its wealthy coastal cities, Lepcis Magna, Oea, Sabratha, Gigthis and Tacape, although there were also several minor towns, mostly along the littoral (Gascou 1972; 1982; Lepelley 1979; 1981). The western part of the map covers southern Tunisia, but the eastern part lies within modern Libya, thus causing archaeological research to follow two separate traditions, French-influenced in the former case, Italian and British in the latter. Modern place names reflect this division for the most part; those in the east generally follow Italian conventions of transliteration (normally those given in Governo della Tripolitania 1916), those in the west French ones. For the Tunisian part, there are only a few sketchy sheets of AAT available, together with the published notes of the French Brigades Topographiques responsible for recording the sites noted there and on their 1:100,000 and 1:200,000 series maps (Toutain 1903; Toussaint 1905; 1906; 1907; 1908). More recent research has focused either on the frontier, or on the coastal sites (Trousset 1974; 1992). For the Libyan part, all research owes a great debt to the work of Goodchild (1976), who systematized earlier knowledge of roads and settlement and carried out many pioneering surveys. His TIR Lepcis Magna covers the eastern half of this map. Hafemann’s (1975) historical map of North Africa, centered on Tunisia, covers the western zone in part, but is generally less useful. Brogan’s work (1965; 1971; 1977; 1984) has been of great significance for the exploration of the Libyan pre-desert, and is now supplemented by the results of the Libyan Valleys survey (Barker 1996; Mattingly 1996). In addition, I have relied heavily on the American Map Service 1:250,000 and 1:50,000 series. For the Syrtic coast eastwards from Lepcis Magna, Purcaro Pagano (1976) has reviewed the ancient testimony for toponyms, though many of the precise identifications remain unsubstantiated on the ground. E.W.B. Fentress and P. Trousset gave advice and information on a number of controversial identifications. Broadly, Tripolitana may be divided into four zones: a coastal plain of varying depth, the hill ranges, the pre-desert beyond, and finally the true desert comprising sand sea in the west and a desolate rock plateau in the south (Hamada el-Hamra, ancient Ater M.). In all four zones, spring-fed oases have been important foci for human settlement, and the map seeks to reflect this. Most of the coastal cities had their own oases, even where rainfall permitted dry cultivation. The major inland settlements were almost invariably attached to oases, as in the dense grouping in the north-west corner of the map around Turris Tamalleni (modern Nefzaoua), or around Cidamus (modern Ghadamès) to the south-west. Most evidence for dispersed human settlement is to be found in the coastal plain (Gefara) and the Gebel, though in antiquity as today it was not evenly spread. In the pre-desert and desert areas the preservation of sites can be spectacular (Brogan 1984, for the well-known site of Ghirza), but in comparison with many other parts of the Greco-Roman world there has been little excavation either of rural sites or of urban centers apart from Lepcis Magna, Sabratha and Gigthis. In mapping rural settlement, which for the most part lacks ancient toponyms, I have followed two principles: first, to show major sites (typically villas, large farms, fortified farms, mausolea) by their modern names so that they may be easily located; second, to include a number of other sites (not named individually) in order to give an impression of overall settlement trends. This seems the best means of indicating the state of current knowledge since to some extent the major gaps on the map are representative of ancient reality. For instance, the 530 MAP 35 TRIPOLITANA central area of the great coastal plain enclosed by the curving line of the Gebel marks a notable northward advance of arid conditions, and thus divides the region into eastern and western zones. The Gebel hills provided the best possibilities for non-irrigated agriculture, with olive cultivation of particular importance, and consequently the eastern coastal cities competed for control of large hinterland territories (Mattingly 1994, 50-54). However, although the Gebel region south of Lepcis Magna and Oea is reasonably well-known archaeologically, it should be noted that ancient settlement from the Gebel Nefusa (south of Sabratha) west to the Tunisian Gebel is less well-preserved and comparatively unexplored (Corò 1928). Intensive study would be sure to yield many more sites from these areas. In the pre-desert zone, settlement possibilities were more restricted, but the cultivation of the dry river systems of the Wadi Sofeggin and Wadi Zemzem basins in eastern Tripolitana by the Macae tribes is a distinct exception to environmental logic (Barker 1996, where the detailed settlement record for that remarkable region can best be appreciated). Tripolitana was also a frontier zone, and some of the remains of forts, fortlets and linear earthworks and embankments for the control of transborder movement compare with the best preserved examples elsewhere in the Roman world, though a number of key sites remain uninvestigated (Rebuffat 1972; 1975; Trousset 1974; Fentress 1979; Daniels 1987; Mattingly 1994; 1995). Most place-name evidence is summarized by entries in RE, which should be consulted as a matter of course alongside the works cited in the Directory; wherever possible, these seek to pinpoint information on the physical remains of the sites. Several corpora of inscriptions cover all or part of the region (ILAf; ILT; IPT; IRT; Reynolds 1955), with post 1950s material best traced through AE. A large number of the place names have Phoenician (lpqy for Lepcis Magna) or Libyan derivations (for instance, places beginning with Th). The problems of mapping the roads and locating named sites along them is particularly acute in Tripolitana due to a combination of circumstances (Toutain 1903; Donau 1907; Goodchild 1948; 1971; 1976; Salama 1951; Hammond 1967; Rebuffat 1973; Euzennat 1978; Mattingly 1994). With the exception of streets within towns, the roads were not paved, so that outside sectors where milestones have been recorded they leave no physical traces to distinguish them from the myriad dirt roads and tracks of the region. The course of the majority of roads marked is therefore a best approximation, taking account of the topography between places known, or believed, to have been linked in antiquity. Another problem is that many of the road stations named in ItAnt or TabPeut were evidently of a very minor nature, and their names are descriptive of features that can no longer be discerned or differentiated between rival locations (sites such as Ad Puteam, Puteos, Ad Cisternas, Ad Palmam, Ad Ficum). The identification of modern toponyms for sites that lie away from the major fixed points is thus hazardous, although I have sometimes chosen to indicate a best guess. There are two main circumstances where I have done this: first, where the mileage distance when measured from fixed points seems to indicate a fairly secure approximate location (primarily on the coast road between Tacape and Lepcis Magna); second, where I have suggested revised lines for the roads on which the sites lay (as in the region immediately east of Lepcis Magna). I have deliberately not pursued these efforts beyond a certain level of uncertainty, and have thus refrained from identifying all the minor road stations shown by TabPeut on the western side of the Syrtic gulf. Rebuffat (1973) and Purcaro Pagano (1976) summarize earlier views, but their contrasting identifications illustrate the intractability of the problems. Similarly, the identification of many of the sites named by Ptolemy in the interior of the country is to my mind unresolvable because his co-ordinate locations for this part of Africa are exceedingly unreliable. The towns on the island of Gerba present another instance where the conventional identifications cannot be satisfactorily reconciled with the available archaeological evidence (Jerba Actes 1986). Tribal names have caused much confusion in the past, not least because different sources provide a variety of ethnic names for the same general geographic areas (Bates 1914; Desanges 1962; 1980; Brogan 1975; EncBerb). I have proposed elsewhere that this confusion can best be resolved by recognizing the operation of a hierarchy of tribal names, of which the major groupings were the Gaetuli in western Tripolitana (and their major sub-group the Phazanii in the desert to the south), the Macae in the east and the Libyphoenices along the coast, with the Garamantes lying to the south on Map 36 (Mattingly 1994, 17-49). In Late Antiquity, the Laguatan emerged as a major confederation of tribes, expanding from bases in the region of the Syrtis Maior (Mattingly 1994, 173-85). Most of the remaining names in the sources can be seen to relate to sub-groupings of one of these larger units, and although approximate locations can be suggested for some, it must be noted that only a handful are confirmed by independent epigraphic data (Arzosei, Cinithi, Nybgenii). MAP 35 TRIPOLITANA 531 Directory All place names are in Libya unless otherwise noted Abbreviations AAT I ILAf ILT IPT IRT Jerba Actes 1986 TIR Lepcis E. Babelon, R. Cagnat and S. Reinach (eds.), Atlas archéologique de la Tunisie (1: 50,000), Paris, 1892-1913 R. Cagnat, A. Merlin and L. Chatelain (eds.), Inscriptions Latines d’Afrique (Tripolitaine, Tunisie, Maroc), Paris, 1923 A. Merlin (ed.), Inscriptions latines de la Tunisie, Paris, 1944 G. Levi della Vida and M. Amadasi Guzzo (eds.), Iscrizioni puniche della Tripolitania (1927-1967), Rome, 1987 J.M. Reynolds and J.B. Ward-Perkins (eds.), Inscriptions of Roman Tripolitania, Rome, 1952 Actes du colloque sur l’histoire de Jerba (avril 1982), Tunis, 1986. Tabula Imperii Romani, Lepcis Magna, Oxford, 1954 Names Grid Name Period Modern name / Location Reference E2 Abrotonum/ Sabratha Ad Amadum Ad Ammonem Ad Palmam *Ad Pontem CH/ ACHRL RL? HRL R?L RL Sabrata, Zuaga Desanges 1978, 100-101; Mattingly 1994, 125-27 Trousset 1974, 123 Bisi 1970, 224-28 ItMiller 897 Tissot 1884, 203 Ad Templum Africum Mare Agarlabas? Agma Ain Zara Amarea el-Amrouni Aquae Tacapitanae Arzosei Arzuges Arzugum Regio Asabaa Assaria Astakoures? § Astrikes Ater M. Augemmi § Auzemmi Auru Ausere fl. Auxiqua *Aves § Avibus RL? C2 E2 G2 C1 B1 E1 B1 C1 F2 F2 C2 B1 B1 C1 B1 E2 E2 C2 D4 C1 E3 C1 H3 B1 H2 H4 A1 C2 C1 B1 G2 B1 Base Be fl. Bechili Beni Guedal Benia bel Recheb Benia Guedah Ceder Berge/ Virga Bezereos § Vezereos RL RL? L HR RL? RL R L L L R?L RL Dehibat TUN Mellita 11 miles W Lebda el-Kantara, Trik el-Djemmal TUN Djemna TUN Henchir Mgarine TUN Zarat TUN mouth of Wadi el-Msi TUN el-Hamma TUN near Lmaia Trousset 1974, 48 See Map 1 Mattingly 1994, 100 Tissot 1884, 198 Aurigemma 1932 StadMM 97 Trousset 1974, 110-13; Ferchiou 1989 Mattingly 1994, 97 Mattingly 1994, 26 Mattingly 1994, 26; EncBerb 6 Arzuges Mattingly 1994, 175-76 Ward-Perkins 1953, 35-37 ItMiller 898 EncBerb 7; Mattingly 1994, 26 R RL Hamada el-Hamra Henchir Kredema TUN Desanges 1980, 390-91 Feuille 1938 RL R?L RL? RL? Ain el-Auenia Wadi Fessi TUN Bir el-Gheddahia? ed Debdaba? el-Hamma? TUN Mattingly 1994, 102 ItMiller 922 ItAnt 64.4 Mattingly 1994, 66 R?L R?L R? RL L L RL W Tauorgha? Wadi Bei el-Kebir TUN TUN TUN TUN near Gardabia ItAnt 64.2 ItMiller 949 Trousset 1974, 48 Trousset 1974, 123-24 Trousset 1974, 95-96 Trousset 1974, 67-68 ItAnt 64.1; ItMiller 895 RL Sidi Mohammed ben Aissa TUN EncBerb 10; Mattingly 1994, 100 532 MAP 35 TRIPOLITANA Grid Name Period Modern name / Location Reference F2 H4 E2 F3 F2 G4 F3 G3 G2 C1 F3 B1 F3 B1 F2 Binaitir Bir ben Isa Bir Cuca Bir ed-Dreder Bir el-Uaar Bir es-Shawi Bir esc-Scedeua Bir Gebira Bir Kimen Bir Mahalla Bir Nesma Bir Soltane Bir Tarsin Bordj Tamra Breviglieri L RL? RL? L RL RL? RL RL? RL L RL RL? RL? RL? L Breviglieri area Goodchild 1976, 99-100 Rebuffat 1988, 50, 60 TIR Lepcis Mattingly 1996, 78-79 Brogan 1978 Rebuffat 1988, 59 Mattingly 1996, 43-55 Mattingly 1996, 183-84 Brogan 1977, 121-22 Trousset 1974, 94-95 Mattingly 1996, 287-88 Trousset 1974, 89-90 IRT 887 Trousset 1974, 51 Ward-Perkins 1953, 45-47 G2 E2 R?L RL? on or near Wadi Sasu Zuara ItMiller 894 ItAnt 61.2; Kolendo 1986, 153-54 B1 H2 F2 F3 E2 C4 C1 B4 Casa Rimoniana Casas/ Villa Aniciorum Centenarium Tibubuci Cepahalae Pr. Cercar Chafagi Aamer el-Chatatba Chawan Chizen Cidamus L Ksar Tarcine TUN Cape Misurata Ain esc-Scersciara C1 G2 G3 Cinithi Cinyphii Cisippades? R HR R Trousset 1974, 90-92 Brogan 1978, 52 Oates 1953, 89-92 Mattingly 1996, 289-91 Brouquier-Reddé 1992, 63-65 Rebuffat 1972, 323-24 Weriemmi-Akkari 1985 EncBerb 13; Mattingly 1994, 97; EncBerb 20 Ghadamès EncBerb 13; Mattingly 1994, 26 EncBerb 13; Mattingly 1994, 26 EncBerb 13; Mattingly 1994, 26 C4 C2 B1 Derg Dolopes? Douz R? R RL Mattingly 1994, 30; EncBerb 16 Mattingly 1994, 26; EncBerb 16 Trousset 1974, 49 H3 C1 C2 Elaiones? Erebidai? Eropaioi? R CR R Mattingly 1994, 26; EncBerb 17 Mattingly 1994, 26; EncBerb 17 Mattingly 1994, 26; EncBerb 17 G3 el-Faschia RL Mattingly 1996, 314-15 G2 B1 B4 F2 Gadabitani? Gaetuli Gamphasantes? Gaphara § Graphara § Taphra Gargaresc Garian Gasr Banat Gasr Bularkan Gasr Doga Gasr el-Gezira L HRL CHR? HR Marset ed-Dzeira Mattingly 1994, 26; EncBerb 19 Mattingly 1994, 26l; EncBerb 20 Gétules Mattingly 1994, 26 Desanges 1980, 260 Gasr en-Naggazza Gasr Isawi Gasr Leb'r Gasr Wames Gasr Zerzi Geran Gergis § Girgi RL RL RL RL R H?R HR Zarzis TUN Bakir 1967, 241-44 TIR Lepcis Mattingly 1996, 263 Mattingly 1996, 174-75, 178 Aurigemma 1954 Brogan 1953; Brouquier-Reddé 1992, 132-36 Mattingly 1996, 290, 292-93 Mattingly 1996, 263-64 Mattingly 1996, 213-15 Mattingly 1996, 308 Rebuffat 1970, 136-37, 163 Brouquier-Reddé 1992, 29-30 Trousset 1992, 328 F2 F2 G3 G3 F2 E2 F3 G3 G3 E3 H4 F2 D1 RL L R RL? H HRL TUN TUN TUN TUN Ghadamès TUN CHRL RL? H?RL L RL? RL MAP 35 TRIPOLITANA 533 Grid Name Period Modern name / Location Reference F2 F4 F4 G4 H4 Getullu Gheriat el-Garbia Gheriat esh-Shergia Ghirza Gholaia § Chol § Golas Giado Gidaphta? § Hedaphtha Gigthis § Gigthenses Gindanes? Giosc Girba? Girba Ins. = Meninx Ins. Graret D'nar Salem Guellala Gurgi *Gypsaria Taberna § Cypsaria R?L RL RL RL RL S of mouth of Wadi Ram'l Bu Njem ItMiller 898 Mattingly 1996, 98-105 Mattingly 1996, 125 Mattingly 1996, 118-20 Rebuffat 1973 RL? HR Ras Segala TUN Zenati 1995, 156 Trousset 1992, 328-30 CHRL Bou Grara TUN Mattingly 1994, 26, 128-31; EncBerb 20 Houmt-Souk TUN Mattingly 1994, 26; EncBerb 20 Sjöström 1993, 160 Toutain 1903, 285 E3 C1 C1 D1 D2 C1 F2 C1 F2 E2 CH? R? HR RL CHRL? HRL R?L C1 C1 B1 B1 C1 C1 C1 C1 B1 B1 C1 C1 B1 G2 C1 C2 E2 F2 G2 G2 Henchir Bourgou Henchir Bu Hamed Henchir Chenah Henchir el-Hadjar Henchir es-Sedd Henchir Fesguia Henchir Goret Zid Henchir Hadjer Henchir Krannfir Henchir Krebita Henchir Medina Henchir Medina Henchir Oum el-Abbas Henchir Sidi Hamdan Henchir Sidi Rjijila Henchir Snem Henchir Soffit Henchir Taglissi Hermaion Pr. Homs CHRL R RL? L RL? RL? RL? RL? RL RL? HR RL RL? RL? RL? RL? RL RL F2 A1 G2 G2 B1 C2 C1 B1 Kassala Kebili Kinyps Kinyps fl. Ksar Chetaoua Ksar Chouline Ksar Koutine Ksar Tabria H HRL C CHR L R?L RL R?L F3 Laguatan § Leuathai Lepcis Magna = Neapolis Libyphoenices Limagues Locri Lotophages Lotophagitis Ins. = Meninx Ins. L B1/E2 B1 E2 C1 F3 Macae TUN Marset Tibuda TUN TUN TUN TUN TUN TUN TUN TUN TUN TUN in W Gerba Is. TUN TUN TUN TUN TUN el-Msufin Cape Homs HR RL? HR H HRL TUN near mouth of Wadi Caam Wadi Caan TUN TUN TUN TUN Mattingly 1996, 57-59 Toutain 1903, 285; Desanges 1980, 432-33 Bakir 1967, 250; Abou-Hamed 1975, 298 GeogRav 3.5; ItMiller 899 Weriemmi-Akkari 1985 Toussaint 1906, 234 Trousset 1978, 134 Trousset 1974, 59-60 Toussaint 1906, 234 Toussaint 1906, 235 Toussaint 1906, 234 Toussaint 1906, 234 Trousset 1974, 79 Trousset 1974, 83-84 E.W.B. Fentress Trousset 1974, 95 Trousset 1974, 84-85 Oates 1953, 97-100 Toussaint 1906, 234 Trousset 1974, 109 Bartoccini 1929, 106-10 Ward-Perkins 1953, 37-43 Di Vita 1974 Di Vita 1974 Thwaite 1969, 16-17 Trousset 1974, 46-47 Desanges 1978, 408; EncBerb 13 Cinyps Desanges 1978, 408; EncBerb 13 Cinyps Trousset 1974, 89 Trousset 1974, 104 Carton 1897, 73-85 Trousset 1974, 73-75 Mattingly 1983; 1994, 27 LBY / TUN TUN Ras Sidi Giogghig See Map 33 Trousset 1974, 50 StadMM 100 Mattingly 1994, 27 Mattingly 1994, 27 534 MAP 35 TRIPOLITANA Grid Name Period B1 Machlyae? § Machryes? Magrusa Mansoura Marsa Gezirah Martae Materes Medina Ragda Mediterranei M. Megradi/ Megerthis? Mellaha Meninge Meninx/ Lotophagitis/ Girba Ins. § Uchium Ins. Mesphe Mezgura Minna/ Villa Marsi? R HR HRL HR/ H/ R RL H?RL RL? RL?/ R F3 F2 G3 Mizda Msellata Mselliten RL RL RL G2 H/ ACHRL Lebda A1 F2 G2 Neapolis/ Lepcis Magna § Lepcitani Negga en-Ngila Nivirgi Tabernae RL? L R?L TUN A1 E3 B1 Nouil Novum Centenarium Nybgenii RL? RL RL? F2 Oea § Macar Oea § Oeenses ACHRL Tripoli Mattingly 1994, 29, 122-25 B4 D1 Phazania Pisida § Fisida Pontos? Praesidium (...) Putea Pallene RL? HRL Bu Chemmasc Mattingly 1994, 28 Gascou 1982, 308-309 G4 A1 H2 C1 C4 E3 E2 F2 F2 C1 C1 F2 D3 F2 E2 C2 D1 H?RL H?RL C?HR? RL RL? RL? HRL Modern name / Location Reference Mattingly 1994, 27 TUN Mareth TUN Libyan Gebel mouth of Wadi Ram'l? Bordj el-Kantara TUN Gerba TUN Medina Doga near Sidi Mahmud, c. 6 miles S Marset ed-Dzeira? Mattingly 1996, 310-14 Trousset 1974, 42-43 Brogan 1974 Tissot 1884, 692-93 Rebuffat 1972, 323-24 Mattingly 1994, 102 Goodchild 1948, 31 StadMM 97; ItAnt 62.3; Tissot 1884, 216-17 Bartoccini 1927, 238-39 Pliny, NH 5.41; Toutain 1903, 284-86 Toutain 1903, 285; Desanges 1980, 430-34; EncBerb 16 Djerba Goodchild 1976, 76-79 Brogan 1954, 129-30 ItAnt 63.1; Kolendo 1986, 154 Mattingly 1994, 97 Abd al-Rahman 1995, 155 Mattingly 1996, 173, 178, 182 near Sidi Silin between Zliten and Misurata? TUN Gasr Duib Desanges 1978, 100 Mattingly 1994, 116-22 Trousset 1974, 42 Sjöström 1993, 136-37 ItMiller 895 Trousset 1974, 49 Mattingly 1994, 86-87 Mattingly 1994, 28 R?L R RL? Zavia Si Aioun TUN on Slob el-Gharbi (Bahiret el-Biban), perhaps Hassi Sebbura? TUN ItMiller 898 Trousset 1974, 118-20 Tissot 1884, 207-208 (Ksar Nouara) F2 Quintiliana § Villa Quintiliana RL? Fondugh el-Allus? Kolendo 1986, 154-55 A1 C2 F2 G2 G2 C1 E3 Rabta Ras el-Ain Tlalet Ras el-Haddagia Ras el-Hammam Ras el-Mergheb Ras el-Oued Gordab Rogeban RL? RL R RL H?RL RL RL TUN Trousset 1974, 442 Mattingly 1994, 98 Brouquier-Reddé 1992, 130-32 Brouquier-Reddé 1992, 125-26 Brouquier-Reddé 1992, 125 Trousset 1974, 103-104 Zenati 1995, 156 H3 Sabratha = Abrotonum Salinae Inmensae TUN Sebkha Tauorgha Peyras 1988 MAP 35 TRIPOLITANA Grid Name A1 Salinarum L./ Tritonis Palus Samamykioi? Scemech Sdada Senam Semana Sghedeida Sidi Sames Silin Simnana § Simadana Sinawen Snemat Souk el-Ghibli Subututtu Sugolin § Seggera Suk el-Oti Syrtis Maior Syrtis Minor H3 F3 G3 F2 F2 F2 G2 G2 C3 G3 C1 F2 G2 G3 H2 C1 C2 C3 C1 F2 F2 F2 D1 H3 E2 C1 B1 C1 C4 D3 C2 H3 F2 E3 D3 H2 B4 D2 C2 B1 F3 C1 B1 F2 C2 F2 C1 Tabalati? Tabuinati Tacape § Tacapas Tagiura Talalati Tarhuna Taricheiai/ Zouchis § Zeucharis § Praesidium Taricheiai? Tebedut Teboulbou Temassine Templum Veneris Tfelfet Thamascaltin Thebelami Thebunte Thenadassa Thenteos § *Tentheos Thramusdusim Thubactis § Tubactis Tidamensioi? Tigi Tillibari § Cilliba? Timezegeri Turris? Tininai Tipasa Tisavar Trigh-Tarhuna Tripolitana Tritonis Palus = Salinarum L. Turris ad Algam Turris Maniliorum Arelliorum Period H?R RL RL RL? RL? RL RL R?L RL? RL? HR RL RL Modern name / Location Reference TUN See Map 34 Zaviet el-Mahgiub? Mattingly 1994, 28 Mattingly 1996, 282-84 Mattingly 1996, 267-68 Mattingly 1994, 142-43 Brouquier-Reddé 1992, 68-70 Goodchild 1976, 111-12 Salza Prina Ricotti 1970; Picard 1985 ItMiller 895; Purcaro Pagano 1976, 346-47 TUN Gasr ed-Daun Zliten Rebuffat 1972, 323-24 Mattingly 1996, 181, 183 Weriemmi-Akkari 1985 Oates 1953, 89-92 Purcaro Pagano 1976, 347 Greater Syrtis Lesser Syrtis Mattingly 1996, 64-69 Desanges 1980, 243-48, 254-56 Desanges 1980, 243-48, 264-65 Tatahoune TUN near Nalut? Gabes TUN Toutain 1903, 346-47, 400-401 Hammond 1967, 12 Mattingly 1994, 127-28 RL RL RL? HRL RL RL HRL H/ HR HR L H RL RL RL H?R RL? RL? RL RL? RL RL RL? RL? R RL? RL 535 es-Slahat? Henchir el-Mdeina TUN Bir Bu Retma TUN TUN Terf el-Djeuf TUN near er-Rehibat Henchir Medeina TUN Gasr Qaddas? Ain Wif Edref? Zintan? near Kabao Gasr Ahmed, Misurata Marina? Henchir el-Ausaf Remada TUN Henchir Merteba TUN Di Vita 1966 Hammond 1967, 14 Goodchild 1976, 103 Drine 1993 ItMiller 899 Purcaro Pagano 1976, 347 Ward-Perkins 1953, 42-43 AAT I, Environs de Gabès Trousset 1974, 53 Tissot 1884, 200 Rebuffat 1972, 323-24 Hammond 1967, 12 Mattingly 1994, 101 ItAnt 64.3 Mattingly 1994, 99-100, 102 Mattingly 1994, 97 Hammond 1967, 12 Mattingly 1994, 132-33 Mattingly 1994, 28 Brogan 1965 Euzennat 1978; Mattingly 1994, 90-92 RL RL H?RL RL RL? RL Houmt-Adjim TUN Ksar Rhilane TUN LBY / TUN Trousset 1974, 57-58 Mattingly 1996, 304-305 Toutain 1903, 285 Mattingly 1994, 101 Brouquier-Reddé 1992, 71-73 Mattingly 1994, xiii, 218. R?L RL SE Tripoli on inland route Henchir el-Gueciret TUN ItMiller 898 Trousset 1974, 85-86 536 MAP 35 TRIPOLITANA Grid Name Period Modern name / Location Reference A1 Turris Tamalleni § Civitas Nybgeniorum H?RL Telmine TUN Mattingly 1994, 131-32 D3 G4 Uled Bu Aescia Umm el-Gueloub L RL? E2 Vax/ Villa Repentina Vicus M(...)nus? Villa Aniciorum § Megradi Villa Aniciorum = Casas Villa Fulgurita Villa Magna § Villa Privata Villa Marsi? = Minna Villa Repentina = Vax Vinaza Virga = Berge RL? F3 F3 E2 F3 G4 G3 G3 E3 G3 F3 C2 F3 F3 G2 G3 G3 F4 G2 G3 F3 F4 F4 G3 G3 G3 F4 Wadi Ajdab Wadi Antar Wadi Crema Wadi el-Amud Wadi Ghirza Wadi Gobbeen Wadi Khanafes Wadi Lella Wadi Mansur Wadi Merdum Wadi Merteba Wadi Meseuggi Wadi Migdal Wadi Mimoun Darragh Wadi Mimoun Wadi N'f'd Wadi Raml Wadi Sasu Wadi Scetaf Wadi Sofeggin Wadi Tabuniya Wadi Taghiggia Wadi Tessa Wadi Umm el-Agerem Wadi Umm el-Kharab Wadi Zemzem RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL? RL RL RL H?RL F2 G2 D1 Zanzur Zaviet el-Mahgiub Zitha § Ziza Zitha Pr. Zliten Zouchabbari? M. Zouchis = Taricheiai Zouchis L. HR RL? H?RL E2 F2 C1 D1 E2 D1 G2 F2 D1 Sjöström 1993, 179 Rebuffat 1982, 197 between ez-Zavia and et-Tuebia? near Sabratha mouth of Wadi Ram'l? ItAnt 62.1; Kolendo 1986, 153-54 R R Zarat? TUN Henchir Bou Garnine? TUN Tissot 1884, 198; Kolendo 1986, 151-52 ItAnt 60.3; Kolendo 1986, 152-53 RL el-Asabaa? Hammond 1967, 14 R R R RL farms and water course TUN farms and water course Brogan 1977 Tissot 1884, 216-17; Kolendo 1986, 153 Mattingly 1996, 32 Brogan 1985; Mattingly 1996, 33-42 Ward-Perkins 1953, 37-38 Mattingly 1996, 165-72 Mattingly 1996, 106-20 Mattingly 1996, 86-97 Mattingly 1996, 150-61 TIR Lepcis Mattingly 1996, 234-47 Mattingly 1996, 173-99 Trousset 1974, 122-23 Mattingly 1996, 248 Mattingly 1996, 200-207 Brogan 1977, 111-13 Mattingly 1996, 208-33 Mattingly 1996, 255-69 Mattingly 1996, 272 Brogan 1977, 115-20 Mattingly 1996, 273-78 Mattingly 1996, 279-96 Mattingly 1996, 298-303 Barth 1857, 117 Mattingly 1996, 306-307 Mattingly 1996, 19-32 Mattingly 1996, 131-49 Mattingly 1996, 310-16 Zian TUN Abou-Hamed 1975, 297-98 Brouquier-Reddé 1992, 204-205 Mattingly 1994, 132 Zarzis peninsula TUN Dar Buk Ammara Libyan Gebel Ptol. 4.3.3 Aurigemma 1926 Ptol. 4.2.6 Bahiret el-Bibane TUN Peyras 1988 MAP 35 TRIPOLITANA Aqueducts Grid Location Period Reference G2 E2 Lepcis Sabratha RL RL IRT 275, 357-59 IRT 117 Causeway Grid Location Period Reference C1 between Meninge and Ad Pontem RL Toutain 1903, 284-85 Clausurae (linear barriers) Grid Location Period Reference B1 C1 C1 C2 C2 C3 E3 NE Bezereos at Tebaga E Bir Mahalla at Zraia SE Bir Mahalla at Skiffa W Tabalati? at Chenini W Wadi Merteba at Remada south SW Ad Amadum at Bir Morteba SE Thenteos at Hadd Hajar RL RL RL RL RL RL RL Mattingly 1994, 109-11 Mattingly 1994, 110-12 Mattingly 1994, 110-12 Mattingly 1994, 110-12 Trousset 1996, 156-60 Trousset 1996, 156-60 Brogan 1979; Mattingly 1994, 112-13 Monuments Grid Location Period Reference B1 C2 F3 G3 Sidi bel Abbis TUN near Tabalati? at Wadi Beni Blell N Wadi Meseuggi el-Amud mausolea near Wadi N'f'd R R R R Trousset 1974, 79-80 Trousset 1974, 108 Bauer 1935, 69, 72-75 Mattingly 1996, 261-62 Itinerary Period Reference central road, Oea → Gheriat RL coast road(s) E and SE of Lepcis HRL coast road(s) Tacape → Lepcis HRL inland route Oea → Lepcis RL Limes Tripolitanus road, Tacape → Turris Tamalleni → Agma →Tillibari → Lepcis Magna RL Tacape → Augemmi-SE R on Girba routes N Turris Tamalleni RL RL Goodchild 1948, 14-20; 1971, 159, 168-69; Mattingly 1994, 67 Rebuffat 1973; Brogan 1975; Purcaro-Pagano 1976, 285-310; Mattingly 1994, 61-63 ItAnt 59-63; Tissot 1884, 196-220; Toutain 1903, 274-84; Goodchild 1948, 9-10; 1971, 158,167, 169; Di Vita-Evrard 1978, 12-16; Mattingly 1994, 61-63, Goodchild 1948, 25; Oates 1953, 89-92; Di Vita Evrard 1979, 67-77; Mattingly 1994, 67 Tissot 1884, 697-709; Goodchild 1948, 11-13; 1971, 158-9; Hammond 1967; Trousset 1974, 29-38; Mattingly 1994, 62-66; ILAf 657; Toutain 1903, 343-47; Mattingly 1994, 66-7; Toutain 1903, 284-86; Jerba Actes 1986 Donau 1904; 1909; Toutain 1906; Trousset 1978, 165-68 Roads 537 538 MAP 35 TRIPOLITANA Itinerary Period Reference routes W Tacape track Douz → Aquae Tacapitanae RL R track NE of Gholaia tracks Bezereos and Tisavar → Tabalati tracks N from Ghadames → Tillibari and Sabratha R RL HRL tracks S from Ghadames/Derg tracks S Gholaia tracks SW Gholaia upper Sofeggin road (Thenteos → Mizda) R RL R RL Toutain 1903, 287-303; Le Boeuf 1905; Donau 1907 Tissot 1884, 691-97; Toutain 1903, 303-304; Trousset 1974, 30-32 Rebuffat 1973 Trousset 1974, 33-34, 93. Rebuffat 1972, 322-24; Trousset 1974, 26-28; Euzennat 1978, 153-56 Rebuffat 1972, 322-24 Brogan 1965a; Rebuffat 1970a Brogan 1965a; Rebuffat 1982; 1988 Goodchild 1948, 21-23; 1971, 160; Mattingly 1994, 67 Quarry Grid Location Period Material Reference G2 near Lepcis at Ras el-Hammam R Ls Ward-Perkins 1993, 60 Unlocated Toponyms Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference Achaimeneis Ad Cisternas Afas Laminie Agarsel *Amantes (Garamantes?) Ammonos Amougkla Anacutas Arnum Azouis R R?L L L near Syrtis Minor EncBerb 3 Akhaemeneis; Mattingly 1994, 26 Rebuffat 1973 142-44; Purcaro Pagano 1976, 325 Mattingly 1994, 66 Mattingly 1994, 66 Desanges 1980, 376-77; Mattingly 1994, 26 Ptol. 4.3.11 Ptol. 4.3.11 EncBerb 5; Mattingly 1994, 26 Marichal 1992, 106 Ptol. 4.3.11 Boin(ag?) Boutta R R Chosol Chouzis R?L R Dissio Aqua Amara Dourga Esuba R?L R R Flacci Taberna Galin(...) Galybe Geir fl. Geirei = Girrei Giglion Oros Girrei/ Geirei Gurubi L R R *Hares/ *Haribus/ *Har/ *Phoar? Hyeruzerian HRL R R L R R R SE Augemmi TUN SE Chott Djerid TUN Ad Ammonen? Tripolitana? Marichal 1992, 106 Ptol. 4.3.11 Bu Njem? TUN Rebuffat 1973, 142-44; Purcaro Pagano 1976, 334 Ptol. 4.3.11 Marichal 1992, 106 SE Oea probably well to S of map ItMiller 898 Marichal 1992, 106 Ptol. 4.3.11 Ptol. 4.6.4 on Geir fl. Ptol. 4.3.5 Ptol. 4.6.5; EncBerb 20 L R Rebuffat 1973, 142-44; Purcaro Pagano 1976, 333 Ptol. 4.3.11 EncBerb 21 Guellala? TUN Toutain 1903, 285; Desanges 1980, 432-33 Marichal 1992, 106 MAP 35 TRIPOLITANA Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference Ifuraces L Syrtica Mattingly 1994, 27 Macares/ Macae? Machyles/ Macae? Mahatanhur Mecales Mouchthousioi/ Muctuniana Manus Mousti Kome Moutourgoures Muctuniana Manus = Mouchthousioi Musula L CHRL L Tripolitana Mattingly 1994, 27 Syrtica Mattingly 1994, 27 L S Djebel Tebaga TUN Tripolitana near Syrtis Minor Mattingly 1994, 66 Mattingly 1994, 26-28 Mattingly 1994, 27 Mizda? near Syrtis Minor Ptol. 4.3.11 Mattingly 1994, 27 R L R R R?L Nalad Nathabres Nigitimoi R?L RL RL Ogiplonsioi/ Sigiplousioi Rebuffat 1973, 142-44; Purcaro Pagano 1976, 341 S Tripolitana near Syrtis Minor Rebuffat 1973, 142-44; Purcaro Pagano 1976, 342 Mattingly 1994, 28 Mattingly 1994, 28 R/ R near Syrtis Minor Mattingly 1994, 28 *Phoar? = *Hares Putea Puteo L RL SE Augemmi TUN TUN? Mattingly 1994, 66 Mattingly 1994, 66 Rufini Taberna L SW Pisida? TUN ItMiller 899 Secedi Sigiplousioi = Ogiplonsioi Silcadenit Silvacae Silvaizan Sintai Soumoukis Syddenis Sykapha R L L L R R R R Marichal 1992, 106 Tripolitana? Tripolitana? 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